古龙断陷深层火山岩地震资料成像方法及应用研究
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摘要
松辽盆地北部古龙断陷的地震地质条件复杂,三维地震资料品质较差,所以提高地震资料的信噪比和断陷期地层的成像精度是当前地震资料处理的研究重点.在提高地震资料信噪比方面,本文进行了十字交叉排列面波压制技术、压制规则干扰的减去法多次波压制技术和基于菲涅耳带原理的超面元技术的研究,这些技术的有效应用,对保护深层有效波的低频信号、消除深层构造假象、提高道集的覆盖次数和提高信噪比具有重要的理论和实际意义.在提高地震资料信噪比的基础上,进行了Kirchhoff积分叠前深度偏移研究,结果表明在速度变化较为剧烈的地区,叠前深度偏移的成像精度要高于叠前时间偏移.速度模型是深度域成像的关键,在初始速度模型建立上,研究并应用了二维速度模型约束下的三维速度分析技术,在此基础上,依据测井资料和区域地质研究的成果进行速度模型的优化分析,给出叠前深度偏移的速度体.上述提高信噪比和成像精度的方法在古龙地区深层断陷期地层取得了良好的应用效果,为古龙断陷结构的地质认识奠定了坚实基础.
The geological condition is complex and the seismic data is poor in Gulong depression in north of Songliao basin,therefore improving seismic data S/N ratio and seismic imaging are the research focus for hydrocarbon exploration.The seismic data imaging algorithm is given in this paper for improving the imaging precision,the approach to improve S/N ratio includes cross-spread surface wave suppress,subtract method for internal multiples and supper surface stack technique.The above approaches are useful for improving S/N ratio,protecting the low frequency reflection primary,removing structure error and improving the fold number in CMP gather.The prestack depth migration (PSDM) imaging is finished via application of Kirchhoff integration solution of wave equation,comparison with the PSTM,PSDM is applied effectively for media in which velocity variation along the radial and vertical direction is strong,i.e.PSDM is a better migration algorithm for imaging complex geological structure.The high precision velocity model is necessary in PSDM,the initial velocity model is constrained by two-dimensional long offset seismic data,during the course of velocity iteration and optimizing,the well logs and geological knowledge is introduced,and the final velocity body is proposed for PSDM.All imaging techniques are applied in seismic data imaging in Gulong downfaulted basin,the better imaging result was acquired and the proposed technologies are useful for determination of geological structure in Gulong fault depression area.
The geological condition is complex and the seismic data is poor in Gulong depression in north of Songliao basin,therefore improving seismic data S/N ratio and seismic imaging are the research focus for hydrocarbon exploration.The seismic data imaging algorithm is given in this paper for improving the imaging precision,the approach to improve S/N ratio includes cross-spread surface wave suppress,subtract method for internal multiples and supper surface stack technique.The above approaches are useful for improving S/N ratio,protecting the low frequency reflection primary,removing structure error and improving the fold number in CMP gather.The prestack depth migration (PSDM) imaging is finished via application of Kirchhoff integration solution of wave equation,comparison with the PSTM,PSDM is applied effectively for media in which velocity variation along the radial and vertical direction is strong,i.e.PSDM is a better migration algorithm for imaging complex geological structure.The high precision velocity model is necessary in PSDM,the initial velocity model is constrained by two-dimensional long offset seismic data,during the course of velocity iteration and optimizing,the well logs and geological knowledge is introduced,and the final velocity body is proposed for PSDM.All imaging techniques are applied in seismic data imaging in Gulong downfaulted basin,the better imaging result was acquired and the proposed technologies are useful for determination of geological structure in Gulong fault depression area.
引文
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[16] 李来林,吴清岭,何玉前.叠前深度成像技术及其应用.大庆石油地质与开发,2004,23(5) :110～112 Li L L,Wu Q L,He Y Q.Prestack depth imaging technique and its application.Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing (in Chinese),2004,23(5) :110～112
[17] Cambois G.Preserved amplitude processing in the presence of noise.66th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,Soc.Expl.Geophys.,SEG expanded abstracts,1996． 1595～1598
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[21] 王维红,崔宝文,刘洪.表面多次波衰减的研究现状与进展.地球物理学进展,2007,22(1) :156～164 Wang W H,Cui B W,Liu H.Research progress in surfacerelated multiple attenuation.Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),2007,22(1) :156～164
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[23] Wang Y.Multiple prediction through inversion:a fully datadriven concept for surface-related multiple attenuation.Geophysics,2004,69:547～553
[24] 李翔,胡天跃.逆散射级数法去除自由表面多次波.地球物理学报,2009,52(6) :1633～1640 Li X,Hu T Y.Surface-related multiple removal with inverse scattering series method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(6) :1633～1640
[25] 刘伊克,常旭,王辉等.波路径偏移压制层间多次波的理论与应用.地球物理学报,2008,51(2) :589～595 Liu Y K,Chang X,Wang H,et al.Internal multiple removal and its application by wavepath migration.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(2) :589～595
[26] 马继涛,Mrinal K Sen,陈小宏.平面波域反数据处理压制多次波方法研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :808～816 Ma J T,Mrinal K Sen,Chen X H.Multiple attenuation using inverse data processing in the plane-wave domain.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3) :808～816
[27] 薛亚茹,陈小宏,陆文凯.压制多次波的正交多项式谱减法.地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :817～823 Xue Y R,Chen X H,Lu W K.Orthogonal polynomial spectrum subtraction for multiple attenuation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3) :817～823
[28] 裴江云,刘洪,李幼铭等.共反射元弧叠加方法在火山岩成像中的应用.地球物理学报,2004,47(1) :106～111 Pei J Y,Liu H,Li Y M,et al.Application of the common reflection arc stack method in seismic imaging of igneous rocks.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(1) :106～111
[29] 杨锴,马在田.输出道成像方式的共反射面元叠加方法Ⅰ--理论.地球物理学报,2006,49(2) :546～553 Yang K,Ma Z T.Common reflection surface stack by an output imaging scheme,Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(2) :546～553
[30] 潘宏勋,方伍宝.地震速度分析方法综述.勘探地球物理进展,2006,29(5) :305～311 Pan H X,Fang W B.Review of seismic velocity analysis methods.Progress in Exploration Geophysics (in Chinese),2006,29(5) :305～311
[31] Wombell R,Jones E,Priestly D,et al.Long Offset Acquisition and Processing for Sub-Basalt Imaging.69~(th) Ann.Internat.Mtg.Soc.Expl.Geophys.Expanded Abstracts,1999． 1429～1432
[32] 刘伊克,常旭,卢孟夏等.目标函数叠前保幅偏移方法与应用.地球物理学报,2006,49(4) :1150～1154 Liu Y K,Chang X,Lu M X,et al.Objective function prestack amplitude preserving migration and its application.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(4) :1150～1154
[33] Al-Chalabi M.Series approximation in velocity and traveltime computation.Geophysical Prospecting,1973,21(4) :783～795
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[36] 刘礼农,陈树民,张剑锋.稀疏采样下陡角度构造的波动方程深度偏移成像.地球物理学报,2006,49(5) :1452～1459 Liu L N,Chen S M,Zhang J F.Steep dipping structure depth imaging using wave equation based migration scheme on 3-D sparse dataset.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(5) :1452～1459
[2] 单玄龙,秦树红,张艳等.松辽盆地北部浅部基底推覆伸展作用的地震学证据与地质意义.地球物理学报,2009,52(8) :2044～2049 Shan X L,Qin S H,Zhang Y,et al.Seismic evidence and geological significance of thrust-extension structure in upper basement of north Songliao Basin.Chinese J,Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(8) :2044～2049
[3] Audebert F,Nichols D,Rekdal T,et al.Imaging complex geologic structure with single arrival Kirchhoff prestack depth migration.Geophysics,1997,62:1533～1543
[4] Fowler P.A comparative overview of prestack time migration methods.67~(th) Ann.Internat.Mtg.,Soc.Expl.Geophys.,Expanded Abstracts,1997． 1571～1574
[5] 马学军.叠前深度偏移技术在塔河地区盐下成像中的应用.勘探地球物理进展,2004,27(3) :208～212 Ma X J.Application of prestack depth migration technology in imaging the subsalt targets in Tahe district.Progress in Exploration Geophysics (in Chinese),2004,27(3) :208～212
[6] 方伍宝,周腾,袁联生等.叠前深度偏移在复杂地区的应 用.石油物探,2003,42(1) :68～71 Fang W B,Zhou T,Yuan L S,et al.Application of prestack depth migration in complex area.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),2003,42(1) :68～71
[7] 姜忠良,范运臣,王睿祥等.叠前深度偏移技术在东蹼凹陷的应用.勘探地球物理进展,2003,26(3) :12～16 Jiang Z L,Fan Y C,Wang R X,et al.Application of prestack depth migration in Dongpu depression.Progress in Exploration Geophysics (in Chinese),2003,26(3) :12～16
[8] 董春晖,张剑锋.起伏地表下的直接叠前时间偏移.地球物理学报,2009,52(1) :239～244 Dong C H,Zhang J F.Prestack time migration including surface topography.Chinese J.Geophys.( in Chinese),2009,52(1) :239～244
[9] 刘国峰,刘洪,李博等.山地地震资料叠前时间偏移方法及其GPU实现.地球物理学报,2009,52(12) :3101～3108 Liu G F,Liu H,Li B,et al.Method of prestack time migration of seismic data of mountainous regions and its GPU implementation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(12) :3101～3108
[10] 董春晖,张剑锋.结合基准面重建的叠前时间偏移方法.地球物理学报,2010,53(10) :2435～2441 Dong C H,Zhang J F.Prestack time migration incorporated with redatuming.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(10) :2435～2441
[11] Gray S,May W.Kirchhoff migration using eikonal equation traveltimes.Geophysics,1994,59:810～817
[12] 王华忠,蔡杰雄,孔详宁等.适于大规模数据的三维Kirchhoff积分法体偏移实现方案.地球物理学报,2010,53(7) :1699～1709 Wang H Z,Cai J X,Kong X N,et al.An inplementation of Kirchhoff integral prestack migration for large-scale data.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(7) :1699～1709
[13] Liu G F,Liu H,Li B,et al.Getting pre-stack time migration travel times from the single square root operator.Applied Geophysics,2009,6(2) :129～137
[14] 李博,刘国峰,刘洪.地震叠前时间偏移的一种图形处理器提速实现方法.地球物理学报,2009,52(1) :245～252 Li B,Liu G F,Liu H.A method of using GPU to accelerate seismic pre-stack time migration.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(1) :245～252
[15] 刘洪,刘国锋,李博等.基于横向导数的走时计算方法及其叠前时间偏移应用.石油物探,2009,48(1) :3～10 Liu H,Liu G F,Li B,et al.The travel time calculation method via laterally derivative to velocity and its application in prestack time migration.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),2009,48(1) :3～10
[16] 李来林,吴清岭,何玉前.叠前深度成像技术及其应用.大庆石油地质与开发,2004,23(5) :110～112 Li L L,Wu Q L,He Y Q.Prestack depth imaging technique and its application.Petroleum Geology and Oilfield Development in Daqing (in Chinese),2004,23(5) :110～112
[17] Cambois G.Preserved amplitude processing in the presence of noise.66th Ann.Internat.Mtg.,Soc.Expl.Geophys.,SEG expanded abstracts,1996． 1595～1598
[18] 刘建红,孟小红,程玉坤.针对叠前反演的去噪技术.石油勘探与开发,2007,34(6) :718～723 Liu J H,Meng X H,Cheng Y K.Pre-stack inversion oriented noise attenuation.Petroleum Exploration and Development (in Chinese),2007,34(6) :718～723
[19] 佘德平,吴继敏,李佩等.低频信号在玄武岩地区深层成像中的应用研究.河海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(1) :83～87 She D P,Wu J M,Li P,et al.Application of low-frequency signals to imaging of deep layers in subbasalt areas.Journal of Hehai University(Natural Science) (in Chinese),2006,34(1) :83～87
[20] 佘德平,吴继敏,李佩等.利用低频信号提高膏岩区深层成像质量.石油物探,2006,45(3) :234～238 She D P,Wu J M,Li P,et al.Application of low-frequency signals to imaging anhydrite based on modeling.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum (in Chinese),2006,45(3) :234～238
[21] 王维红,崔宝文,刘洪.表面多次波衰减的研究现状与进展.地球物理学进展,2007,22(1) :156～164 Wang W H,Cui B W,Liu H.Research progress in surfacerelated multiple attenuation.Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),2007,22(1) :156～164
[22] 石颖,刘洪,邹振.基于波动方程表面多次波预测与自适应衰减方法研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(7) :1716～1724 Shi Y,Liu H,Zou Z.Surface-related multiples prediction based on wave equation and adaptive subtraction investigation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(7) :1716～1724
[23] Wang Y.Multiple prediction through inversion:a fully datadriven concept for surface-related multiple attenuation.Geophysics,2004,69:547～553
[24] 李翔,胡天跃.逆散射级数法去除自由表面多次波.地球物理学报,2009,52(6) :1633～1640 Li X,Hu T Y.Surface-related multiple removal with inverse scattering series method.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(6) :1633～1640
[25] 刘伊克,常旭,王辉等.波路径偏移压制层间多次波的理论与应用.地球物理学报,2008,51(2) :589～595 Liu Y K,Chang X,Wang H,et al.Internal multiple removal and its application by wavepath migration.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(2) :589～595
[26] 马继涛,Mrinal K Sen,陈小宏.平面波域反数据处理压制多次波方法研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :808～816 Ma J T,Mrinal K Sen,Chen X H.Multiple attenuation using inverse data processing in the plane-wave domain.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3) :808～816
[27] 薛亚茹,陈小宏,陆文凯.压制多次波的正交多项式谱减法.地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :817～823 Xue Y R,Chen X H,Lu W K.Orthogonal polynomial spectrum subtraction for multiple attenuation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3) :817～823
[28] 裴江云,刘洪,李幼铭等.共反射元弧叠加方法在火山岩成像中的应用.地球物理学报,2004,47(1) :106～111 Pei J Y,Liu H,Li Y M,et al.Application of the common reflection arc stack method in seismic imaging of igneous rocks.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(1) :106～111
[29] 杨锴,马在田.输出道成像方式的共反射面元叠加方法Ⅰ--理论.地球物理学报,2006,49(2) :546～553 Yang K,Ma Z T.Common reflection surface stack by an output imaging scheme,Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(2) :546～553
[30] 潘宏勋,方伍宝.地震速度分析方法综述.勘探地球物理进展,2006,29(5) :305～311 Pan H X,Fang W B.Review of seismic velocity analysis methods.Progress in Exploration Geophysics (in Chinese),2006,29(5) :305～311
[31] Wombell R,Jones E,Priestly D,et al.Long Offset Acquisition and Processing for Sub-Basalt Imaging.69~(th) Ann.Internat.Mtg.Soc.Expl.Geophys.Expanded Abstracts,1999． 1429～1432
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