汶川地震震害特点及成因探讨
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摘要
在对汶川、都江堰、彭州和北川等地地震灾害调查的基础上,结合大量文献资料,分析了震害特点并探讨了震害成因。认为汶川地震是在特殊的地质构造和地球动力学背景下产生的,地震震害有许多独特之处。地震产生的许多变形带是浅表层局部变形,与浅表层地质条件有关,不是地震断层,破坏性不严重。地貌在地震中有伸缩现象,其中山体部分伸展、河谷地带收缩、地貌伸缩与地震中应力释放和应变恢复过程产生的多层次滑脱有关。桥梁在地震中遭到了严重破坏,许多桥梁完全垮塌,显示架空结构建筑物对地震的抗击能力差,有的桥梁有中央断裂或垮塌一半的特点,可能是因为河流两岸地震波不连续或不同方向震动强度不同。地震中建筑物的破坏具有不均匀性,主要表现有滑坡和崩塌加重了建筑物的破坏、地基不均匀导致建筑群不均匀破坏、饱和砂土地震液化引起地基失效导致建筑群强烈破坏、斜坡带临空一侧建筑物破坏程度高、建筑物的破坏具有与地震波相关的方向性。汶川地震震害警示,在强烈地震区加强地质研究、地质灾害危险性评估、工程勘察和结合地震破坏特点的工程抗震设防的极端重要性。
After the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake,we carried out investigation on seismic disasters in Wenchuan, Dujiangyan, Pengzhou, and Beichuan counties or cities in Sichuan Province. Combined with literature survey,the results show that the disasters caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake bear many distinctive aspects. Many deformation belts are local surface deformation belts rather than seismic faults, causing slight destructivity to buildings. Building damages were mainly aggravated by landform variation including the widening of mountains and the narrowing of valleys relating to multilayer detachment put forward by the process of stress release and strain recovery during the quake. Bridges were the most severely destroyed constructions with many of them entirely collapsed,suggesting that constructions with overhead structure bear feeble anti-quake capability. Some bridges were broken in the middle, implying possibly discontinuous shock waves on two river banks. Some bridges have their half part collapsed which may indicate different quake intensities in different directions. The damage intensities of buildings vary remarkably along with various causing factors of earthquake, i. e., landslide, land collapse,seismic liquation of saturated soils, and quake-wave direction,etc. Geological research, geohazard danger evaluation,engineering investigation, and building's anti-quake design are strongly suggested to be carried out in region of high seismic potential.
After the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake,we carried out investigation on seismic disasters in Wenchuan, Dujiangyan, Pengzhou, and Beichuan counties or cities in Sichuan Province. Combined with literature survey,the results show that the disasters caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake bear many distinctive aspects. Many deformation belts are local surface deformation belts rather than seismic faults, causing slight destructivity to buildings. Building damages were mainly aggravated by landform variation including the widening of mountains and the narrowing of valleys relating to multilayer detachment put forward by the process of stress release and strain recovery during the quake. Bridges were the most severely destroyed constructions with many of them entirely collapsed,suggesting that constructions with overhead structure bear feeble anti-quake capability. Some bridges were broken in the middle, implying possibly discontinuous shock waves on two river banks. Some bridges have their half part collapsed which may indicate different quake intensities in different directions. The damage intensities of buildings vary remarkably along with various causing factors of earthquake, i. e., landslide, land collapse,seismic liquation of saturated soils, and quake-wave direction,etc. Geological research, geohazard danger evaluation,engineering investigation, and building's anti-quake design are strongly suggested to be carried out in region of high seismic potential.
引文
1 许强,黄润秋.5． 12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探.工程地质学报,2008,16(6) :721-729 Xu Qiang,Huang Runqiu.Kinetics characteristics of large landlides triggered by May 12th Wenchuan earthquake. Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16 (6) :721-729
2《中国地质图集》编委会编.中国地质图集.北京:地质出版社,2002． 277～284 Editorial Board for Geological Atlas of China ed.Geological Atlas of China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2002． 277-284
3 国家地震局《中国岩石圈动力学地图集》编委会编制.中国岩石圈动力学地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,1989． 49 Editorial Board for Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas of China,SSB ed.Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas of China.Beijing:Sinomaps Press,1989． 49
4 国家汶川地震专家委员会.汶川地震灾区地震-地质灾害图集.北京:中国地图出版社,2008． 6,19,30-31 National Wenchuan Earthquake Expert Committee.Atlas for Seismic and Geological Hazards of Disaster Area of the Wenchuan Earthquake.Beijing:Sinomaps Press,2008． 6,19,30-31
5 张加桂.从深部流动挤压格局分析西部的区域地壳稳定性.成都理工学院学报,2001,28(增刊):195～199 Zhang Jiagui.Analysis of regional crustal stability from the framework of deep flow and thrust.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2001,28(Suppl.):195-199
6 汤良杰,杨克明,金文正等.龙门山冲断带多层次滑脱带与滑脱构造变形.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(增刊1) :32～43 Tang Liangjie,Yang Keming,Jin Wenzheng et al.Multi-level decollement zones and detachment defor-mation of Longmenshan thrust belt,Sichuan Basin,Southwest China.Science in China (Series D),2008,35 (Ssppl.Ⅱ):30-40
7 董树文,张岳桥,龙长兴等.四川汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂构造初步调查与发震背景分析.地球学报,2008,29(3) :392～396 Dong Shuwen,Zhang Yueqiao,Long Changxing et al.Surface rupture investigation of the Wenchuan M_S8． 0 Earthquake of May 12th,2008,West Sichuan,and analysis of its occurrence setting.Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2008,29 (3) :392-396
8 王兰生.叠溪地震与汶川地震--对汶川地震次生灾害防止和灾后再建的建议.城市发展研究,2008,15(3) :22-25 Wang Lansheng.Diexi earthquake and Wenchuan earthquake-Suggestion on disaster prevent and post-quake reconstruction of Wenchuan earthquake.Urban Studies,2008,15 (3) :22-25
9 国家重大科学工程“中国地壳运动观测网络”项目组.GPS测定的2008年汶川M_S8． 0级地震的同震位移场.中国科学(D辑),2008． 38(10) :1195-1206 The Group of National Important Project on Science “Crustal Movement observation Network of China”.The co-seismic dis-placement setting of the Wenchuan Ms8． 0 earthquake produced by GPS measurement,2008． Science in China (Series D),2008,38 (10) :1195-1206
10 邓志辉,杨主恩,陈桂华等.汶川8． 0级强震北川、映秀地表破裂现象.地震地质,2008,30(2) :355～358 Deng Zhihui,Yang Zhu'en,Chen Guihua et al.Surface fractures of W enchuan earthquake (M8,0) in Beichuan and Yingxiu.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (2) :355-358
11 何仲太,马保起,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0地震地表破裂平通镇段的变形特征.第四纪研究,2008,28(5) :789～795 He Zhongtai,Ma Baoqi,Tian Qinjian et al.Deformation features of surface rupture of the Wenchuan earthquake(M8． 0) at the Pingtong town,Quaternary Sciences,2008,25 (5) :789-795
12 李天斌.汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析.工程地质学报,2008,16(6) :742-750 Li Tianbin.Failure characteristics and influence factor analysis of mountain tunnels at epicenter zones of great Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16 (6) :742-750
13 中国地震台网中心(China Earthquake Networks Center).2008． http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-05/19/content_8208014． htm
14 楼海,王椿镛,吕智勇等.2008年汶川Ms8． 0级地震的深部构造环境--远震P波接收函数和布格重力异常的联合解释.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10) :1207-1220 Lou Hai,Wang Chunyong,L Zhiyong et al.Deep tectonic setting of the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8． 0 earthquake in South Western China Joint analysis of teleseismic P-wave receiver functions and Bouguer gravity anomalies.Science in China (Series D),2009,52 (2) :166-179
15 程万正,阮祥,张致伟.汝川8． 0级地震序列及震型判定.地震,2009,29(1) :15-25 Cheng Wanzheng,Ruan Xiang,Zhang Zhiwei.The Wenchuan M_S8． 0 earthquake sequence and shock type determination.Earthquake,2009,29(1) :15-25
16 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqiug et al.The M_S8． 0 Wenehuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (3) :597-629
17 Chung R.The January 17,1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake,NIST Special Publication 901． National Institute of Standards and Technology,1996
18 黄勇.汶川地震中梁式桥的震害和预防震害的新方法.地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(5) :20～26 Huang Yong.The performance of girder bridges in Wenchuan Earthquake and a new method for seismic protection.Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2008,28 (5) :20-26
19 尹海军,徐雷,申跃奎等.汶川地震中桥梁损伤机理探讨.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,40(5) :672-677 Yin Haijun,Xu Lei,Shen Yuekui et al.Study on the seismic damages to the bridges in Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology(Natural Science Edition),2008,40 (5) :672-677
20 胡幸平,俞春泉,陶开等.利用P波初动资料求解汶川地震及其强余震震源机制解.地球物理学报.2008,51(6) :1711～1718 Hu Xingping,Yu Chunquan,Tao Kai et al.Focal mechanism solutions of Wenchuan earthquake and its strong aftershocks obtained from initial P wave polarity analysis.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(6) :1711-1718
21 张加桂.泥灰质岩石区几种岩溶地貌形态及成因探讨--以三峡地区为例.地质科学,2002,37(3) :288～294． 319 Zhang Jiagui.Types of karst landform in mud limestone terrain and their genesis--A case study from Three-Gorge region.Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37 (3) :288-294,319
2《中国地质图集》编委会编.中国地质图集.北京:地质出版社,2002． 277～284 Editorial Board for Geological Atlas of China ed.Geological Atlas of China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2002． 277-284
3 国家地震局《中国岩石圈动力学地图集》编委会编制.中国岩石圈动力学地图集.北京:中国地图出版社,1989． 49 Editorial Board for Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas of China,SSB ed.Lithospheric Dynamics Atlas of China.Beijing:Sinomaps Press,1989． 49
4 国家汶川地震专家委员会.汶川地震灾区地震-地质灾害图集.北京:中国地图出版社,2008． 6,19,30-31 National Wenchuan Earthquake Expert Committee.Atlas for Seismic and Geological Hazards of Disaster Area of the Wenchuan Earthquake.Beijing:Sinomaps Press,2008． 6,19,30-31
5 张加桂.从深部流动挤压格局分析西部的区域地壳稳定性.成都理工学院学报,2001,28(增刊):195～199 Zhang Jiagui.Analysis of regional crustal stability from the framework of deep flow and thrust.Journal of Chengdu University of Technology,2001,28(Suppl.):195-199
6 汤良杰,杨克明,金文正等.龙门山冲断带多层次滑脱带与滑脱构造变形.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(增刊1) :32～43 Tang Liangjie,Yang Keming,Jin Wenzheng et al.Multi-level decollement zones and detachment defor-mation of Longmenshan thrust belt,Sichuan Basin,Southwest China.Science in China (Series D),2008,35 (Ssppl.Ⅱ):30-40
7 董树文,张岳桥,龙长兴等.四川汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂构造初步调查与发震背景分析.地球学报,2008,29(3) :392～396 Dong Shuwen,Zhang Yueqiao,Long Changxing et al.Surface rupture investigation of the Wenchuan M_S8． 0 Earthquake of May 12th,2008,West Sichuan,and analysis of its occurrence setting.Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2008,29 (3) :392-396
8 王兰生.叠溪地震与汶川地震--对汶川地震次生灾害防止和灾后再建的建议.城市发展研究,2008,15(3) :22-25 Wang Lansheng.Diexi earthquake and Wenchuan earthquake-Suggestion on disaster prevent and post-quake reconstruction of Wenchuan earthquake.Urban Studies,2008,15 (3) :22-25
9 国家重大科学工程“中国地壳运动观测网络”项目组.GPS测定的2008年汶川M_S8． 0级地震的同震位移场.中国科学(D辑),2008． 38(10) :1195-1206 The Group of National Important Project on Science “Crustal Movement observation Network of China”.The co-seismic dis-placement setting of the Wenchuan Ms8． 0 earthquake produced by GPS measurement,2008． Science in China (Series D),2008,38 (10) :1195-1206
10 邓志辉,杨主恩,陈桂华等.汶川8． 0级强震北川、映秀地表破裂现象.地震地质,2008,30(2) :355～358 Deng Zhihui,Yang Zhu'en,Chen Guihua et al.Surface fractures of W enchuan earthquake (M8,0) in Beichuan and Yingxiu.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (2) :355-358
11 何仲太,马保起,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0地震地表破裂平通镇段的变形特征.第四纪研究,2008,28(5) :789～795 He Zhongtai,Ma Baoqi,Tian Qinjian et al.Deformation features of surface rupture of the Wenchuan earthquake(M8． 0) at the Pingtong town,Quaternary Sciences,2008,25 (5) :789-795
12 李天斌.汶川特大地震中山岭隧道变形破坏特征及影响因素分析.工程地质学报,2008,16(6) :742-750 Li Tianbin.Failure characteristics and influence factor analysis of mountain tunnels at epicenter zones of great Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16 (6) :742-750
13 中国地震台网中心(China Earthquake Networks Center).2008． http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-05/19/content_8208014． htm
14 楼海,王椿镛,吕智勇等.2008年汶川Ms8． 0级地震的深部构造环境--远震P波接收函数和布格重力异常的联合解释.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10) :1207-1220 Lou Hai,Wang Chunyong,L Zhiyong et al.Deep tectonic setting of the 2008 Wenchuan Ms8． 0 earthquake in South Western China Joint analysis of teleseismic P-wave receiver functions and Bouguer gravity anomalies.Science in China (Series D),2009,52 (2) :166-179
15 程万正,阮祥,张致伟.汝川8． 0级地震序列及震型判定.地震,2009,29(1) :15-25 Cheng Wanzheng,Ruan Xiang,Zhang Zhiwei.The Wenchuan M_S8． 0 earthquake sequence and shock type determination.Earthquake,2009,29(1) :15-25
16 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqiug et al.The M_S8． 0 Wenehuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (3) :597-629
17 Chung R.The January 17,1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake,NIST Special Publication 901． National Institute of Standards and Technology,1996
18 黄勇.汶川地震中梁式桥的震害和预防震害的新方法.地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(5) :20～26 Huang Yong.The performance of girder bridges in Wenchuan Earthquake and a new method for seismic protection.Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2008,28 (5) :20-26
19 尹海军,徐雷,申跃奎等.汶川地震中桥梁损伤机理探讨.西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2008,40(5) :672-677 Yin Haijun,Xu Lei,Shen Yuekui et al.Study on the seismic damages to the bridges in Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology(Natural Science Edition),2008,40 (5) :672-677
20 胡幸平,俞春泉,陶开等.利用P波初动资料求解汶川地震及其强余震震源机制解.地球物理学报.2008,51(6) :1711～1718 Hu Xingping,Yu Chunquan,Tao Kai et al.Focal mechanism solutions of Wenchuan earthquake and its strong aftershocks obtained from initial P wave polarity analysis.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(6) :1711-1718
21 张加桂.泥灰质岩石区几种岩溶地貌形态及成因探讨--以三峡地区为例.地质科学,2002,37(3) :288～294． 319 Zhang Jiagui.Types of karst landform in mud limestone terrain and their genesis--A case study from Three-Gorge region.Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37 (3) :288-294,319
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