岩石声发射定位技术及其实验验证
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摘要
岩石是典型的非均匀脆性材料,其内部富含各种缺陷(微裂纹、空隙、节理裂隙等),在受载破裂过程中会产生大量的声发射信号。对含不同预制裂纹及完整岩样进行单轴压缩实验,应用声发射仪器及其盖格尔(Geiger)定位算法对岩样破裂过程的裂纹扩展过程进行实验验证。实验结果表明:在单轴压缩加载条件下,含预制裂纹的岩样发生剪切破坏;完整岩样发生劈裂破坏。声发射事件的定位达到较高的精度,很好地反映了岩样内部微裂纹孕育、萌生、繁衍和扩展的三维空间演化模式,不论是含裂纹还是完整试样的声发射定位结果与实际破坏模式非常吻合,这为研究岩石破裂失稳机理提供有力的工具。
Rock was a kind of typical inhomogeneous brittle material abundant in various deficiencies such as microcracks,gaps and joints and would generate a large quantity of acoustic emission signals during damage process under loading.Application of locating techniques with acoustic emission to monitoring rock damage was a good method to study 3D spatial evolutional pattern of microcrack initiation,propagation,expansion and breakthrough during rock failure process.The Geiger locating algorithm was used to verify the locating precision of acoustic emission generated during rock failure.It was shown that the locating precision of acoustic emission would be much better if the Geiger locating algorithm was applied.The rock acoustic emission system was accurate and could monitor the real-time microcrack propagation.The process of the acoustic emission and rock damage were consistent and the locating results could reflect the process of initial,propagation and breakthrough of microcracks accurately.The locating results of the intact specimens and the samples with pre-cracks were in acordance with the real failure pattern of rock,indicating that it was a good tool to study the rock failure mechanism.
Rock was a kind of typical inhomogeneous brittle material abundant in various deficiencies such as microcracks,gaps and joints and would generate a large quantity of acoustic emission signals during damage process under loading.Application of locating techniques with acoustic emission to monitoring rock damage was a good method to study 3D spatial evolutional pattern of microcrack initiation,propagation,expansion and breakthrough during rock failure process.The Geiger locating algorithm was used to verify the locating precision of acoustic emission generated during rock failure.It was shown that the locating precision of acoustic emission would be much better if the Geiger locating algorithm was applied.The rock acoustic emission system was accurate and could monitor the real-time microcrack propagation.The process of the acoustic emission and rock damage were consistent and the locating results could reflect the process of initial,propagation and breakthrough of microcracks accurately.The locating results of the intact specimens and the samples with pre-cracks were in acordance with the real failure pattern of rock,indicating that it was a good tool to study the rock failure mechanism.
引文
[1]LOCKNER D A.The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock failure[J].Int J Rock Mech Min Sci and Geomech Abstr,1993,30(7):883–899.
[2]LOCKNER D A,BYERLEE J D,KUKSENKO V,et al.Quasi-static fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite[J].Nature,1991,350(7):39–42.
[3]耿荣生.声发射技术发展现状—学会成立20年回顾[J].无损检测,1998,20(6):151–154.(GENG Rong-sheng.Recent development of acoustic emission:twenty-year review of Chinese Society for NDT[J].NDT,1998,20(6):151–154.(in Chinese))
[4]MOGI K.Study of elastic shocks caused by the fracture of betterogeneous material and its relation to earthquake phenomena[J].Bull of the Earthquake Res Inst,1962,40:168–180.
[5]刘新平.单轴压缩下岩石样的声发射谱分析[J].声学学报,1982,8:24–32.(LIU Xin-ping.AE spectrum analyzing of rock sample under uniaxial compression condition[J].Acoustic Journal,1982,8:24–32.(in Chinese))
[6]HOLCOMB D J.Using acoustic emissions to determine in-situ stress:problems and promise[J].Geomechanics,ASME,AMD,1983,57:11–21.
[7]HOLCOMB D J,COSTIN L S.Detecting damage surfaces in brittle materials using acoustic emissions[J].Transactions of the ASME,1986,53:536–544.
[8]MU Yu-hai,YANG Qing,YAO Ying-xue,et al.Monitoring of grinding process with acoustic emission signals[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,1994,E-1(2):48–51.
[9]CHANG S H,LEE C I.Estimation of cracking and damage mechanisms in rock under triaxial compression by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2004,41:1069–1086.
[10]MANSUROV V A.Acoustic emission from failing rock behavior[J].Rock Engineering,1994,27(3):173–182.
[11]吴刚,赵震洋.不同应力状态下岩石类材料破坏的声发射特性[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(2):82–85.(WU Gang,ZHAO Zhen-yang.Acoustic emission character of rock materials failure during various stress states[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(2):82–85.(in Chinese))
[12]李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉,等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15):2499–2503.(LI Shu-lin,YIN Xian-gang,WANG Yong-jia,et al.Studies on acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(15):2499–2503.(in Chinese))
[13]GEIGER L.Probability method for the determination of earthquake epicenters from the arrival time only[J].Bull St Louis Unic,1912(8):60–71.
[14]JERZY Slawonir,KIJKO Andrzej.矿山地震学引论[M].修济刚,徐平,杨心平,译.北京:地震出版社,1998.(JERZY Slawonir,KIJKO Andrzej,An introduction to mining seismology[M].XIU Ji-gang,XU Ping,YANG Xin-ping,translators.Beijing:Seismic Publishing House,1998.(in Chinese))
[15]雷兴林,马瑾.岩石声发射三维定位及波速场联合反演[C]//全国第二届构造物理学术讨论会文集[M].北京:地震出版社,1989:186–195.(LEI Xing-lin,MA Jin.3-location of rock acoustic emission and combined inversion of wave-velocity filed[C]//Third Tectonic Physic Academic Seminar[M].Beijing:Seismic Publishing House,1989:186–195.(in Chinese))
[16]FEDOROW V V.Regression problems with controllable variables subject to error[J].Biometrika,1974(61):49–55.
[17]TARANTOLA A,VALETTE B.Inverse problem=quest for information[J].J Geophys,1982,50:159–170.
[18]蒋海昆,张流,王琦.实验室声发射三维定位及标本波速场各向异性研究[J].地震,1999,19(3):245–252.(JIANG Hai-kun,ZHANG Liu,WANG Qi.3-D location of acoustic emission and study on the anisotropic velocity structure in the sample[J].Earthquake,1999,19(3):245–252.(in Chinese))
[19]胡新亮,马胜利,高景春,等.相对定位方法在非完整岩体声发射定位中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(2):277–283.(HU Xin-liang,MA Sheng-li,GAO Jing-chun,et al.Location of acoustic emission in non-integral rock using relative locating method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(2):277–283.(in Chinese))
[20]NELDER J,MEAD R.A simple method for function minimization[J].Computer J,1965,7:308–312.
[21]XU Zhao-rong,MEI Shi-rong,ZHUANG Can-tao,et al.Preliminary location of microcracks in several rock specimens under true triaxial compression[J].Acta Seiamologica Sinica,1994,7(S):702–709.
[22]JANSEN D P,CARLSON S R,YOUNG R P,et al.Ultrasonic imaging and acoustic emission monitoring of thermally induced microcracks in Lac du Bonnet granite[J].J Geophys Res,1993,98(B12):22231–22243.
[23]SPENCE W.Relative epicenter determination using P-wave arrival time differences[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1980(70):171–183.
[24]赵兴东,李元辉,袁瑞甫,等.基于声发射定位的岩石破裂动态演化过程研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):944–950.(ZHAO Xing-dong,LI Yuan-hui,YUAN Rui-fu,et al.Study on crack dynamic propagation process of rock samples based on acoustic emission location[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):944–950.(in Chinese))
[2]LOCKNER D A,BYERLEE J D,KUKSENKO V,et al.Quasi-static fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite[J].Nature,1991,350(7):39–42.
[3]耿荣生.声发射技术发展现状—学会成立20年回顾[J].无损检测,1998,20(6):151–154.(GENG Rong-sheng.Recent development of acoustic emission:twenty-year review of Chinese Society for NDT[J].NDT,1998,20(6):151–154.(in Chinese))
[4]MOGI K.Study of elastic shocks caused by the fracture of betterogeneous material and its relation to earthquake phenomena[J].Bull of the Earthquake Res Inst,1962,40:168–180.
[5]刘新平.单轴压缩下岩石样的声发射谱分析[J].声学学报,1982,8:24–32.(LIU Xin-ping.AE spectrum analyzing of rock sample under uniaxial compression condition[J].Acoustic Journal,1982,8:24–32.(in Chinese))
[6]HOLCOMB D J.Using acoustic emissions to determine in-situ stress:problems and promise[J].Geomechanics,ASME,AMD,1983,57:11–21.
[7]HOLCOMB D J,COSTIN L S.Detecting damage surfaces in brittle materials using acoustic emissions[J].Transactions of the ASME,1986,53:536–544.
[8]MU Yu-hai,YANG Qing,YAO Ying-xue,et al.Monitoring of grinding process with acoustic emission signals[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,1994,E-1(2):48–51.
[9]CHANG S H,LEE C I.Estimation of cracking and damage mechanisms in rock under triaxial compression by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2004,41:1069–1086.
[10]MANSUROV V A.Acoustic emission from failing rock behavior[J].Rock Engineering,1994,27(3):173–182.
[11]吴刚,赵震洋.不同应力状态下岩石类材料破坏的声发射特性[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(2):82–85.(WU Gang,ZHAO Zhen-yang.Acoustic emission character of rock materials failure during various stress states[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(2):82–85.(in Chinese))
[12]李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉,等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15):2499–2503.(LI Shu-lin,YIN Xian-gang,WANG Yong-jia,et al.Studies on acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(15):2499–2503.(in Chinese))
[13]GEIGER L.Probability method for the determination of earthquake epicenters from the arrival time only[J].Bull St Louis Unic,1912(8):60–71.
[14]JERZY Slawonir,KIJKO Andrzej.矿山地震学引论[M].修济刚,徐平,杨心平,译.北京:地震出版社,1998.(JERZY Slawonir,KIJKO Andrzej,An introduction to mining seismology[M].XIU Ji-gang,XU Ping,YANG Xin-ping,translators.Beijing:Seismic Publishing House,1998.(in Chinese))
[15]雷兴林,马瑾.岩石声发射三维定位及波速场联合反演[C]//全国第二届构造物理学术讨论会文集[M].北京:地震出版社,1989:186–195.(LEI Xing-lin,MA Jin.3-location of rock acoustic emission and combined inversion of wave-velocity filed[C]//Third Tectonic Physic Academic Seminar[M].Beijing:Seismic Publishing House,1989:186–195.(in Chinese))
[16]FEDOROW V V.Regression problems with controllable variables subject to error[J].Biometrika,1974(61):49–55.
[17]TARANTOLA A,VALETTE B.Inverse problem=quest for information[J].J Geophys,1982,50:159–170.
[18]蒋海昆,张流,王琦.实验室声发射三维定位及标本波速场各向异性研究[J].地震,1999,19(3):245–252.(JIANG Hai-kun,ZHANG Liu,WANG Qi.3-D location of acoustic emission and study on the anisotropic velocity structure in the sample[J].Earthquake,1999,19(3):245–252.(in Chinese))
[19]胡新亮,马胜利,高景春,等.相对定位方法在非完整岩体声发射定位中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(2):277–283.(HU Xin-liang,MA Sheng-li,GAO Jing-chun,et al.Location of acoustic emission in non-integral rock using relative locating method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(2):277–283.(in Chinese))
[20]NELDER J,MEAD R.A simple method for function minimization[J].Computer J,1965,7:308–312.
[21]XU Zhao-rong,MEI Shi-rong,ZHUANG Can-tao,et al.Preliminary location of microcracks in several rock specimens under true triaxial compression[J].Acta Seiamologica Sinica,1994,7(S):702–709.
[22]JANSEN D P,CARLSON S R,YOUNG R P,et al.Ultrasonic imaging and acoustic emission monitoring of thermally induced microcracks in Lac du Bonnet granite[J].J Geophys Res,1993,98(B12):22231–22243.
[23]SPENCE W.Relative epicenter determination using P-wave arrival time differences[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1980(70):171–183.
[24]赵兴东,李元辉,袁瑞甫,等.基于声发射定位的岩石破裂动态演化过程研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):944–950.(ZHAO Xing-dong,LI Yuan-hui,YUAN Rui-fu,et al.Study on crack dynamic propagation process of rock samples based on acoustic emission location[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):944–950.(in Chinese))
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