近松散层开采孔隙水压力变化及其对水砂突涌的前兆意义
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摘要
开采沉陷离心模型试验表明,采空区和煤柱上方的黏土层中的孔隙水压力在煤层开采之后,出现积聚和消散现象,超静孔隙水压力增量最大可达垂直自重应力的15%～22%。采动孔隙水压力监测模型的试验表明,采动引起的承压含水层中孔隙水压力的变化特点同煤层开采进度以及顶板周期来压密切相关,煤柱上方含水层中孔隙水压力一般表现为先升高后降低,工作面上方含水层中孔隙水压力变化与开采位置有关,当工作面通过测点下方时,孔隙水压力出现明显的下降,当测点处于采空区中部时,孔隙水压力升高并会保持一段时间。采后顶板下沉期间各测点孔隙水压力均呈下降趋势。突砂模型试验表明,一旦抽冒或形成水砂突涌后,含水层内孔隙水压力表现为剧烈下降并形成瞬时负压,水压下降后随突涌过程发展保持在某稳定水平上,突砂口附近呈现相应的水力坡降。由以上试验结果可知,孔隙水压力可以作为近松散含水层开采溃砂灾害预警和监测的重要前兆信息源。
The automatic monitoring and predicting system are significant for actively treating quicksand hazards in mining engineering.The centrifugal model tests emphasize the variations of pore water pressure and the concentration and dissipation of the excess pore water pressure in clay layers above the mined-out area and coal pillars,and the maximum excess pore water pressure can be increased by 15%–20% of the vertical dead-weight stress at the monitoring point.A mining-induced pore water pressure simulation experiment shows that the variation of the pore water pressure in a confined aquifer due to mining is closely related to the mining progress and periodic roof pressure.The pore water pressure in the aquifer above the coal pillars generally increases firstly and decreases then during mining.The pore water pressure variation in the aquifer above mined-out area is related to the location of working face,which decreases obviously when working face just passes the said point,and increases for a period of time while the monitoring point lies above the mined-out area.Quicksand model tests show that,when water inrush and quicksand starti,nstant negative pore water pressure is recorded at firstt,hen the water head stabilizes at a low level for a period of time as the other sensors around the fissure demonstrate a water funnel with certain hydraulic gradient.It can be deduced from these results that the pore water pressures can be of important precursor significance for monitoring and forecasting the quicksand hazards in mines.
The automatic monitoring and predicting system are significant for actively treating quicksand hazards in mining engineering.The centrifugal model tests emphasize the variations of pore water pressure and the concentration and dissipation of the excess pore water pressure in clay layers above the mined-out area and coal pillars,and the maximum excess pore water pressure can be increased by 15%–20% of the vertical dead-weight stress at the monitoring point.A mining-induced pore water pressure simulation experiment shows that the variation of the pore water pressure in a confined aquifer due to mining is closely related to the mining progress and periodic roof pressure.The pore water pressure in the aquifer above the coal pillars generally increases firstly and decreases then during mining.The pore water pressure variation in the aquifer above mined-out area is related to the location of working face,which decreases obviously when working face just passes the said point,and increases for a period of time while the monitoring point lies above the mined-out area.Quicksand model tests show that,when water inrush and quicksand starti,nstant negative pore water pressure is recorded at firstt,hen the water head stabilizes at a low level for a period of time as the other sensors around the fissure demonstrate a water funnel with certain hydraulic gradient.It can be deduced from these results that the pore water pressures can be of important precursor significance for monitoring and forecasting the quicksand hazards in mines.
引文
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[17]万志清,秦四清,李志刚,等.土洞形成的机制及起始条件[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(8):1 377-1 382.(WAN Zhiqing,QIN Siqing,LI Zhigang,et al.Formation mechanism and initial condition of soil cavity[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(8):1 377-1 382.(in Chinese))
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[20]于进广,陈风祥,汪永茂,等.中等含水层下留设防砂煤柱的安全开采机制[J].淮南工业学院学报,2001,21(2):15-17.(YU Jinguang,CHEN Fengxiang,WANG Yongmao,et al.Safely mining mechanism of leaving coal-pole against sand under middle aquifer layer[J].Journal of Huainan Institute of Technology,2001,21(2):15-17.(in Chinese))
[21]许传峰,王思栋,纪宪江,等.柴里煤矿留设12 m煤柱开采上限研究[J].河北建筑科技学院学报,2001,18(2):68-70.(XU Chuanfeng,WANG Sidong,JI Xianjiang,et al.Upper limit of coal pulling in the condition of remaining 12 m-width coal block in Chaili coal mine[J].Journal of Hebei Institute of Architectural Science and Technology,2001,18(2):68-70.(in Chinese))
[22]隋旺华,费芳草.松散含水层下采煤水砂突涌防治研究现状与展望[C]//第二届全国岩土与工程学术大会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2006:300-304.(SUI Wanghua,PHI Thi Phuong Thao.The state-of-the-art and prospecting of study on prevention and treatment of water and sand inrush during coal mining under loose aquifers[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd National Engineering Geological Conference.Beijing:Science Press,2006:300-304.(in Chinese))
[23]隋旺华.开采沉陷土体变形工程地质研究[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1999.(SUI Wanghua.Engineering geological study on soil mass deformation during subsidence[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology Press,1999.(in Chinese))
[24]SUI W H,DI Q S,SHEN W,et al.Mechanism and prediction of thick soil mass deformation due to mining subsidence[C]//OLIVERIA R,RODRIGUES L E,COELHO A G,et al ed.Proc.of the 7th Int.Congress IAEG.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1994:2 699-2 706
[25]隋旺华,狄乾生.开采沉陷土体变形与孔隙水压相互作用研究进展[J].工程地质学报,1999,7(4):303-309.(SUI Wanghua,DI Qiansheng.Study on interaction between soil mass deformation and pore pressure during subsidence by mining[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,1999,7(4):303-309.(in Chinese))
[26]隋旺华,蔡光桃,董青红.近松散层采煤覆岩采动裂缝水砂突涌临界水力坡度试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(10):2 084-2 091.(SUI Wanghua,CAI Guangtao,DONG Qinghong.Experimental research on critical percolation gradient of quicksand across overburden fissures due to coal mining near unconsolidated soil layers[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(10):2 084-2 091.(in Chinese))
[2]王兰健,韩仁桥.水情监测预警系统在海下采煤中的应用[J].煤田地质与勘探,2006,34(6):54-56.(WANG Lanjian,HAN Renqiao.Application of flooding forecasting system to coal mining under sea[J].Coal Geology and Exploration,2006,34(6):54-56.(in Chinese))
[3]刘耀炜.我国地震地下流体科学40 a探索历程回顾[J].中国地震,2006,22(3):222-223.(LIU Yaowei.Review of the research progress on the seismological science of underground fluid in China during last 40 years[J].Earthquake Research in China,2006,22(3):222-223.(in Chinese))
[4]李民.地下流体对地震前兆作用的综述[J].华北地震科学,2007,25(2):24-28.(LI Min.Overview on the action of subsurface fluid to seismic precursor[J].North China Earthquake Sciences,2007,25(2):24-28.(in Chinese))
[5]吴树仁.突发地质灾害研究某些新进展[J].地质力学学报,2006,12(2):265-273.(WU Shuren.Some progress in the study of sudden geological hazards[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2006,12(2):265-273.(in Chinese))
[6]张之颖,吕西林,陈跃庆,等.黏性土覆盖层下土中超孔隙水压力的动力试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(1):131-136.(ZHANG Zhiying,LU Xilin,CHEN Yueqing,et al.Experimental study on excess pore water pressure of soils covered by clay layer[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(1):131-136.(in Chinese))
[7]邢爱国,高广运,陈龙珠,等.大型高速滑坡启程流体动力学机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(4):607-613.(XING Aiguo,GAO Guangyun,CHEN Longzhu,et al.Study on hydrodynamics mechanism of large high-speed landslide in the set-out stage[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(4):607-613.(in Chinese))
[8]张均锋,孟祥跃,俞善炳,等.含弱透水夹层饱和砂土坡体滑坡的实验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(12):2 001-2 005.(ZHANG Junfeng,MENG Xiangyue,YU Shanbing,et al.Testing study on landslide of saturated sand slope sandwiched with low-permeability layer[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(12):2 001-2 005.(in Chinese))
[9]魏丽敏,何群,孙愚男.砂井地基固结过程的监测与分析[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2004,35(6):1 019-1 024.(WEI Limin,HE Qun,SUN Yunan.Measurement and analysis of consolidation process for sand drain ground[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2004,35(6):1 019-1 024.(in Chinese))
[10]张雪松,屠毓敏,龚晓南,等.软黏土地基中挤土桩沉降时效性分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(19):3 365-3 369.(ZHANG Xuesong,TU Yumin,GONG Xiaonan,et al.Time-dependency analysis of soil compaction pile in soft clay ground[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(19):3 365-3 369.(in Chinese))
[11]孟庆山,汪稔,王吉利.动力排水固结法处理软土地基孔隙水压力和变形问题研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(10):1 738-1 741.(MENG Qingshan,WANG Ren,WANG Jili.Study on pore water pressure and deformation of soft clay compacted with dynamic consolidation by drainage[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(10):1 738-1 741.(in Chinese))
[12]王广国,杜明芳,苗兴城.压密注浆机制研究及效果检验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(5):670-673.(WANG Guangguo,DU Mingfang,MIAO Xingcheng.Mechanism of compaction grouting and effect examination[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(5):670-673.(in Chinese))
[13]邹声杰,汤井田,朱自强,等.堤防管涌渗漏实时监测技术研究与应用[J].水利水电技术,2005,36(1):77-79.(ZOU Shengjie,TANG Jingtian,ZHU Ziqiang,et al.Research and application of real-time monitoring technology for levee piping and seepage control[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2005,36(1):77-79.(in Chinese))
[14]荣传新,程桦.地下水渗流对巷道围岩稳定性影响的理论解[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(5):741-744.(RONG Chuanxin,CHENG Hua.Stability analysis of rocks around tunnel with ground water permeation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(5):741-744.(in Chinese))
[15]李廷春,李术才,陈卫忠,等.厦门海底隧道的流固耦合分析[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(3):397-401.(LI Tingchun,LI Shucai,CHEN Weizhong,et al.Coupled fluid-mechanical analysis of Xiamen subsea tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(3):397-401.(in Chinese))
[16]蒋洪胜,侯学渊.盾构掘进对隧道周围土层扰动的理论与实测分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(9):1 514-1 520.(JIANG Hongsheng,HOU Xueyuan.Theoretical study and analysis of site observation on the influence of shield excavation on soft clays around tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(9):1 514-1 520.(in Chinese))
[17]万志清,秦四清,李志刚,等.土洞形成的机制及起始条件[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(8):1 377-1 382.(WAN Zhiqing,QIN Siqing,LI Zhigang,et al.Formation mechanism and initial condition of soil cavity[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(8):1 377-1 382.(in Chinese))
[18]刘天泉.露头煤柱优化设计理论与技术[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,1998.(LIU Tianquan.Theory and techniques for optimal design of outcrop coal pillar[M].Beijing:China Coal Industry Publishing House,1998.(in Chinese))
[19]狄乾生,隋旺华,黄山民.开采岩层移动工程地质研究[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.(DI Qiansheng,SUI Wanghua,HUANG Shanmin.Engineering geological research on mining-induced strata movement[M].Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,1992.(in Chinese))
[20]于进广,陈风祥,汪永茂,等.中等含水层下留设防砂煤柱的安全开采机制[J].淮南工业学院学报,2001,21(2):15-17.(YU Jinguang,CHEN Fengxiang,WANG Yongmao,et al.Safely mining mechanism of leaving coal-pole against sand under middle aquifer layer[J].Journal of Huainan Institute of Technology,2001,21(2):15-17.(in Chinese))
[21]许传峰,王思栋,纪宪江,等.柴里煤矿留设12 m煤柱开采上限研究[J].河北建筑科技学院学报,2001,18(2):68-70.(XU Chuanfeng,WANG Sidong,JI Xianjiang,et al.Upper limit of coal pulling in the condition of remaining 12 m-width coal block in Chaili coal mine[J].Journal of Hebei Institute of Architectural Science and Technology,2001,18(2):68-70.(in Chinese))
[22]隋旺华,费芳草.松散含水层下采煤水砂突涌防治研究现状与展望[C]//第二届全国岩土与工程学术大会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2006:300-304.(SUI Wanghua,PHI Thi Phuong Thao.The state-of-the-art and prospecting of study on prevention and treatment of water and sand inrush during coal mining under loose aquifers[C]//Proceedings of the 2nd National Engineering Geological Conference.Beijing:Science Press,2006:300-304.(in Chinese))
[23]隋旺华.开采沉陷土体变形工程地质研究[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1999.(SUI Wanghua.Engineering geological study on soil mass deformation during subsidence[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology Press,1999.(in Chinese))
[24]SUI W H,DI Q S,SHEN W,et al.Mechanism and prediction of thick soil mass deformation due to mining subsidence[C]//OLIVERIA R,RODRIGUES L E,COELHO A G,et al ed.Proc.of the 7th Int.Congress IAEG.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1994:2 699-2 706
[25]隋旺华,狄乾生.开采沉陷土体变形与孔隙水压相互作用研究进展[J].工程地质学报,1999,7(4):303-309.(SUI Wanghua,DI Qiansheng.Study on interaction between soil mass deformation and pore pressure during subsidence by mining[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,1999,7(4):303-309.(in Chinese))
[26]隋旺华,蔡光桃,董青红.近松散层采煤覆岩采动裂缝水砂突涌临界水力坡度试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(10):2 084-2 091.(SUI Wanghua,CAI Guangtao,DONG Qinghong.Experimental research on critical percolation gradient of quicksand across overburden fissures due to coal mining near unconsolidated soil layers[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(10):2 084-2 091.(in Chinese))
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