南天山及塔里木北缘构造带西段地震构造研究
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摘要
南天山及塔里木北缘构造带位于帕米尔地区东北侧,地震活动强烈。文中通过地质构造剖面、深部探测资料和地震震源机制解资料,综合研究了该区的地震构造模型。结果认为,该区的构造活动主要表现为天山地块逆冲于塔里木地块之上。天山构造系统包括迈丹断裂及其前缘推覆构造;塔里木构造系统包括深部的塔里木北缘断裂、基底共轭断层和浅部的推覆构造。塔里木北缘断裂是发育于塔里木地壳内部的高角度断裂,其形成原因在于塔里木和天山构造变形方向的差异。塔里木北缘断裂为研究区大地震的主要发震构造,天山推覆构造和塔里木基底断裂系统均具有不同性质的中强地震发震能力。
The interaction zone between southern Tianshan and northern Tarim locates at northeast side of Pamir. It is a region with high seismicity. We built a seismotectonic model for the west part of this zone from data of geological profiles, deep crust seismic detection and earthquake focal mechanisms in this paper. Geological profiles show different structure styles between the north of Artux anticline and the south of it. There are southward thrust blocks with basement rocks and strongly deformed Mesozoic and Cenozoic folds at the north, but northward reverse faults and flat Neogene - Quaternary shallow folds at the south. A fault named Qiligaike at the north side of the Artux anticline can be identified from its linear feature on satellite image. It cuts many folds at the north, and controls the twisting deformation of Artux anticline at the south. These deformation features on two sides of the fault imply the fault is a high angle strike-slip fault. Deep crust seismic detection also shows different velocity structures between Tianshan and Tarim Basin. Depth of the crystalline basement is 4km in Tianshan and 10km in Tarim; Depth of crust in Tianshan is 55km and 50km in Tarim. Steep slope of the crust exists at the northwest of Artux. These indicate the existence of high angle faults. Based on the synthesized geological features, deep crust structure, and earthquake focal mechanisms, we think that the main regional tectonic is featured as that the Tianshan tecto-lithostratigraphic unit overthrusts on the Tarim block. The Tianshan tectonic system includes the Maidan fault and thrust sheets in front of the fault; The Tarim tectonic system includes the underground northern Tarim margin fault, conjugate fractures in basement and overthrust faults in shallow. The northern Tarim margin fault is a high angle fault existing in deep of the Tarim crust, adjusting different trending deformation between Tianshan and Tarim. It is the major active fault that can generate large earthquakes. The other faults as the Tianshan overthrust system and the Tarim basement faults in this area may generate moderately strong earthquakes with different styles.
The interaction zone between southern Tianshan and northern Tarim locates at northeast side of Pamir. It is a region with high seismicity. We built a seismotectonic model for the west part of this zone from data of geological profiles, deep crust seismic detection and earthquake focal mechanisms in this paper. Geological profiles show different structure styles between the north of Artux anticline and the south of it. There are southward thrust blocks with basement rocks and strongly deformed Mesozoic and Cenozoic folds at the north, but northward reverse faults and flat Neogene - Quaternary shallow folds at the south. A fault named Qiligaike at the north side of the Artux anticline can be identified from its linear feature on satellite image. It cuts many folds at the north, and controls the twisting deformation of Artux anticline at the south. These deformation features on two sides of the fault imply the fault is a high angle strike-slip fault. Deep crust seismic detection also shows different velocity structures between Tianshan and Tarim Basin. Depth of the crystalline basement is 4km in Tianshan and 10km in Tarim; Depth of crust in Tianshan is 55km and 50km in Tarim. Steep slope of the crust exists at the northwest of Artux. These indicate the existence of high angle faults. Based on the synthesized geological features, deep crust structure, and earthquake focal mechanisms, we think that the main regional tectonic is featured as that the Tianshan tecto-lithostratigraphic unit overthrusts on the Tarim block. The Tianshan tectonic system includes the Maidan fault and thrust sheets in front of the fault; The Tarim tectonic system includes the underground northern Tarim margin fault, conjugate fractures in basement and overthrust faults in shallow. The northern Tarim margin fault is a high angle fault existing in deep of the Tarim crust, adjusting different trending deformation between Tianshan and Tarim. It is the major active fault that can generate large earthquakes. The other faults as the Tianshan overthrust system and the Tarim basement faults in this area may generate moderately strong earthquakes with different styles.
引文
[1]中国地震科学数据共享服务网(192.168.6.190)。
[2]哈佛CMT目录(www.seismology.harvard.edu/CMTsearch.html)。
柏美祥,戈澍漠.1988.1902年新疆阿图什8级地震[A].见:郭增建等主编.中国特大地震研究(1).北京:地震出版社.143—170.BAIMei-xiang,GEShu-mo.1988.The1902ArtuxearthquakeofMS8inXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion[A].In:GUOZeng-jian,etal(eds).TheResearchonExtraordinaryBigEarthquakesinChina(1).SeismologicalPress,Beijing.143—170(inChinese).
陈杰,丁国瑜,BurbankDW,等.2001a.中国西南天山山前的晚新生代构造与地震活动[J].中国地震,17(2):134—155.CHENJie,DingGuo-yu,BurbankDW,etal.2001a.LateCenozoictectonicsandseismicityinthesouthwesternTianshan,China[J].EarthquakeResearchinChina,17(2):134—155(inChinese).
陈杰,尹金辉,曲国胜,等.2001b.塔里木盆地西缘西域组的底界、时代、成因与变形过程[J].地震地质,23(增刊):104—116.CHENJie,YINJin-hui,QUGuo-sheng,etal.2001b.Timing,lowerboundary,genesisanddeformationofXiyufor-mationaroundthewesternmarginsoftheTarimbasin[J].SeismologyandGeology,23(Suppl):104—116(inChinese).
董大忠,肖成安.1998.塔里木盆地西南凹陷石油地质特征及油气资源[M].北京:石油工业出版社.29—67.DONGDa-zhong,XIAOCheng-an.1998.SouthwestDepressionofTarimBasinPetroleumStructureandOilGasRe-source[M].PublishingHouseofPetroleumIndustry,Beijing.29—67(inChinese).
高国英,聂晓红,夏爱国.2004.2003年伽师6.8级地震序列特征和震源机制的初步研究[J].中国地震,20(2):179—186.GAOGuo-ying,NIEXiao-hong,XIAAi-guo.2004.PreliminarystudyoncharacteristicsoftheJiashiearthquakese-quencewithMS6.8in2003anditsfocalmechanismsolution[J].EarthquakeResearchinChina,20(2):179—186.
刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成,等.2000.新疆伽师强震群区三维地壳上地幔S波速度结构及其地震成因的探讨[J].地球物理学报,43(3):356—365.LIUQi-yuan,CHENJiu-hui,LIShun-cheng,etal.2000.PassiveseismicexperimentinXinjiang-Jiashistrongearth-quakeregionanddiscussiononitsseismicgenesis[J].ChineseJGeophys,43(3):356—365(inChinese).
曲国胜,陈杰,陈新发,等.2001.塔里木盆地阿图什-八盘水磨反冲构造系统研究[J].地震地质,23(1):1—14.QUGuo-sheng,CHENJie,CHENXin-fa,etal.2001.Astudyontheback-thrustingsystematArtux-BapanshuimoinTarimbasin[J].SeismologyandGeology,23(1):1—14(inChinese).
王琪,丁国瑜,乔学军,等.2000.天山现今地壳快速缩短与南北地块的相对运动[J].科学通报,45(14):1543—1547.WANGQi,DINGGuo-yu,QIAOXue-jun,etal.2000.RecentrapidshorteningofcrustacrosstheTianshanMts.andrelativemotionoftectonicblocksinthenorthandsouth[J].ChineseScienceBulletin,45(14):1543—1547(inChinese).
肖安成,贾承造,杨树锋,等.2000.中国南天山西部冲断褶皱系前缘区的运动学特征[J].沉积学报,18(3):439—444.XIAOAn-cheng,JIACheng-zao,YANGShu-feng,etal.2000.Thekinematicscharactersofthethrust-foldbeltsinthewesternfrontregionsinsouthernTianshan,China[J].ActaSedimentologicaSinica,18(3):439—444(inChinese).
新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局.1982.新疆维吾尔自治区区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社.1—841.BureauofGeologyandMineralResourcesofXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion.1982.RegionalGeologyofXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion[M].GeologicalPublishingHouse,Beijing.1—841(inChinese).
张先康,赵金仁,张成科,等.2002.帕米尔东北侧地壳结构研究[J].地球物理学报,45(5):665—671.ZHANGXian-kang,ZHAOJin-ren,ZHANGCheng-ke,etal.2002.CrustalstructureatthenortheastsideofthePamir[J].ChineseJGeophys,45(5):665—671(inChinese).
赵瑞斌,李军,沈军.2000.喀什坳陷北缘活动断裂与古地震初步研究[J].地震学报,22(3):327—331.ZHAORui-bin,LIJun,SHENJun.2000.ThepreliminarystudyonactivefaultsandpaleoearthquakesinthenorthedgeofKashidepression[J].ActaSeismologicaSinica,22(3):327—331(inChinese).
赵瑞斌,沈军,李军.2001.1902年新疆阿图什81/4级地震形变特征与发震模式初探[J].地震地质,23(4):493—500.ZHAORui-bin,SHENJun,LIJun.2001.Preliminarystudyonthedeformationfeatureandseimogenicmodelofthe1902Artux,XinjiangearthquakeofMS81/4[J].SeismologyandGeology,23(4):493—500(inChinese).
S4周仕勇,许忠淮,韩京,等.1999.主地震定位法分析及1997年新疆伽师强震群高精度定位[J].地震学报,21(3):258—265.ZHOUShi-yong,XUZhong-huai,HANJing,etal.1999.Analysisonthemastereventmethodandpreciselocationof1997JiashistrongearthquakeswarminwesternChina,Xinjiang,China[J].ActaSeismologicaSinica,21(3):258—265(inChinese).
AbersGA,McCaffreyR.1998.ActivedeformationintheNewGuineafoldandthrustbelt:seismologicalevidenceforstrike-slipfaultingandbasement-involvedthrusting[J].JourGeophysRes,93:13332—13354.
AllenMB,VincentSJ,WheelerPJ.1999.LateCenozoictectonicsoftheKepingtagethrustzone:interactionofthTienShanandTarimBasin,NorthwestChina[J].Tectonics,18(4):639—654.
BurtmanVS,MolnarP.1993.GeologicalandgeophysicalevidencefordeepsubductionofcontinentalcrustbeneaththePamir[J].SpecialpaperGeologicalSocietyofAmerica,281:1—76.
DongJ,LuHF,CaiDS,etal.1998.StructurefeaturesoftheNorthernTarimbasin:Implicationsforregionaltec-tonicsandpetroleumtraps[J].AmAssocPetGeolBull,82:147—159.
SobelER,DumitruTA.1997.ThrustingandexhumationaroundthemarginsofthewesternTarimbasinduringtheIndia-Asiacollision[J].JournalGeophysicalResearch,102(B3):5043—5063.
YinA,NieS,CraigP,etal.1998.LateCenozoictectonicevolutionofthesouthernChineseTianShan[J].Tecton-ics,I7(1):1—27.
[2]哈佛CMT目录(www.seismology.harvard.edu/CMTsearch.html)。
柏美祥,戈澍漠.1988.1902年新疆阿图什8级地震[A].见:郭增建等主编.中国特大地震研究(1).北京:地震出版社.143—170.BAIMei-xiang,GEShu-mo.1988.The1902ArtuxearthquakeofMS8inXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion[A].In:GUOZeng-jian,etal(eds).TheResearchonExtraordinaryBigEarthquakesinChina(1).SeismologicalPress,Beijing.143—170(inChinese).
陈杰,丁国瑜,BurbankDW,等.2001a.中国西南天山山前的晚新生代构造与地震活动[J].中国地震,17(2):134—155.CHENJie,DingGuo-yu,BurbankDW,etal.2001a.LateCenozoictectonicsandseismicityinthesouthwesternTianshan,China[J].EarthquakeResearchinChina,17(2):134—155(inChinese).
陈杰,尹金辉,曲国胜,等.2001b.塔里木盆地西缘西域组的底界、时代、成因与变形过程[J].地震地质,23(增刊):104—116.CHENJie,YINJin-hui,QUGuo-sheng,etal.2001b.Timing,lowerboundary,genesisanddeformationofXiyufor-mationaroundthewesternmarginsoftheTarimbasin[J].SeismologyandGeology,23(Suppl):104—116(inChinese).
董大忠,肖成安.1998.塔里木盆地西南凹陷石油地质特征及油气资源[M].北京:石油工业出版社.29—67.DONGDa-zhong,XIAOCheng-an.1998.SouthwestDepressionofTarimBasinPetroleumStructureandOilGasRe-source[M].PublishingHouseofPetroleumIndustry,Beijing.29—67(inChinese).
高国英,聂晓红,夏爱国.2004.2003年伽师6.8级地震序列特征和震源机制的初步研究[J].中国地震,20(2):179—186.GAOGuo-ying,NIEXiao-hong,XIAAi-guo.2004.PreliminarystudyoncharacteristicsoftheJiashiearthquakese-quencewithMS6.8in2003anditsfocalmechanismsolution[J].EarthquakeResearchinChina,20(2):179—186.
刘启元,陈九辉,李顺成,等.2000.新疆伽师强震群区三维地壳上地幔S波速度结构及其地震成因的探讨[J].地球物理学报,43(3):356—365.LIUQi-yuan,CHENJiu-hui,LIShun-cheng,etal.2000.PassiveseismicexperimentinXinjiang-Jiashistrongearth-quakeregionanddiscussiononitsseismicgenesis[J].ChineseJGeophys,43(3):356—365(inChinese).
曲国胜,陈杰,陈新发,等.2001.塔里木盆地阿图什-八盘水磨反冲构造系统研究[J].地震地质,23(1):1—14.QUGuo-sheng,CHENJie,CHENXin-fa,etal.2001.Astudyontheback-thrustingsystematArtux-BapanshuimoinTarimbasin[J].SeismologyandGeology,23(1):1—14(inChinese).
王琪,丁国瑜,乔学军,等.2000.天山现今地壳快速缩短与南北地块的相对运动[J].科学通报,45(14):1543—1547.WANGQi,DINGGuo-yu,QIAOXue-jun,etal.2000.RecentrapidshorteningofcrustacrosstheTianshanMts.andrelativemotionoftectonicblocksinthenorthandsouth[J].ChineseScienceBulletin,45(14):1543—1547(inChinese).
肖安成,贾承造,杨树锋,等.2000.中国南天山西部冲断褶皱系前缘区的运动学特征[J].沉积学报,18(3):439—444.XIAOAn-cheng,JIACheng-zao,YANGShu-feng,etal.2000.Thekinematicscharactersofthethrust-foldbeltsinthewesternfrontregionsinsouthernTianshan,China[J].ActaSedimentologicaSinica,18(3):439—444(inChinese).
新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局.1982.新疆维吾尔自治区区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社.1—841.BureauofGeologyandMineralResourcesofXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion.1982.RegionalGeologyofXinjiangUygurAutonomousRegion[M].GeologicalPublishingHouse,Beijing.1—841(inChinese).
张先康,赵金仁,张成科,等.2002.帕米尔东北侧地壳结构研究[J].地球物理学报,45(5):665—671.ZHANGXian-kang,ZHAOJin-ren,ZHANGCheng-ke,etal.2002.CrustalstructureatthenortheastsideofthePamir[J].ChineseJGeophys,45(5):665—671(inChinese).
赵瑞斌,李军,沈军.2000.喀什坳陷北缘活动断裂与古地震初步研究[J].地震学报,22(3):327—331.ZHAORui-bin,LIJun,SHENJun.2000.ThepreliminarystudyonactivefaultsandpaleoearthquakesinthenorthedgeofKashidepression[J].ActaSeismologicaSinica,22(3):327—331(inChinese).
赵瑞斌,沈军,李军.2001.1902年新疆阿图什81/4级地震形变特征与发震模式初探[J].地震地质,23(4):493—500.ZHAORui-bin,SHENJun,LIJun.2001.Preliminarystudyonthedeformationfeatureandseimogenicmodelofthe1902Artux,XinjiangearthquakeofMS81/4[J].SeismologyandGeology,23(4):493—500(inChinese).
S4周仕勇,许忠淮,韩京,等.1999.主地震定位法分析及1997年新疆伽师强震群高精度定位[J].地震学报,21(3):258—265.ZHOUShi-yong,XUZhong-huai,HANJing,etal.1999.Analysisonthemastereventmethodandpreciselocationof1997JiashistrongearthquakeswarminwesternChina,Xinjiang,China[J].ActaSeismologicaSinica,21(3):258—265(inChinese).
AbersGA,McCaffreyR.1998.ActivedeformationintheNewGuineafoldandthrustbelt:seismologicalevidenceforstrike-slipfaultingandbasement-involvedthrusting[J].JourGeophysRes,93:13332—13354.
AllenMB,VincentSJ,WheelerPJ.1999.LateCenozoictectonicsoftheKepingtagethrustzone:interactionofthTienShanandTarimBasin,NorthwestChina[J].Tectonics,18(4):639—654.
BurtmanVS,MolnarP.1993.GeologicalandgeophysicalevidencefordeepsubductionofcontinentalcrustbeneaththePamir[J].SpecialpaperGeologicalSocietyofAmerica,281:1—76.
DongJ,LuHF,CaiDS,etal.1998.StructurefeaturesoftheNorthernTarimbasin:Implicationsforregionaltec-tonicsandpetroleumtraps[J].AmAssocPetGeolBull,82:147—159.
SobelER,DumitruTA.1997.ThrustingandexhumationaroundthemarginsofthewesternTarimbasinduringtheIndia-Asiacollision[J].JournalGeophysicalResearch,102(B3):5043—5063.
YinA,NieS,CraigP,etal.1998.LateCenozoictectonicevolutionofthesouthernChineseTianShan[J].Tecton-ics,I7(1):1—27.
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