四川芦山7.0级地震卫星热红外异常解析
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摘要
以中国静止气象卫星FY-2C/E亮温资料为数据源,采用功率谱相对变化法对2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震进行震例数据处理和分析。结果显示:震前热异常具有明显时空特征,2013年3月底震中及其北部区域出现热红外异常,异常区范围随时间逐渐扩大、幅度陡增;4月13日左右异常面积达到最大,随后缓慢收缩,异常持续时间近一个月,异常幅度最大值达到9倍多,最大值后3天发震。该次地震热红外异常特征显著,易于识别,进一步验证了卫星热红外异常在地震预判方面的作用。
Aiming at analyzing the thermal infrared anomaly that occurred before the MS7.0 earthquake in Lushan,Sichuan,remotely sensed infrared brightness temperature data from China Geostationary Meteorological satellite FY-2C/E was collected,and the infrared data from the prime period from 1:00 to 5:00 Peking time was selected as the data source.By processing the data to eliminate cloud cover and by using the power spectrum transform method,we analyzed the thermal infrared anomalies in the earthquake temporal evolution diagram and the timing curve of the average brightness temperature.The results showed that a month before the earthquake,a small area of thermal anomaly existed just north of the epicenter,and this area showed irregular shapes.With the passage of time,the abnormal range gradually expanded along a certain direction in the tectonic stress field.From April 4,the abnormal area expanded along the northeasterly direction and reached its maximum on April 13,2013.At the same time,a small-scale anomaly was discovered just south of the epicenter,with the epicenter always being at the edge of the abnormal parts.The earthquake cycle related to these thermal anomalies was 64 days,and the thermal anomalies lasted more than 30 days.Before the earthquake,the magnitude of the relative change was greater than 9 times,the greatest in the past two years.From the end of March to the seismogenic day,the average increased sharply,with the abnormalities peaking 3 days before the earthquake,which is similar to the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12,2008.We simultaneously found that the brightness temperature anomaly was distributed consistently along the fault,which should be related to the distribution of active tectonics.The thermal infrared anomalies before the earthquake were fairly obvious and persistent over time,and went through two stages,initial warming and strengthening warming.The abnormal area moved and expanded rapidly along the fault direction.The epicenter of this earthquake was not in the area of maximum abnormality but approached the fault that was near the edge of the anomaly.This situation was consistent with the results of most earthquake cases,and it may be related to the geological structure and the underground environment of the epicenter.These characteristics can provide some clues to determine future seismogenic times and to track the location of epicenters.This study addressed the characteristics associated with the evolution of thermal infrared anomalies and earthquake preparation,and elaborated a new understanding of the relationship between thermal anomalies and the elements of earthquakes.Because this current understanding of the genetic mechanism of thermal infrared anomalies for earthquakes is not yet mature,future work will look at the shock cases and summarize the laws.
Aiming at analyzing the thermal infrared anomaly that occurred before the MS7.0 earthquake in Lushan,Sichuan,remotely sensed infrared brightness temperature data from China Geostationary Meteorological satellite FY-2C/E was collected,and the infrared data from the prime period from 1:00 to 5:00 Peking time was selected as the data source.By processing the data to eliminate cloud cover and by using the power spectrum transform method,we analyzed the thermal infrared anomalies in the earthquake temporal evolution diagram and the timing curve of the average brightness temperature.The results showed that a month before the earthquake,a small area of thermal anomaly existed just north of the epicenter,and this area showed irregular shapes.With the passage of time,the abnormal range gradually expanded along a certain direction in the tectonic stress field.From April 4,the abnormal area expanded along the northeasterly direction and reached its maximum on April 13,2013.At the same time,a small-scale anomaly was discovered just south of the epicenter,with the epicenter always being at the edge of the abnormal parts.The earthquake cycle related to these thermal anomalies was 64 days,and the thermal anomalies lasted more than 30 days.Before the earthquake,the magnitude of the relative change was greater than 9 times,the greatest in the past two years.From the end of March to the seismogenic day,the average increased sharply,with the abnormalities peaking 3 days before the earthquake,which is similar to the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12,2008.We simultaneously found that the brightness temperature anomaly was distributed consistently along the fault,which should be related to the distribution of active tectonics.The thermal infrared anomalies before the earthquake were fairly obvious and persistent over time,and went through two stages,initial warming and strengthening warming.The abnormal area moved and expanded rapidly along the fault direction.The epicenter of this earthquake was not in the area of maximum abnormality but approached the fault that was near the edge of the anomaly.This situation was consistent with the results of most earthquake cases,and it may be related to the geological structure and the underground environment of the epicenter.These characteristics can provide some clues to determine future seismogenic times and to track the location of epicenters.This study addressed the characteristics associated with the evolution of thermal infrared anomalies and earthquake preparation,and elaborated a new understanding of the relationship between thermal anomalies and the elements of earthquakes.Because this current understanding of the genetic mechanism of thermal infrared anomalies for earthquakes is not yet mature,future work will look at the shock cases and summarize the laws.
引文
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[11]强祖基,马蔼乃,曾佐勋,等.卫星热红外地震短临预测方法研究[J].地学前沿,2010,17(5):254-256.Qiang Z J,Ma Ai N,Zeng Z X,et al.A Study of the Meth-od of Satellite Thermal Infrared Earthquake Prediction in Im-minence[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2010,17(5):254-262.
[12]魏从信,张元生,惠少兴.2009年8月11日安达曼群岛MS7.5地震热红外变化[J].地震研究,2011,34(2):41-45.Wei C X,Zhang Y S,Hui S X.Thermal-infrared Variationof Andaman Islands MS7.5Earthquake on August 11,2009[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2011,34(2):41-45.
[13]张璇,张元生,魏从信,等.云南彝良5.7级地震前卫星热红外异常[J].地震工程学报,2013,35(1):171-176.Zhang X,Zhang Y S,Wei C X,et al.Thermal Infrared A-nomaly before Yiliang of Yunnan MS5.7Earthquake[J].Chi-na Earthquake Engineering Journal,2013,35(1):171-176.
[14]强祖基,赁常恭.卫星热红外图像亮温异常——短临震兆[J].中国科学D辑(地球科学),1998,28:564-573.Qiang Z J,Lin C G.Satellite Infrared Brightness Tempera-ture Anomaly——Earthquake Imminent Precursor[J].Sci-ence in China(D),1998,28(6):564-573.
[15]马瑾,单新建.利用遥感技术研究断层现今活动的探索——以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例[J].地震地质,2000,22(3):210-215.Ma J,Shan X J.An Attempt to Study Fault Activity UsingRemote Sensing Technology——A Case of the Mani Earth-quake[J].Seismology and Geology,2003,22(3):210-215.
[16]郭卫英,单新建,屈春燕.塔里木盆地红外增温现象与地震关系的初步探讨[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(5):736-741.Guo W Y,Shan X J,Qv C Y.Correlation between InfraredAnomalous and Earthquakes in Tarim Basin[J].Arid landGeography,2006,29(5):736-741.
[17]张元生,郭晓,钟美娇,等.汶川地震卫星热红外亮温变化[J].科学通报,2010,55(3):904-910.Zhang Y S,Guo X,Zhong M J,et al.Wenchuan Earth-quake:Brightness Temperature Changes from Satellite Infra-red Information[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(3):904-910.
[18]张元生,郭晓,魏从信,等.日本9级和缅甸7.2级地震热辐射表现特征[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(10):2575-2580.Zhang Y S,Guo X,Wei C X,et al.The Characteristics ofSeismic Thermal Radiation of Japan MS9.0and MyanmarMS7.2Earthquake[J].Chinese J.Geophys.2011,54(10):2575-2580.
[19]郭晓,张元生,钟美娇,等.提取地震热异常信息的功率谱相对变化率法及震例分析[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(11):2688-2695.Guo X,Zhang Y S,Zhong M J,et al.Variation Characteris-tics of OLR for the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chinese J.Geophys,2010,53(11):2688-2695.
[2]Saraf A K,Rawat P,et al.Satellite Detection of EarthquakeThermal Infrared Precursors in Iran[J].Nature Hazard,2008,47:119-135.
[3]张元生,沈文荣,徐辉.新青8.1级地震前卫星热红外异常[J].西北地震学报,2002,24(1):1-4.Zhang Y S,Shen W R,Xu H.Satellite Thermal Infrared A-nomaly before the Xinjiang-Qinghai Border MS8.1 Earth-quake[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2002,24(1):1-4.
[4]钟美娇,张元生.2005年10月8日巴基斯坦7.8级地震热红外异常[J].西北地震学报,2007,29(2):137-140.Zhong M J,Zhang Y S.Satellite Infrared Anomaly before Pa-kistan MS7.8Earthquake,October 8,2005[J].NorthwesternSeismological Journal,2007,29(2):137-140.
[5]Qiang Z J,Xu X D,Dian C G.Impending-earthquake SatelliteThermal Infrared and Ground Temperature Increase Anomalies[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1991,36:1894-1900.
[6]邓志辉,王煜,陈梅花,等.中国大陆几次强地震活动的卫星红外异常分析[J].地震地质,2003,25(2):327-337.Deng Z H,Wang Y,Chen M H,et al.Satellite Infrared A-nomaly of Several Strong Earthquakes in China Mainland[J].Seismology and Geology,2003,25(2):327-337.
[7]Tronin A A,Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Thermal IR Sat-ellite Data Application for Earthquake Research in Japan andChina[J].Journal of Geodynamics,2002,33:519-534.
[8]张元生,郭晓,张小美,等.应用静止卫星热红外遥感亮温资料反演地表温度的方法研究[J].西北地震学报,2004,26:113-117.Zhang Y S,Guo X,Zhang X M,et al.Study on the InversionMethod of Land Surface Temperature by Applying IR brightTemperature Data of still Satellite[J].Northwestern Seismo-logical Journal,2004,26:113-117.
[9]张景廉,杜乐天,曹正林,等.再论汶川大地震与深部气体的关系[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(1):96-101.Zhang J L,Du L T,Cao Z L,et al.A Comparative Analysison Evolution of Earth-gas System between Wenchuan Earth-quake and Yushu Earthquake[J].Northwestern SeismologicalJournal,2011,33(1):96-101.
[10]徐秀登,徐向民,马升灯,等.临震大气增温异常成因的初步认识[J].地震学报,1995,17(1):123-127.Xu X D,Xu X M,Ma S D,et al.Primal Knowledge WhyAtmosphere Temperature Increases before Earthquake[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1995,17(1):123-127.
[11]强祖基,马蔼乃,曾佐勋,等.卫星热红外地震短临预测方法研究[J].地学前沿,2010,17(5):254-256.Qiang Z J,Ma Ai N,Zeng Z X,et al.A Study of the Meth-od of Satellite Thermal Infrared Earthquake Prediction in Im-minence[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2010,17(5):254-262.
[12]魏从信,张元生,惠少兴.2009年8月11日安达曼群岛MS7.5地震热红外变化[J].地震研究,2011,34(2):41-45.Wei C X,Zhang Y S,Hui S X.Thermal-infrared Variationof Andaman Islands MS7.5Earthquake on August 11,2009[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2011,34(2):41-45.
[13]张璇,张元生,魏从信,等.云南彝良5.7级地震前卫星热红外异常[J].地震工程学报,2013,35(1):171-176.Zhang X,Zhang Y S,Wei C X,et al.Thermal Infrared A-nomaly before Yiliang of Yunnan MS5.7Earthquake[J].Chi-na Earthquake Engineering Journal,2013,35(1):171-176.
[14]强祖基,赁常恭.卫星热红外图像亮温异常——短临震兆[J].中国科学D辑(地球科学),1998,28:564-573.Qiang Z J,Lin C G.Satellite Infrared Brightness Tempera-ture Anomaly——Earthquake Imminent Precursor[J].Sci-ence in China(D),1998,28(6):564-573.
[15]马瑾,单新建.利用遥感技术研究断层现今活动的探索——以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例[J].地震地质,2000,22(3):210-215.Ma J,Shan X J.An Attempt to Study Fault Activity UsingRemote Sensing Technology——A Case of the Mani Earth-quake[J].Seismology and Geology,2003,22(3):210-215.
[16]郭卫英,单新建,屈春燕.塔里木盆地红外增温现象与地震关系的初步探讨[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(5):736-741.Guo W Y,Shan X J,Qv C Y.Correlation between InfraredAnomalous and Earthquakes in Tarim Basin[J].Arid landGeography,2006,29(5):736-741.
[17]张元生,郭晓,钟美娇,等.汶川地震卫星热红外亮温变化[J].科学通报,2010,55(3):904-910.Zhang Y S,Guo X,Zhong M J,et al.Wenchuan Earth-quake:Brightness Temperature Changes from Satellite Infra-red Information[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2010,55(3):904-910.
[18]张元生,郭晓,魏从信,等.日本9级和缅甸7.2级地震热辐射表现特征[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(10):2575-2580.Zhang Y S,Guo X,Wei C X,et al.The Characteristics ofSeismic Thermal Radiation of Japan MS9.0and MyanmarMS7.2Earthquake[J].Chinese J.Geophys.2011,54(10):2575-2580.
[19]郭晓,张元生,钟美娇,等.提取地震热异常信息的功率谱相对变化率法及震例分析[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(11):2688-2695.Guo X,Zhang Y S,Zhong M J,et al.Variation Characteris-tics of OLR for the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chinese J.Geophys,2010,53(11):2688-2695.
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