非线性法向变形节理对岩体电磁辐射传播的影响研究
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摘要
为了明确非线性节理对岩体电磁辐射传播过程中强度的影响,从压电效应机制出发,给出含石英等压电介质岩体在应力波作用下所产生的电磁波与入射应力波之间的关系。并依据两者之间的关系及应力波在非线性节理面的透反射解,获得应力波作用下岩体电磁辐射强度变化与节理参数之间的关系表达式。同时,研究节理的变形和入射波频率对电磁辐射强度的影响。结果表明,在震源中心,电磁辐射强度最大,随传播距离发生衰减。电磁辐射强度随节理变形增大而增大;并且随着传播距离的增大,高频电磁信号衰减比低频信号衰减要快得多。
In order to study the effect of the nonlinear joint on intensity of the electromagnetic emission(EME) during propagation process,the relationship between induced EME and incident stress wave was presented based on piezoelectric effect mechanism. According to the obtained relationship and the resolution of transmitted and reflected coefficients when the normal incident P-wave propagated to the nonlinear normal deformation joint,the relational expression between the intensity variation of EME and parameters of joint was obtained. And the effects of parameters such as joint deformation and incident frequency of wave on the intensity variation of EME were investigated. It is shown that the intensity of the EME induced by stress wave was the highest in the explosion-center and attenuated with the propagation distance;the intensity of the EME increased with the joint deformation;the higher frequency EME attenuated faster than the lower frequency signals.
In order to study the effect of the nonlinear joint on intensity of the electromagnetic emission(EME) during propagation process,the relationship between induced EME and incident stress wave was presented based on piezoelectric effect mechanism. According to the obtained relationship and the resolution of transmitted and reflected coefficients when the normal incident P-wave propagated to the nonlinear normal deformation joint,the relational expression between the intensity variation of EME and parameters of joint was obtained. And the effects of parameters such as joint deformation and incident frequency of wave on the intensity variation of EME were investigated. It is shown that the intensity of the EME induced by stress wave was the highest in the explosion-center and attenuated with the propagation distance;the intensity of the EME increased with the joint deformation;the higher frequency EME attenuated faster than the lower frequency signals.
引文
[1]GOKHBERG M B,MORGOUNOV V A,YOSHINO T,et al.Experimental measurement of electromagnetic emission possibly related to earthquakes in Japan[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1982,87(10):7824–7828.
[2]FUJINAWA Y,TAKAHASHI K.Electromagnetic radiations associated with major earthquakes[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1998,105(3/4):249–259.
[3]KOPYTENKO Y A,NIKITINA L V.ULF oscillations in magma in the period of seismic event preparation[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29(4):459–462.
[4]郭自强,周大庄,施行觉,等.岩石破裂中的电子发射[J].地球物理学报,1988,31(5):566–571.(GUO Ziqiang,ZHOU Dazhuang,SHI Xingjue,et al.Electron emission during rock fracture[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1988,31(5):566–571.(in Chinese))
[5]钱书清,任克新,吕智.伴随岩石破裂的VLF,MF,HF和VHF电磁辐射特性的试验研究[J].地震学报,1996,18(3):346–351.(QIAN Shuqing,REN Kexin,LU Zhi.Experimental study of the feature of VLF,MF HF and VHF electromagnetic radiation accompanying rock fracture[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1996,18(3):346–351.(in Chinese))
[6]刘煜洲,刘因,王寅生,等.岩石破裂时电磁辐射的影响因素和机制[J].地震学报,1997,19(4):418–425.(LIU Yuzhou,LIU Yin,WANG Yinsheng,et al.The influencing factors and mechanisms of the electromagnetic radiation during rock fracture[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1997,19(4):418–425.(in Chinese))
[7]OGAWA T,UTADA H.Coseismic piezoelectric effects due to a dislocation1:an analytic far and early-time field solution in a homogeneous whole space[J].Physics of the earth and planetary interiors,2000,121(3/4):273–288.
[8]GERNETS A A,MAKARETS M V,KOSHEVAYA S V,et al.Electromagnetic emission caused by the fracturing of piezoelectric crystals with an arbitrarily oriented moving crack[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29(4/9):463–472.
[9]BERNARD P.Plausibility of long electro telluric precursors to earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(12):17531–17546.
[10]FENOGLIO M A,JOHNSTON M J S,BYERLEE J D.Magnetic and Electric fields associated with changes in high pore pressure in fault zones:application to the Loma Prieta ULF emissions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(7):12951–12958.
[11]SURKOV V V,UYEDA S,TANAKA H,et al.Fractal properties of medium and seism electric phenomena[J].Journal of Geodynamics,2002,33(4/5):477–487.
[12]GOKHBERG M B.Static model of distributed emitters[C]//Transactions(Doklady)of USSR academy of sciences:Earth Science Section.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1988:1–3.
[13]WARWICK J W,STOKER C,MEYER T R.Radio emission associated with rock facture:possible application to the great Chilean earthquake of May22,1960[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1982,87:2851–2859.
[14]YOSHIDA S,MANJGALADZE P,ZILPIMIANI D,et al.Electromagnetic emissions associated with frictional sliding of rock[C]//HAYAKAWA M,FUJINAWA Y ed.Electromagnetic Phenomena.Tokyo:Related to Earthquake Prediction Terra Scientific Publishing Company,1994:307–322.
[15]李夕兵,古德生.应力波和电磁波在岩体中相互耦合的研究[J].中南矿冶学院学报,1992,23(3):260–266.(LI Xibing,GU Desheng.The study of the coupling between stress wave and electromagnetic wave in the rock[J].Journal of Central South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1992,23(3):260–266.(in Chinese))
[16]BRADY B T,ROWELL G A.Laboratory investigation of the electrodynamics of rock fracture[J].Nature,1986,321(3):488–492.
[17]李振生,刘德良,刘波,等.断层封闭性的波速和品质因子评价方法[J].科学通报,2005,50(13):1365–1369.(LI Zhensheng,LIU Deliang,LIU Bo,et al.The evaluation method of wave velocity and quality factor of fault seal property[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(13):1365–1369.(in Chinese))
[18]赵坚,蔡军刚,赵晓豹,等.弹性纵波在具有非线性法向变形本构关系的节理处传播特征[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(1):10–17.(ZHAO Jian,CAI Jungang,ZHAO Xiaobao,et al.Transmission of elastic P-waves across single fracture with nonlinear normal deformation behavior[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(1):10–17.(in Chinese))
[19]MINDLIN R D.Waves and vibrations in isotropic elastic planes[C]//Proceedings of the lst Symposium on Naval Structural Mechanics.New York:Pergamon Press,1960:339–350.
[20]JONES J P,WHITTIER J S.Waves at a flexibly bonded interface[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics,1967,40(9):905–909.
[21]KENDALL K,TABOR D.An ultrasonic study of the area of contact between stationary and sliding surfaces[C]//Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences.London:Pergamon Press,1971:321–340.
[22]SCHOENBERG M.Elastic wave behavior across linear slip interfaces[J].Journal of Acoustic Society of America,1980,68(5):1516–1521.
[23]SCHOENBERG M.Reflection of elastic waves from periodically stratified media with interfacial slip[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1983,31(2):265–292.
[24]KITSUNEZAKI C.Behavior of plane elastic waves across a plane crack[J].Journal of Mining College of Akita University,1983,6(3):173–187.
[25]YI W,NIHEI K T,RECTOR J W,et al.Frequency-dependenceseismic anisotropy in fractured rock[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science,1997,34(3/4):349–360.
[26]KUTHAWAY F H.Stress-deformation properties of rock and rock discontinuities[J].Engineering Geology,1975,8(3):327–350.
[27]GOODMAN R E.Methods of geological engineering in discontinuous rocks[M].New York:West,1976:472–490.
[28]BARTON N,BANDIS S,BAKHTAR K.Strength,deformation and conductivity coupling of rock joints[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1985,22(3):121–140.
[29]AULD B A.固体中的声场和波[M].孙承平译.北京:科学出版社,1982.(AULD B A.Acoustic field and waves in solids[M].Translated by SUN Chengping.Beijing:Science Press,1982.(in Chinese))
[30]金安忠,赵强,姜枚,等.小尺度岩石爆破引起电磁辐射的野外试验观测结果[J].地震学报,1997,19(1):45–50.(JIN Anzhong,ZHAO Qiang,JIANG Mei,et al.The observation results of the field experiment of the electromagnetic emission induced by rock blasting[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1997,19(1):45–50.(in Chinese))
[31]BANDIS S C,LUMSEN A C,BARTON N R.Fundamentals of rock joint deformation[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1983,20(6):249–268.
[32]王卫华,李夕兵,左宇军.非线性法向变形节理对弹性纵波传播的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(6):1218–1225.(WANG Weihua,LI Xibing,ZUO Yujun.Effects of single joint with nonlinear normal deformation on P-wave propagation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(6):1218–1225.(in Chinese))
[33]KOSHEVAYA S,MAKARETS N,GRIMALSKY V,et al.Spectrum of the seismic-electromagnetic and acoustic waves caused by seismic and volcano activity[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2005,22(5):203–209.
[34]SURKOV V V,MOLCHANOV O A,HAYAKAWA M.Pre-earthquake ULF electromagnetic perturbations as a result of inductive seism magnetic phenomena during micro fracturing[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Soar-terrestrial Physics,2003,65(1):31–46.
[35]胜山邦久.声发射AE技术的应用[M].冯夏庭译.北京:冶金工业出版社,1996.(KATSUYAMA K.Application of acoustic emission technology[M].Translated by FENG Xiating.Beijing:China Metallurgical Industry Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[36]郭子祺,郭子强.岩石破裂中多裂纹辐射模型[J].地球物理学报,1999,42(增):172–177.(GUO Ziqi,GUO Ziqiang.A model of electromagnetic emissions from multi cracking extension during rock fracture[J].Chinese Journal of Sinica,1999,42(Supp.):172–177.(in Chinese))
[37]关华平,肖武军.电磁辐射仪“EMAOS”观测结果原理及震例[J].地震,2004,4(1):96–103.(GUAN Huaping,XIAO Wujun.Study on the comprehensive information of the magnetic-electronic component in a seismic electromagnetic disturbance field[J].Earthquake,2004,4(1):96–103.(in Chinese))
[38]杨少峰,陈宝生,杜爱民,等.新疆喀什地区地震前地磁脉动异常分析[J].地球物理学报,1998,41(3):334–341.(YANG Shaofeng,CHEN Baosheng,DU Aimin,et al.Abnormality of geomagnetic pulsations before earthquakes Atkashi region in Xinjiang[J].Acta Geophysica Simca,1998,41(3):334–341.(in Chinese))
[39]王继军,赵国泽,詹艳,等.中国地震电磁现象的观测与研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):11–21.(WANG Jijun,ZHAO Guoze,ZHAN Yan,et al.Observations and studies on EM phenomena caused by earthquake in China[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2005,25(2):11–21.(in Chinese))
[2]FUJINAWA Y,TAKAHASHI K.Electromagnetic radiations associated with major earthquakes[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1998,105(3/4):249–259.
[3]KOPYTENKO Y A,NIKITINA L V.ULF oscillations in magma in the period of seismic event preparation[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29(4):459–462.
[4]郭自强,周大庄,施行觉,等.岩石破裂中的电子发射[J].地球物理学报,1988,31(5):566–571.(GUO Ziqiang,ZHOU Dazhuang,SHI Xingjue,et al.Electron emission during rock fracture[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1988,31(5):566–571.(in Chinese))
[5]钱书清,任克新,吕智.伴随岩石破裂的VLF,MF,HF和VHF电磁辐射特性的试验研究[J].地震学报,1996,18(3):346–351.(QIAN Shuqing,REN Kexin,LU Zhi.Experimental study of the feature of VLF,MF HF and VHF electromagnetic radiation accompanying rock fracture[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1996,18(3):346–351.(in Chinese))
[6]刘煜洲,刘因,王寅生,等.岩石破裂时电磁辐射的影响因素和机制[J].地震学报,1997,19(4):418–425.(LIU Yuzhou,LIU Yin,WANG Yinsheng,et al.The influencing factors and mechanisms of the electromagnetic radiation during rock fracture[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1997,19(4):418–425.(in Chinese))
[7]OGAWA T,UTADA H.Coseismic piezoelectric effects due to a dislocation1:an analytic far and early-time field solution in a homogeneous whole space[J].Physics of the earth and planetary interiors,2000,121(3/4):273–288.
[8]GERNETS A A,MAKARETS M V,KOSHEVAYA S V,et al.Electromagnetic emission caused by the fracturing of piezoelectric crystals with an arbitrarily oriented moving crack[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29(4/9):463–472.
[9]BERNARD P.Plausibility of long electro telluric precursors to earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(12):17531–17546.
[10]FENOGLIO M A,JOHNSTON M J S,BYERLEE J D.Magnetic and Electric fields associated with changes in high pore pressure in fault zones:application to the Loma Prieta ULF emissions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(7):12951–12958.
[11]SURKOV V V,UYEDA S,TANAKA H,et al.Fractal properties of medium and seism electric phenomena[J].Journal of Geodynamics,2002,33(4/5):477–487.
[12]GOKHBERG M B.Static model of distributed emitters[C]//Transactions(Doklady)of USSR academy of sciences:Earth Science Section.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1988:1–3.
[13]WARWICK J W,STOKER C,MEYER T R.Radio emission associated with rock facture:possible application to the great Chilean earthquake of May22,1960[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1982,87:2851–2859.
[14]YOSHIDA S,MANJGALADZE P,ZILPIMIANI D,et al.Electromagnetic emissions associated with frictional sliding of rock[C]//HAYAKAWA M,FUJINAWA Y ed.Electromagnetic Phenomena.Tokyo:Related to Earthquake Prediction Terra Scientific Publishing Company,1994:307–322.
[15]李夕兵,古德生.应力波和电磁波在岩体中相互耦合的研究[J].中南矿冶学院学报,1992,23(3):260–266.(LI Xibing,GU Desheng.The study of the coupling between stress wave and electromagnetic wave in the rock[J].Journal of Central South Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1992,23(3):260–266.(in Chinese))
[16]BRADY B T,ROWELL G A.Laboratory investigation of the electrodynamics of rock fracture[J].Nature,1986,321(3):488–492.
[17]李振生,刘德良,刘波,等.断层封闭性的波速和品质因子评价方法[J].科学通报,2005,50(13):1365–1369.(LI Zhensheng,LIU Deliang,LIU Bo,et al.The evaluation method of wave velocity and quality factor of fault seal property[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(13):1365–1369.(in Chinese))
[18]赵坚,蔡军刚,赵晓豹,等.弹性纵波在具有非线性法向变形本构关系的节理处传播特征[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(1):10–17.(ZHAO Jian,CAI Jungang,ZHAO Xiaobao,et al.Transmission of elastic P-waves across single fracture with nonlinear normal deformation behavior[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(1):10–17.(in Chinese))
[19]MINDLIN R D.Waves and vibrations in isotropic elastic planes[C]//Proceedings of the lst Symposium on Naval Structural Mechanics.New York:Pergamon Press,1960:339–350.
[20]JONES J P,WHITTIER J S.Waves at a flexibly bonded interface[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics,1967,40(9):905–909.
[21]KENDALL K,TABOR D.An ultrasonic study of the area of contact between stationary and sliding surfaces[C]//Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,Series A,Mathematical and Physical Sciences.London:Pergamon Press,1971:321–340.
[22]SCHOENBERG M.Elastic wave behavior across linear slip interfaces[J].Journal of Acoustic Society of America,1980,68(5):1516–1521.
[23]SCHOENBERG M.Reflection of elastic waves from periodically stratified media with interfacial slip[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1983,31(2):265–292.
[24]KITSUNEZAKI C.Behavior of plane elastic waves across a plane crack[J].Journal of Mining College of Akita University,1983,6(3):173–187.
[25]YI W,NIHEI K T,RECTOR J W,et al.Frequency-dependenceseismic anisotropy in fractured rock[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science,1997,34(3/4):349–360.
[26]KUTHAWAY F H.Stress-deformation properties of rock and rock discontinuities[J].Engineering Geology,1975,8(3):327–350.
[27]GOODMAN R E.Methods of geological engineering in discontinuous rocks[M].New York:West,1976:472–490.
[28]BARTON N,BANDIS S,BAKHTAR K.Strength,deformation and conductivity coupling of rock joints[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1985,22(3):121–140.
[29]AULD B A.固体中的声场和波[M].孙承平译.北京:科学出版社,1982.(AULD B A.Acoustic field and waves in solids[M].Translated by SUN Chengping.Beijing:Science Press,1982.(in Chinese))
[30]金安忠,赵强,姜枚,等.小尺度岩石爆破引起电磁辐射的野外试验观测结果[J].地震学报,1997,19(1):45–50.(JIN Anzhong,ZHAO Qiang,JIANG Mei,et al.The observation results of the field experiment of the electromagnetic emission induced by rock blasting[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1997,19(1):45–50.(in Chinese))
[31]BANDIS S C,LUMSEN A C,BARTON N R.Fundamentals of rock joint deformation[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1983,20(6):249–268.
[32]王卫华,李夕兵,左宇军.非线性法向变形节理对弹性纵波传播的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(6):1218–1225.(WANG Weihua,LI Xibing,ZUO Yujun.Effects of single joint with nonlinear normal deformation on P-wave propagation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(6):1218–1225.(in Chinese))
[33]KOSHEVAYA S,MAKARETS N,GRIMALSKY V,et al.Spectrum of the seismic-electromagnetic and acoustic waves caused by seismic and volcano activity[J].Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences,2005,22(5):203–209.
[34]SURKOV V V,MOLCHANOV O A,HAYAKAWA M.Pre-earthquake ULF electromagnetic perturbations as a result of inductive seism magnetic phenomena during micro fracturing[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Soar-terrestrial Physics,2003,65(1):31–46.
[35]胜山邦久.声发射AE技术的应用[M].冯夏庭译.北京:冶金工业出版社,1996.(KATSUYAMA K.Application of acoustic emission technology[M].Translated by FENG Xiating.Beijing:China Metallurgical Industry Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[36]郭子祺,郭子强.岩石破裂中多裂纹辐射模型[J].地球物理学报,1999,42(增):172–177.(GUO Ziqi,GUO Ziqiang.A model of electromagnetic emissions from multi cracking extension during rock fracture[J].Chinese Journal of Sinica,1999,42(Supp.):172–177.(in Chinese))
[37]关华平,肖武军.电磁辐射仪“EMAOS”观测结果原理及震例[J].地震,2004,4(1):96–103.(GUAN Huaping,XIAO Wujun.Study on the comprehensive information of the magnetic-electronic component in a seismic electromagnetic disturbance field[J].Earthquake,2004,4(1):96–103.(in Chinese))
[38]杨少峰,陈宝生,杜爱民,等.新疆喀什地区地震前地磁脉动异常分析[J].地球物理学报,1998,41(3):334–341.(YANG Shaofeng,CHEN Baosheng,DU Aimin,et al.Abnormality of geomagnetic pulsations before earthquakes Atkashi region in Xinjiang[J].Acta Geophysica Simca,1998,41(3):334–341.(in Chinese))
[39]王继军,赵国泽,詹艳,等.中国地震电磁现象的观测与研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):11–21.(WANG Jijun,ZHAO Guoze,ZHAN Yan,et al.Observations and studies on EM phenomena caused by earthquake in China[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2005,25(2):11–21.(in Chinese))
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