汶川8.0级地震前区域地壳运动与变形动态过程
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摘要
利用GPS等观测资料研究了2008年汶川8.0级地震前的区域地壳运动与构造变形、应变积累,以及大区域地壳运动微动态变化过程,结合同震位移场分布等分析、讨论了汶川地震前近10年区域地壳变形的表象所反映的大震孕震最后阶段的物理过程.结果表明,发生汶川8.0级地震的龙门山断裂带1999-2004年相对稳定的华南地块无明显的相对运动,2004-2007年有一定程度的相对运动显示,以右旋活动为主,年速率为1. 6mm/a.龙门山断裂带西北侧的巴颜喀拉地块东部为右旋剪切为主兼有推挤的大尺度缓慢变形状态,右旋扭动变形率为2.1±0.2(10~(-8)/a),地壳总体缩短变形率为-0.7±0.1(10~(-8)/a).由GPS基准站资料计算的基线时间序列显示,2005年以来大尺度北东向地壳缩短的相对运动明显增强,青藏块体相对华南地块的北东向运动明显增强.对汶川大地震前应变积累的特殊性等问题进行了初步讨论,分析认为,汶川大地震的发生是四川盆地西缘的龙门山断裂带受到其西侧巴颜喀拉地块推挤导致大尺度、长时期、缓慢的地壳应变积累的结果.在发震前不仅龙门山断裂带为显著闭锁状态,且孕震区域可能存在地壳弹性变形趋于极限后难以发生变形的相持阶段,大尺度地壳运动与动力环境的动态变化对汶川大地震的发生有促进影响.
In this paper, the physical process of earthquake pregnant in the 10 years before Wenchuan 8. 0 earthquake occurring in 2008 which reflected by regional crustal deformation is discussed, which includes the analysis of regional tectonic deformation, strain accumulation, the micro-dynamic process of crustal movement on large scale and co-seismic displacement fields. The Wenchuan 8. 0 earthquake locates at the middle piece of Longman Mountain, which the horizontal relative movement is not obvious relative to steady South China block in the period of 1999- 2004. From 2004 to 2007, small horizontal different movement (1. 6 mm/a), especially dextral movement, shows in the middle piece of Longman Mountain. The east Bayan Har block locating at the northwest of Longman Mountain faults shows dextral shearing deformation and slowly pushing and squeezing deformation on large scale, which dextral deformation is about 2. 1+0. 2 (l0~(-8)/a) and crustal shortening deformation is about 2. 1 + 0. 2(10~(-8)/a). Based on the GPS geodesic time series, the relative compression movement in northeast direction on large scale enhances obviously from 2005, and the northeast direction movement of Qinghai-Tibet block relative to South China block enhance obviously too. Under the discussion to the special characteristic of strain accumulation before Wenchuan earthquake, we consider that the . occurrence of this earthquake is the result of slowly crustal strain accumulation on large scale and in long period, which caused by the pushing and squeezing effect of Bayan Har block. Before earthquake. Longmen Mountain faults are in the locking status, and the earthquake pregnant area is in the deadlock stage which can not bring deformation caused by the elastic deformation limit. On the other hand, the crustal movement on large scale and the tectonic dynamic changing are beneficial to occurrence of Wenchuan earthquake.
In this paper, the physical process of earthquake pregnant in the 10 years before Wenchuan 8. 0 earthquake occurring in 2008 which reflected by regional crustal deformation is discussed, which includes the analysis of regional tectonic deformation, strain accumulation, the micro-dynamic process of crustal movement on large scale and co-seismic displacement fields. The Wenchuan 8. 0 earthquake locates at the middle piece of Longman Mountain, which the horizontal relative movement is not obvious relative to steady South China block in the period of 1999- 2004. From 2004 to 2007, small horizontal different movement (1. 6 mm/a), especially dextral movement, shows in the middle piece of Longman Mountain. The east Bayan Har block locating at the northwest of Longman Mountain faults shows dextral shearing deformation and slowly pushing and squeezing deformation on large scale, which dextral deformation is about 2. 1+0. 2 (l0~(-8)/a) and crustal shortening deformation is about 2. 1 + 0. 2(10~(-8)/a). Based on the GPS geodesic time series, the relative compression movement in northeast direction on large scale enhances obviously from 2005, and the northeast direction movement of Qinghai-Tibet block relative to South China block enhance obviously too. Under the discussion to the special characteristic of strain accumulation before Wenchuan earthquake, we consider that the . occurrence of this earthquake is the result of slowly crustal strain accumulation on large scale and in long period, which caused by the pushing and squeezing effect of Bayan Har block. Before earthquake. Longmen Mountain faults are in the locking status, and the earthquake pregnant area is in the deadlock stage which can not bring deformation caused by the elastic deformation limit. On the other hand, the crustal movement on large scale and the tectonic dynamic changing are beneficial to occurrence of Wenchuan earthquake.
引文
1) 中国地震局地震大形势研究工作组.2007-2009年中国大陆地震形势预测研究报告,2006年12月
2) 汶川地震总结与反思地震预报工作组形变学科组.汶川地震科学总结与反思地震预报领域形变学科报告,2009年1月
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[20] 徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,2005,27(3) :446-461 Xu X W, Zhang P Z, Wen X Z, et al. Characteristics of active tectonics and models of earthquake recurrence in western Sichuan. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2005,27(3) :446-461
[21] 徐锡伟,闻学泽,陈桂华等.巴颜喀拉地块东部龙日坝断裂带的发现及其大地构造意义.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(5) :529-542 Xu X W, Wen X Z, Chen G H, et al. Discovery of the Longriba faults, eastern Bayan Har Block and its geodynamic implications. Sciences in China (Series D) (in Chinese), 2008,38(5) :529-542
[22] 王敏,张培震,沈正康等.全球定位系统(GPS)测定的印尼苏门达腊巨震的远场同震地表位移.科学通报,2006,51(3) :365-368 Wang M, Zhang P Z, Shen Z K, et al. The far field coseismic displacement of India Sumatra earthquake obtained from GPS data. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese) , 2006,51(3) :365-368
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2) 汶川地震总结与反思地震预报工作组形变学科组.汶川地震科学总结与反思地震预报领域形变学科报告,2009年1月
[1] 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等.2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066-1073 Zhang P Z, Xu X W, Wen X Z, et al. Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone, and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake, 2008, Sichuan, China. Chinese J. Geophys, (in Chinese), 2008,51(4) :1066-1073
[2] 黄媛,吴建平,张天中等.汶川8． 0级大地震及其余震序列重定位研究.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10) :1242-1249 Huang Y, Wu J P, Zhang Z T, et al. The re-positioning research of Wenchuan 8． 0 earthquake and its aftershock sequence. Science in China ( Series D) (in Chinese), 2008, 38(10) :1242-1249
[3] 中国地震局地震预测研究所.中国地震预报探索四十年,《中国地震预报探索》.北京:地震出版社,2008． 1-25 Institute of Earthquake Science,CEA. Fourty Years of Exploring Earthquake Prediction in China. Exploring Earthquake Prediction in China. Beijing:Seismological Press, 2008． 1-25
[4] 张国民,傅征祥,桂燮泰等.地震预报引论.北京:科学出版社,2001 Zhang G M, Fu Z X, Gui X T, et al. Introduction to Earthquake Prediction Theory. Beijing: Science Press, 2001
[5] 杨国华,李延兴,韩月萍等.由GPS观测结果推导中国大陆现今水平应变场.地震学报,2002,24(4) :337-347 Yang G H. Li Y X, Han Y P, et al. Current horizontal strain field Chinese mainland derived from GPS data. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese). 2002,24(4) :337-347
[6] 江在森,马宗晋,张希等.GPS初步结果揭示的中国大陆水平应变场与构造变形.地球物理学报,2003,46(3) :352-358 Jiang Z S, Ma Z J, Zhang X. et al. Horizontal strain field and tectonic deformation of China mainland revealed by preliminary GPS result. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2003,46(3) :352-358
[7] 杨少敏,王琪.昆仑山8． 1级地震前中国大陆的构造应变背景.大地测量与地球动力学,2003,23(3) :61-65 Yang S M, Wang Q. Tectonic strain background in China continent before Kunlun Mountain M_s8． 1 earthquake. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamic (in Chinese) , 2003,23 (3) :61-65
[8] 沈正康,王敏,甘卫军等,中国大陆现今构造应变率场及其动力学成因研究.地学前缘,2003,10:93-99 Shen Z G, Wang M, Gan W J, et al. Contemporary tectonic strain rate field of Chinese continent and its geodynamic implications. Earth Science Frontiers (in Chinese), 2003, 10:93-99
[9] 石耀霖,朱守彪.用GPS位移资料计算应变方法的讨论.大地测量与地球动力学,2006,26(1) :1-8 Shi Y L, Zhu S B. Discussion on method of calculating strain with GPS displacement data. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese),2006,26(1) :1-8
[10] 车兆宏,张艳梅.南北地震带中南段断层现今活动.地震,2001,21(3) :31-38 Che Z H, Zhang Y M. The recent fault activity along the middle and southern segments of South-North Seismic Belt. Earthquake (in Chinese), 2001,21(3) :31-38
[11] 江在森,张希,祝意青等.昆仑山口西M_s8． 1地震前区域构造变形背景.中国科学(D缉),2003,33:163-172 Jiang Z S, Zhang X, Zhu Y Q, et al. Regional tectonic deformation background before M_s8． 1 earthquake on the west of Kunlun Mountain pass. Science in China (Series D) (in Chinese), 2003, 33(B04) :163-172
[12] 杨国华,江在森,武艳强等.中国大陆整体无净旋转基准及其应用.大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(4) :6-10 Yang G H, Jiang Z S, Wu Y Q, et al. No-net-rotation on crustal movement of China mainland and its application. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese),2005,25 (4) :6-10
[13] 黄立人,王敏.中国大陆构造块体的现今活动和变形.地震地质,2003,25(1) :23-32 Huang L R, Wang M. Present-day activity and deformation of tectonic blocks in China s continent. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2003,25(1) :23-32
[14] 江在森,杨国华,王敏等.中国大陆地壳运动与强震关系研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2006,26(3) :1-9 Jiang Z S, Yang G H, Wang M, et al. Research on the relation of crustal movement and strong earthquake in China mainland. J ournal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese), 2006,26(3) :1-9
[15] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(S1) :12-20 Zhang P Z, Deng D, Zhang G M, et al. The strong earthquake activity and the active block of China mainland. Science in China (Series D) (in Chinese) , 2003,33(S1) :12-20
[16] “中国地壳运动观测网络”项目组.GPS测定的2008年汶川M_s8． 0级地震的同震位移场.中国科学(D辑),2008,38(10) :1195-1206 The Project of Crustal Movement Observation Network of China. The coseismic displacement fields of Wenchuan M_s8． 0 earthquake occurrence in 2008 using GPS data. Science in China (Series D) (in Chinese), 2008,38(10) :1195-1206
[17] 武艳强.高性能计算与GPS地壳形变信息提取[硕士论文].北京:中国地震局地震预测研究所,2008 Wu Y Q. High performance computing and distilling crustal deformation information from GPS data [Master thesis],Beijing:Institute of Earthquake Seience,China Earthquake Administration,2008
[18] 李延兴,黄城,胡新康等.板内块体的刚性弹塑性运动模型与中国大陆主要块体的应变状态.地震学报,2001,23(6) :565-572 Li Y X, Huang C, Hu X K, et al. The rigid and elasticplastic model of the blocks in intro-plate and strain status of principal blocks in the continent of China. Ada Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2001,23(6) :565-572
[19] 李延兴,杨国华,李智等.中国大陆活动地块的运动与应变状态.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(S1) :65-81 Li Y X, Yang G H, Li Z, et al. The active block movement and strain state of China mainland. Science in China (Series D) (in Chinese), 2003,33(S1) :65-81
[20] 徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽等.川西及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,2005,27(3) :446-461 Xu X W, Zhang P Z, Wen X Z, et al. Characteristics of active tectonics and models of earthquake recurrence in western Sichuan. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2005,27(3) :446-461
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[22] 王敏,张培震,沈正康等.全球定位系统(GPS)测定的印尼苏门达腊巨震的远场同震地表位移.科学通报,2006,51(3) :365-368 Wang M, Zhang P Z, Shen Z K, et al. The far field coseismic displacement of India Sumatra earthquake obtained from GPS data. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese) , 2006,51(3) :365-368
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