基于单键群方法的岩石破裂声发射时空分布特征的试验研究
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摘要
基于声发射定位技术和单键群方法,对在单轴压缩条件下岩石破裂过程中的声发射空间相关长度的变化特征进行试验研究。利用单键群构架的键长分布对声发射事件进行分色,可定量确定声发射事件集中程度。研究结果表明:基于单键群方法,影响声发射空间相关长度变化的因素有2个,一是应力的释放导致空间相关长度的下降;二是应力场的转移导致空间相关长度的增长。根据声发射空间相关长度变化的不同,可将岩石岩样分为3种类型:(1)破坏前无明显塑性变形阶段的岩石岩样,空间相关长度呈现以幂律为特征的加速增长态势,且在岩石破坏前达到最大值;(2)对于破坏前有明显塑性变形阶段的岩石岩样,在塑性变形阶段,应力场的转移和岩石内部局部塑性2种因素的影响使得空间相关出现或增长或下降的波动现象;(3)对于加载过程中出现明显局部裂纹的岩样,局部破裂会导致声发射事件群集,致使空间长度减小,但是对于岩石整个破坏过程,空间相关长度呈现整体的增长趋势。单键群构架的键数具有分形特征,其反映的声发射事件的空间演化特征与空间相关长度所反映的情况一致。空间相关长度的增长反映了岩石内部应力场的长程转移过程。在塑性变形阶段,空间相关长度与之前阶段变化的差异对于预测岩石的破坏具有重要意义。
Based on acoustic emission(AE) locating technique and single-link cluster(SLC) method,the experimental study of change characteristic of spatial correlation length of AE events during the fracture process of rock specimens under uniaxial compression is conducted. The color separation of AE events by link′s length distribution of SLC frame can be used to study the cluster concentration degree of AE events. The results show that the two factors influencing the change in spatial correlation length are as follows:stress release,which leads correlation length to decrease,and stress field transferring,which leads correlation length to increase. According to the changes in spatial correlation length,the rock specimens can be classified into three types:(1) the specimens show no significant plastic deformation before failure. The spatial correlation length of AE events present a trend of accelerate growth which features as power law. It reaches the maximum value before rock failure. (2) The specimens show remarkable plastic deformation before failure. In plastic deformation stage,the spatial correlation length can either increase or decrease which depends on combination of the two above mentioned factors. (3) The specimens show clear cracking localization during loading. The spatial correlation length shows a sharp decrease when macro cracks generate. The link′s count in SLC frame shows fractal characteristics. It can reflect the spatial evolutional process of AE events,which is consistent with the results acquired by spatial correlation length. The increase in spatial correlation length reflects the long-range transfer of stress field process. The difference between spatial correlation length and its previous value during the plastic phase has important significance for predicting rock failure.
Based on acoustic emission(AE) locating technique and single-link cluster(SLC) method,the experimental study of change characteristic of spatial correlation length of AE events during the fracture process of rock specimens under uniaxial compression is conducted. The color separation of AE events by link′s length distribution of SLC frame can be used to study the cluster concentration degree of AE events. The results show that the two factors influencing the change in spatial correlation length are as follows:stress release,which leads correlation length to decrease,and stress field transferring,which leads correlation length to increase. According to the changes in spatial correlation length,the rock specimens can be classified into three types:(1) the specimens show no significant plastic deformation before failure. The spatial correlation length of AE events present a trend of accelerate growth which features as power law. It reaches the maximum value before rock failure. (2) The specimens show remarkable plastic deformation before failure. In plastic deformation stage,the spatial correlation length can either increase or decrease which depends on combination of the two above mentioned factors. (3) The specimens show clear cracking localization during loading. The spatial correlation length shows a sharp decrease when macro cracks generate. The link′s count in SLC frame shows fractal characteristics. It can reflect the spatial evolutional process of AE events,which is consistent with the results acquired by spatial correlation length. The increase in spatial correlation length reflects the long-range transfer of stress field process. The difference between spatial correlation length and its previous value during the plastic phase has important significance for predicting rock failure.
引文
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[14]刘建坡,王洪勇,杨宇江,等.不同岩石声发射定位算法及其试验研究[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2009,30(8):1193–1196.(LIU Jianpo,WANG Hongyong,YANG Yujiang,et al.Experimental study of different rock locating algorithms with acoustic emission[J].Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science),2009,30(8):1193–1196.(in Chinese))
[15]FROHILCH C,DAVIS S D.Single-link cluster analysis as a method to evaluate spatial and temporal properties of earthquake catalogues[J].International Journal of Geophysics,1990,100(1):19–32.
[16]刘振,周蕙兰.单键群方法的算法研究和程序实现[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,1997,14(1):57–65.(LIU Zhen,ZHOU Huilan.Study of single-link cluster algorithm and its implementation[J].Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,1997,14(1):57–65.(in Chinese))
[17]马延路,周蕙兰.用单键群方法研究中国地震时空分布的统计特征[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(2):175–183.(MA Yanlu,ZHOU Huilan.Temporal and spatial statistical characteristics of earthquakes in China by single-link cluster method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2000,43(2):175–183.(in Chinese))
[18]BRUCE A,WALLACE D.Critical point phenomena:universal physics at large length scales[C]//The New Physics.New York:Cambridge University Press,1989:236–267.
[19]BOWMAN D D,OUILLON G,SAMMIS C G,et al.An observational test of the critical earthquake concept[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(NB10):24359–24372.
[20]TURCOTTE D L,NEWMEN W I,SHCHERBAKOV R.Micro and macroscopic model of rock fracture[J].International Journal of Geophysics,2003,152(3):718–728.
[21]BAK P,TANG C.Earthquakes as a self-organized critical phenomenon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1989,94(B11):15635–15637.
[22]SEBASTIAN H,GERT Z,JüRGEN K,et al.Seismic quiescence as an indicator for large earthquake in a system of self-organized criticality[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(5):597–600.
[23]谢和平.分形–岩石力学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.(XIE Heping.Introduction to fractal rock mechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[2]赵永红,黄杰藩,侯建军,等.岩石细观破裂的试验观测研究及其对认识地震活动性的启示[J].地球物理学报,1995,38(5):627–635.(ZHAO Yonghong,HUANG Jiefan,HOU Jianjun,et al.Experimental study of meso-fractures in rock and its implication for understanding seismic activities[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1995,38(5):627–635.(in Chinese))
[3]梁正召,唐春安,朱万成,等.岩石非均匀性对震级–频度关系的影响的数值模拟[J].地震研究,2003,26(2):151–155.(LIANG Zhengzhao,TANG Chun′an,ZHU Wangcheng,et al.Numerical simulation of influence of rock heterogeneity on the relation between magnitude and frequency[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2003,26(2):151–155.(in Chinese))
[4]李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉,等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15):2499–2503.(LI Shulin,YIN Xiangang,WANG Yongjia,et al.Studies of acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(15):2499–2503.(in Chinese))
[5]张茹,谢和平,刘建锋,等.单轴多级加载岩石破坏声发射特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(12):2584–2588.(ZHANG Ru,XIE Heping,LIU Jianfeng,et al.Experimental study of acoustic emission characteristics of rock failure under uniaxial multilevel loadings[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(12):2584–2588.(in Chinese))
[6]赵兴东,李元辉,袁瑞甫,等.基于声发射定位的岩石裂纹动态演化过程研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(5):944–949.(ZHAO Xingdong,LI Yuanhui,YUAN Ruifu,et al.Study of crack dynamic propagation process of rock samples based on acoustic emission location[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(5):944–949.(in Chinese))
[7]尹贤刚,李庶林,唐海燕.岩石破坏声发射强度分形特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(19):3512–3516.(YIN Xiangang,LI Shulin,TANG Haiyan.Study of strength fractal features of acoustic emission in process of rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(19):3512–3516.(in Chinese))
[8]曾正文,马谨,刘力强,等.岩石破裂扩展过程中的声发射b值动态特征及意义[J].地震地质,1995,17(1):7–11.(ZENG Zhengwen,MA Jin,LIU Liqiang,et al.b-value dynamic features of AE during rock mass fracturing and their significances[J].Seismology and Geology,1995,17(1):7–11.(in Chinese))
[9]VERE-JONES D.Statistical theories of crack propagation[J].Mathematical Geology,1976,9(5):455–481.
[10]JAUME S C,SYKES L R.Evolving towards a critical point:a review of accelerating seismic moment/energy release prior to large great earthquakes[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1999,155(2–4):279–305.
[11]Z?LLER G,HAINZL S,KURTHS J.Observation of growing correlation length as an indicator for critical point behavior prior to large earthquakes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(B2):2167–2175.
[12]荣代潞,李亚荣,刘旭宙.甘肃及邻近地区几次中强地震前地震空间相关长度增长的研究[J].地震学报,2004,26(5):509–515.(RONG Dailu,LI Yarong,LIU Xuzhou.Study of growing correlation length prior to the earthquakes occurred in Gansu province and its nearby area[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2004,26(5):509–515.(in Chinese))
[13]TYUPKIN Y S,GIOVAMBATTISTA R D.Correlation length as an indicator of critical point behavior prior to a large earthquake[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005,230(1–2):85–96.
[14]刘建坡,王洪勇,杨宇江,等.不同岩石声发射定位算法及其试验研究[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2009,30(8):1193–1196.(LIU Jianpo,WANG Hongyong,YANG Yujiang,et al.Experimental study of different rock locating algorithms with acoustic emission[J].Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science),2009,30(8):1193–1196.(in Chinese))
[15]FROHILCH C,DAVIS S D.Single-link cluster analysis as a method to evaluate spatial and temporal properties of earthquake catalogues[J].International Journal of Geophysics,1990,100(1):19–32.
[16]刘振,周蕙兰.单键群方法的算法研究和程序实现[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,1997,14(1):57–65.(LIU Zhen,ZHOU Huilan.Study of single-link cluster algorithm and its implementation[J].Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,1997,14(1):57–65.(in Chinese))
[17]马延路,周蕙兰.用单键群方法研究中国地震时空分布的统计特征[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(2):175–183.(MA Yanlu,ZHOU Huilan.Temporal and spatial statistical characteristics of earthquakes in China by single-link cluster method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2000,43(2):175–183.(in Chinese))
[18]BRUCE A,WALLACE D.Critical point phenomena:universal physics at large length scales[C]//The New Physics.New York:Cambridge University Press,1989:236–267.
[19]BOWMAN D D,OUILLON G,SAMMIS C G,et al.An observational test of the critical earthquake concept[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(NB10):24359–24372.
[20]TURCOTTE D L,NEWMEN W I,SHCHERBAKOV R.Micro and macroscopic model of rock fracture[J].International Journal of Geophysics,2003,152(3):718–728.
[21]BAK P,TANG C.Earthquakes as a self-organized critical phenomenon[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1989,94(B11):15635–15637.
[22]SEBASTIAN H,GERT Z,JüRGEN K,et al.Seismic quiescence as an indicator for large earthquake in a system of self-organized criticality[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(5):597–600.
[23]谢和平.分形–岩石力学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,1996.(XIE Heping.Introduction to fractal rock mechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press,1996.(in Chinese))
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