坡脚型与偏转型地震滑坡运动距离及地形因素作用
|
摘要
运动距离作为滑坡防灾减灾的主要评价指标之一,不仅受到滑坡体积和落差的控制,还与滑坡的下垫面场地的地形作用相关。通过分析坡脚型和偏转型两类典型的地震滑坡运动特征,研究了滑坡体积V、落差1H、坡度差α和偏转角度θ对最大垂直运动距离H、水平运动距离L以及坡脚以下或偏转后的水平运动距离L'的作用。由于偏转型滑坡受偏转前、后坡度和偏转角度对运动距离的共同影响,导致H/L指标小于坡脚型滑坡,而两类滑坡的L'/L的均值较为一致,表明地形因素对不同类型滑坡的水平运动参数的作用具有一致性特征。分别建立了体积、落差与地形参数的坡脚型和偏转型滑坡运动距离拟合方程。拟合方程的参数指标表明:体积对H的作用指数较小,体现了高位滑坡的运动特征;1H对L'的影响指数较小;坡脚型滑坡的坡度α对运动距离的影响指数都较为显著,偏转角度θ对偏转型滑坡的L'的影响较为显著。研究结果为滑坡运动距离的预测和地形因素控制提供了参考,并且对于坡脚型和偏转型滑坡运动距离的模拟和机制研究而言,不应忽略坡脚坡度差和偏转角度的作用。
The movement distance of seismic-triggered landslide is one of the important assessment indexes for prevention and mitigation of landslides disaster, and it is not only controlled by landslide volume and drop, but also related to the topographical factor. Here the slope toe-type and turning-type landslides are analyzed and the influence of sliding volume V, drop1 H, slope gradient α and turning direction angle θ is studied on the maximum vertical movement distance H, transitional movement distance L, and transitional movement distance under the slope toe or after the turning L'. The results indicate that the apparent friction coefficient H/L of the turning-type landslide is jointly controlled by the gradient and turning direction, and less than that of slope toe-type landslide. The average value of L'/ L of the toe-type landslide is equal to that of the turning landslide, showing that the influence of topography factor on the transitional movement distances of different types of landslides is similar. Analytical formulations for movement distances of the two types of landslide are developed with respect to the volume, drop and topographical factor of the slides. According to the formulations, it is found that the landslide volume affects trivially the maximum vertical movement distance H, showing the movement characteristics of the high slope-landslide; the drop1 H is not the main factor influencing the horizontal distances under the slope toe or after the turning L'; gradient αsignificantly influences the movement distances H, L and L' of slope toe-type landslide; and turning direction angle θ is an important factor controlling the L' of turning-type landslide. These results can provide references for predicting landslide movement distance and controlling topographical factors, highlighting the importance of the slope gradient and the turning directional angle.
The movement distance of seismic-triggered landslide is one of the important assessment indexes for prevention and mitigation of landslides disaster, and it is not only controlled by landslide volume and drop, but also related to the topographical factor. Here the slope toe-type and turning-type landslides are analyzed and the influence of sliding volume V, drop1 H, slope gradient α and turning direction angle θ is studied on the maximum vertical movement distance H, transitional movement distance L, and transitional movement distance under the slope toe or after the turning L'. The results indicate that the apparent friction coefficient H/L of the turning-type landslide is jointly controlled by the gradient and turning direction, and less than that of slope toe-type landslide. The average value of L'/ L of the toe-type landslide is equal to that of the turning landslide, showing that the influence of topography factor on the transitional movement distances of different types of landslides is similar. Analytical formulations for movement distances of the two types of landslide are developed with respect to the volume, drop and topographical factor of the slides. According to the formulations, it is found that the landslide volume affects trivially the maximum vertical movement distance H, showing the movement characteristics of the high slope-landslide; the drop1 H is not the main factor influencing the horizontal distances under the slope toe or after the turning L'; gradient αsignificantly influences the movement distances H, L and L' of slope toe-type landslide; and turning direction angle θ is an important factor controlling the L' of turning-type landslide. These results can provide references for predicting landslide movement distance and controlling topographical factors, highlighting the importance of the slope gradient and the turning directional angle.
引文
[1]黄润秋,许强等.中国典型灾难性滑坡[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[2]程谦恭,王玉峰,朱圻,等.高速远程滑坡超前冲击气浪动力学机制[J].山地学报,2011,29(1):70-80.CHENG Qian-gong,WANG Yu-feng,ZHU Qi,et al.Dynamics of the air blasts generated by rock avalanches[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(1):70-80.
[3]张明,殷跃平,吴树仁,等.高速远程滑坡-碎屑流运动机制研究发展现状与展望[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):805-817.ZHANG Ming,YIN Yue-ping,WU Shu-ren,et al.Development status and prospects of studies on kinematics of long runout rock avalanches[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):805-817.
[4]DELINE P.Interactions between rock avalanches and glaciers in the Mount Blanc massif during the late Holocene[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2009,28:1070-1083.
[5]王玉峰,程谦恭,张柯宏,等.高速远程滑坡裹气流态化模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(10):2775-2786.WANG Yu-feng,CHENG Qian-gong,ZHANG Ke-hong,et al.Study of fluidized characteristics of rock avalanches under effect of entrapped air[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(10):2775-2786.
[6]齐超,邢爱国,殷跃平,等.东河口高速远程滑坡-碎屑流全程动力特性模拟[J].工程地质学报,2012,20(3):334-339.QI Chao,XING Ai-guo,YIN Yue-ping,et al.Numerical simulation of dynamic behavior of Donghekou rockslidedebris avalanche[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2012,20(3):334-339.
[7]张龙,唐辉明,熊承仁,等.鸡尾山高速远程滑坡运动过程PFC3D模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(增刊1):2601-2611.ZHANG Long,TANG Hui-ming,XIONG Cheng-ren,et al.Movement process simulation of high-speed longdistance Jiweishan landslide with PFC3D[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(Supp.1):2601-2611.
[8]李秀珍,孔纪名.“5·12”汶川地震诱发滑坡的滑动距离预测[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):243-249.LI Xiu-zhen,KONG Ji-ming.Runout distance estimation of landslides triggered by“5·12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2010,42(5):243-249.
[9]QI Sheng-wen,XU Qiang,ZHANG Bing,et al.Source characteristics of long runout rock avalanches triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40:896-906.
[10]YOSHIDA H,SUGAI T,OHMORI H.Size–distance relationships for hummocks on volcanic rockslide-debris avalanche deposits in Japan[J].Geomorphology,2012,136:76-87.
[11]DEVOLI G,DE BLASIO F V,ELVERH?I A,et al.Statistical analysis of landslide events in central america and their run-out distance[J].Geotechnical Geology Engineering,2009,27:23-42.
[12]方玉树.高位能滑坡运程探讨[J].后勤工程学院学报,2007,23(4):16-20.FANG Yu-shu.On reach of the landslide with high potential energy[J].Journal of Logistical Engineering University,2007,23(4):16-20.
[13]HUNGR O.Rock avalanche occurrence,process and modeling[J].Earth and Environmental Science,2006,49(4):243-266
[14]樊晓一.地震与非地震诱发滑坡的运动特征对比研究[J].岩土力学,2010,31(增刊2):31-37.FAN Xiao-yi.Comparative study of movement behaviors of seismic and non-seismic induced landslides[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(Supp.2):31-37.
[15]邹宗兴,唐辉明,熊承仁,等.高速岩质滑坡启动弹冲加速机制及弹冲速度计算——以武隆县鸡尾山滑坡为例[J].岩土力学,2014,35(7):2004-2012.ZOU Zong-xing,TANG Hui-ming,XIONG Cheng-ren,et al.Starting-elastic-impulsive acceleration mechanism of high-speed rockslide and elastic-impulsive velocity calculation:Taking Jiweishan rockslide in Wulong,Chongqing for example[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(7):2004-2012.
[16]樊晓一,乔建平.坡场因数对大型滑坡的运动特征影响研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(11):2337-2347.FAN Xiao-yi,QIAO Jian-ping.Influence of landslide and ground factors on large-scale landslide movement[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(11):2337-2347.
[17]LEGROS F.The mobility of long-runout landslides[J].Engineering Geology,2002,63:301-331.
[18]ZHANG D X,WANG G H.Study of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake-induced landslides in loess(China)[J].Engineering Geology,2007,94:76-88.
[19]樊晓一,乔建平,韩萌,等.灾难性地震和降雨滑坡的体积与运动距离研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(10):3051FAN Xiao-yi,QIAO Jian-ping,HAN Meng,et al.Volumes and movement distances of earthquake and rainfall-induced catastrophic landslides[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(10):3051-3058.
[2]程谦恭,王玉峰,朱圻,等.高速远程滑坡超前冲击气浪动力学机制[J].山地学报,2011,29(1):70-80.CHENG Qian-gong,WANG Yu-feng,ZHU Qi,et al.Dynamics of the air blasts generated by rock avalanches[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(1):70-80.
[3]张明,殷跃平,吴树仁,等.高速远程滑坡-碎屑流运动机制研究发展现状与展望[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):805-817.ZHANG Ming,YIN Yue-ping,WU Shu-ren,et al.Development status and prospects of studies on kinematics of long runout rock avalanches[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):805-817.
[4]DELINE P.Interactions between rock avalanches and glaciers in the Mount Blanc massif during the late Holocene[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2009,28:1070-1083.
[5]王玉峰,程谦恭,张柯宏,等.高速远程滑坡裹气流态化模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(10):2775-2786.WANG Yu-feng,CHENG Qian-gong,ZHANG Ke-hong,et al.Study of fluidized characteristics of rock avalanches under effect of entrapped air[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(10):2775-2786.
[6]齐超,邢爱国,殷跃平,等.东河口高速远程滑坡-碎屑流全程动力特性模拟[J].工程地质学报,2012,20(3):334-339.QI Chao,XING Ai-guo,YIN Yue-ping,et al.Numerical simulation of dynamic behavior of Donghekou rockslidedebris avalanche[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2012,20(3):334-339.
[7]张龙,唐辉明,熊承仁,等.鸡尾山高速远程滑坡运动过程PFC3D模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(增刊1):2601-2611.ZHANG Long,TANG Hui-ming,XIONG Cheng-ren,et al.Movement process simulation of high-speed longdistance Jiweishan landslide with PFC3D[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(Supp.1):2601-2611.
[8]李秀珍,孔纪名.“5·12”汶川地震诱发滑坡的滑动距离预测[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(5):243-249.LI Xiu-zhen,KONG Ji-ming.Runout distance estimation of landslides triggered by“5·12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2010,42(5):243-249.
[9]QI Sheng-wen,XU Qiang,ZHANG Bing,et al.Source characteristics of long runout rock avalanches triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40:896-906.
[10]YOSHIDA H,SUGAI T,OHMORI H.Size–distance relationships for hummocks on volcanic rockslide-debris avalanche deposits in Japan[J].Geomorphology,2012,136:76-87.
[11]DEVOLI G,DE BLASIO F V,ELVERH?I A,et al.Statistical analysis of landslide events in central america and their run-out distance[J].Geotechnical Geology Engineering,2009,27:23-42.
[12]方玉树.高位能滑坡运程探讨[J].后勤工程学院学报,2007,23(4):16-20.FANG Yu-shu.On reach of the landslide with high potential energy[J].Journal of Logistical Engineering University,2007,23(4):16-20.
[13]HUNGR O.Rock avalanche occurrence,process and modeling[J].Earth and Environmental Science,2006,49(4):243-266
[14]樊晓一.地震与非地震诱发滑坡的运动特征对比研究[J].岩土力学,2010,31(增刊2):31-37.FAN Xiao-yi.Comparative study of movement behaviors of seismic and non-seismic induced landslides[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2010,31(Supp.2):31-37.
[15]邹宗兴,唐辉明,熊承仁,等.高速岩质滑坡启动弹冲加速机制及弹冲速度计算——以武隆县鸡尾山滑坡为例[J].岩土力学,2014,35(7):2004-2012.ZOU Zong-xing,TANG Hui-ming,XIONG Cheng-ren,et al.Starting-elastic-impulsive acceleration mechanism of high-speed rockslide and elastic-impulsive velocity calculation:Taking Jiweishan rockslide in Wulong,Chongqing for example[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(7):2004-2012.
[16]樊晓一,乔建平.坡场因数对大型滑坡的运动特征影响研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(11):2337-2347.FAN Xiao-yi,QIAO Jian-ping.Influence of landslide and ground factors on large-scale landslide movement[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(11):2337-2347.
[17]LEGROS F.The mobility of long-runout landslides[J].Engineering Geology,2002,63:301-331.
[18]ZHANG D X,WANG G H.Study of the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake-induced landslides in loess(China)[J].Engineering Geology,2007,94:76-88.
[19]樊晓一,乔建平,韩萌,等.灾难性地震和降雨滑坡的体积与运动距离研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(10):3051FAN Xiao-yi,QIAO Jian-ping,HAN Meng,et al.Volumes and movement distances of earthquake and rainfall-induced catastrophic landslides[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(10):3051-3058.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心