青岛市城市绿地生态系统的环境净化服务价值
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摘要
在分析青岛市城市绿地空间分布及面积动态变化基础上,利用市场价值法、生产成本法、替代费用法等方法计算了1999—2009年各年度青岛市城市绿地生态系统的环境净化服务价值。结果表明,1999—2009年青岛市城市绿地的环境净化服务价值由1.587×108元增至3.491×108元,人均城市绿地的环境净化服务价值由68.42元增至126.73元。11 a间青岛市城市绿地的环境净化服务价值增加了1.904×108元,平均年增长率为10.91%。在青岛市城市绿地生态系统环境净化服务总价值构成中,其气体调节服务价值占总价值的49.81%—51.72%,而吸收有害气体和滞尘服务价值、减弱噪声服务价值占48.28%—50.19%。城市绿地的气体调节服务具有地域空间的可转移性,可以由城市以外的自然生态系统补偿;而其吸收有害气体和滞尘服务与减弱噪声服务则不具有地域空间的可转移性。加强城市绿地建设、提高城市绿化水平是改善青岛市城市环境和提高城市居民生活质量的有效措施。
Urban green space ecosystem has the functions of gas regulation,harmful gas and dust absorption,and noise reduction,playing an important role in improving urban environment and ensuring human health.These purification services also provide a basis for realizing urban sustainable development.The evaluation of the environment purification service value of urban green space ecosystem in Qingdao City,in combination with the analysis of green space distribution and its construction process under the situation of population increase,could provide a theoretical basis for the urban planning,ecological city construction,and urban green space construction of the City,and for the improvement of its urban environment as well as the sustainable development of the city ecosystem.From 1999 to 2009,the total urban green space in Qingdao had increased from 7005.4 hm2 to 16002.8 hm2,with the green space per capita increased from 30.20 m2 to 58.09 m2,public green space per capita increased from 7.35 m2 to 14.54 m2,green coverage rate of built-up area increased from 35.90% to 43.20%,and the numbers of zoos and botanical gardens increased from 36 to 73.Both the population and the urban green space in Qingdao urban area in 2009 had the characteristics of spatially uneven distribution.Comparatively,the four urban districts(Shinan,Shibei,Sifang,and Licang) had a larger and denser population but a smaller green coverage rate of built-up area and smaller public green area;while the three suburb districts(Laoshan,Chengyang,and Huangdao) had a smaller and sparser population,but a larger green coverage rate of built-up area and larger public green area per capita.Based on the spatiotemporal dynamics of green space in Qingdao from 1999 to 2009,the annual environment purification service value of urban green space ecosystem in the City was calculated by using market value method,production cost method,and displacement cost method,and the results indicated that in 1999—2009,the environment purification service value of urban green space ecosystem in the City increased dramatically from 1.587×108 yuan RMB to 3.491×108 yuan RMB,with the service value per capita increased from 68.42 yuan RMB to 126.73 yuan RMB.In the eleven years,the net increase of the service value was 1.904×108 yuan RMB,with the average annual increasing rate being 10.91%.In the total purification service value,the service value of gas regulation accounted for 49.81%—51.72%,and that of harmful gas and dust absorption and noise reduction accounted for 48.28%—50.19%.The gas regulation service of urban green space had the transferability in locality,which could be compensated by the natural ecosystems out from urban areas,while the service of harmful gas and dust absorption and noise reduction was the one which had no transferability in locality.To intensify the urban green space construction and to enhance the greening level would be the effective measures in improving the urban environment quality and human habitation standard of Qingdao.In methodological aspect,the indices yearly carbon-fixation and oxygen release amounts per unit area of urban green space adopted by Liu Yunlong et al.(2009) were modified,but there still had two aspects that should be modified.First,appropriate methods should be adopted to eliminate the influence of US Dollar exchange rate to RMB on the calculation of yearly carbon-fixation survive value,and the second,the environment purification service value of urban green space ecosystem should be calculated by using the areas of forestland,shrub land,and grassland,if the data could be provided,to obtain more accurate results.
Urban green space ecosystem has the functions of gas regulation,harmful gas and dust absorption,and noise reduction,playing an important role in improving urban environment and ensuring human health.These purification services also provide a basis for realizing urban sustainable development.The evaluation of the environment purification service value of urban green space ecosystem in Qingdao City,in combination with the analysis of green space distribution and its construction process under the situation of population increase,could provide a theoretical basis for the urban planning,ecological city construction,and urban green space construction of the City,and for the improvement of its urban environment as well as the sustainable development of the city ecosystem.From 1999 to 2009,the total urban green space in Qingdao had increased from 7005.4 hm2 to 16002.8 hm2,with the green space per capita increased from 30.20 m2 to 58.09 m2,public green space per capita increased from 7.35 m2 to 14.54 m2,green coverage rate of built-up area increased from 35.90% to 43.20%,and the numbers of zoos and botanical gardens increased from 36 to 73.Both the population and the urban green space in Qingdao urban area in 2009 had the characteristics of spatially uneven distribution.Comparatively,the four urban districts(Shinan,Shibei,Sifang,and Licang) had a larger and denser population but a smaller green coverage rate of built-up area and smaller public green area;while the three suburb districts(Laoshan,Chengyang,and Huangdao) had a smaller and sparser population,but a larger green coverage rate of built-up area and larger public green area per capita.Based on the spatiotemporal dynamics of green space in Qingdao from 1999 to 2009,the annual environment purification service value of urban green space ecosystem in the City was calculated by using market value method,production cost method,and displacement cost method,and the results indicated that in 1999—2009,the environment purification service value of urban green space ecosystem in the City increased dramatically from 1.587×108 yuan RMB to 3.491×108 yuan RMB,with the service value per capita increased from 68.42 yuan RMB to 126.73 yuan RMB.In the eleven years,the net increase of the service value was 1.904×108 yuan RMB,with the average annual increasing rate being 10.91%.In the total purification service value,the service value of gas regulation accounted for 49.81%—51.72%,and that of harmful gas and dust absorption and noise reduction accounted for 48.28%—50.19%.The gas regulation service of urban green space had the transferability in locality,which could be compensated by the natural ecosystems out from urban areas,while the service of harmful gas and dust absorption and noise reduction was the one which had no transferability in locality.To intensify the urban green space construction and to enhance the greening level would be the effective measures in improving the urban environment quality and human habitation standard of Qingdao.In methodological aspect,the indices yearly carbon-fixation and oxygen release amounts per unit area of urban green space adopted by Liu Yunlong et al.(2009) were modified,but there still had two aspects that should be modified.First,appropriate methods should be adopted to eliminate the influence of US Dollar exchange rate to RMB on the calculation of yearly carbon-fixation survive value,and the second,the environment purification service value of urban green space ecosystem should be calculated by using the areas of forestland,shrub land,and grassland,if the data could be provided,to obtain more accurate results.
引文
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[6]Zhang Z Q,Xu Z M,Cheng G D,Su Z Y.Contingent valuation of the economic benefits of restoring ecosystem services of Zhangye prefecture ofHeihe River Basin.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(6):885-893.
[7]Peng J,Wang Y L,Chen Y F,Li W F,Jiang Y Y.Economic value of urban ecosystem services:a case study in Shenzhen.Acta ScicentiarumNaturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2005,41(4):594-604.
[8]Zhang X L,Ye S Y,Yin P,Gu D Q.Ecosystem services value and its temporal change of coastal wetlands in southern Laizhou Bay.ChineseJournal of Ecology,2008,27(12):2195-2202.
[9]Zhang MY,Wang K L,Liu HY,Chen HS,Zhang C H,Yue Y M.Response of ecosystem service values to landscape pattern change in typicalKarst area of northwest Guangxi,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(5):1174-1179.
[10]Xie G D,Zhang Y L,Lu C X,Zheng D,Cheng S K.Study on valuation of rangeland ecosystem services of China.Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(1):47-53.
[11]Chen G Q,Kang X G.Valuation of eco-benefit value and adjustment in Wudaohe Forest Farm.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2001,23(3):56-59.
[12]Zhang Z H,LJ B,Ye S F,Zhu M Y.Values of marine ecosystem services in Sanggou Bay.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(11):2540-2547.
[13]Cui B S,Yang Z F.Benefit valuation of typical wetlands in Jilin province.Resources Science,2001,23(3):55-61.
[14]Pan W B,Tang T,Deng HB,Cai Q H.Lake ecosystem services and their ecological valuation—a case study of Baoan Lake in Hubei Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(10):1315-1318.
[15]Xiao H,Ouyang Z Y,Zhao J Z,Wang X K,Han Y S.The spatial distribution characteristics and eco-economic value of soil conservation serviceof ecosystems in Hainan Island by GIS.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(4):552-558.
[16]Liu Y L,Zhu J Q,Shi Z X,Lin W P,Gao J.Purification services and their value assessment of city green space in Shanghai.China Population,Resources and Environment,2009,19(5):28-32.
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[19]Zong Y G,Xu HY,Tang Y B,Chen HC.The systematic analysis on value of urban ecosystem services.Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,1999,12(4):19-22.
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[25]Garden Bureau of Qingdao.Statistical table of urban garden and green space area in Qingdao City in 2009.Qingdao:Garden Bureau of Qingdao,2010.
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[28]Song G B,Pan Y Z,Zhang S Z,Zhu W Q.Measurement and analysis for net primary productivity from remote sensing in Beijing City.ResourcesScience,2009,31(9):1568-1572.
[29]Quality and Technology Supervising Bureau of Qingdao.Standards of Plant Arrangement Technology of Urban Garden and Green Space.(2005-05-18)[2010-04-20].http://www.qdylzj.com/show_biaozhun.asp?toid=17.
[1]陆健健,何文珊,童春富,王伟.湿地生态学.北京:高等教育出版社,2006:207-210.
[4]薛达元.生物多样性经济价值评估:长白山自然保护区案例研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997:1-69.
[5]欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价.应用生态学报,1999,10(5):635-640.
[6]张志强,徐中民,程国栋,苏志勇.黑河流域张掖地区生态系统服务恢复的条件价值评估.生态学报,2002,22(6):885-893.
[7]彭建,王仰麟,陈燕飞,李卫锋,蒋依依.城市生态系统服务功能价值评估初探——以深圳市为例.北京大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(4):594-604.
[8]张绪良,叶思源,印萍,谷东起.莱州湾南岸滨海湿地的生态系统服务价值及变化.生态学杂志,2008,27(12):2195-2202.
[9]张明阳,王克林,刘会玉,陈洪松,章春华,岳跃民.桂西北典型喀斯特区生态系统服务价值对景观格局变化的响应.应用生态学报,2010,21(5):1174-1179.
[10]谢高地,张钇锂,鲁春霞,郑度,成升魁.中国自然草地生态系统服务价值.自然资源学报,2001,16(1):47-53.
[11]陈光清,亢新刚.五道河林场森林生态效益价值评估及调整.北京林业大学学报,200l,23(3):56-59.
[12]张朝晖,吕吉斌,叶属峰,朱明远.桑沟湾海洋生态系统的服务价值.应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2540-2547.
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[2]Costanza R,d′Arge R,de Groot R,Farber S,Grasso M,Hannon B,Limburg K,Naeem S,O′Neill R V,Paruelo J.Raskin R G,Sutton P,vanden Belt M.The value of ecosystem service and natural capital in the world.Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[3]Daily G C.Nature′s Service:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems.Washington D C:Island Press,1997:1-78.
[4]Xue D Y.Economic Valuation Assessment of Diversity—A Case Study of Changbaishan Mountain Natural Reserve.Beijing:China EnvironmentalScience Press,1997:1-69.
[5]Ouyang Z Y,Wang R S,Zhao J Z.Ecosystem services and their economic valuation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1999,10(5):635-640.
[6]Zhang Z Q,Xu Z M,Cheng G D,Su Z Y.Contingent valuation of the economic benefits of restoring ecosystem services of Zhangye prefecture ofHeihe River Basin.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2002,22(6):885-893.
[7]Peng J,Wang Y L,Chen Y F,Li W F,Jiang Y Y.Economic value of urban ecosystem services:a case study in Shenzhen.Acta ScicentiarumNaturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2005,41(4):594-604.
[8]Zhang X L,Ye S Y,Yin P,Gu D Q.Ecosystem services value and its temporal change of coastal wetlands in southern Laizhou Bay.ChineseJournal of Ecology,2008,27(12):2195-2202.
[9]Zhang MY,Wang K L,Liu HY,Chen HS,Zhang C H,Yue Y M.Response of ecosystem service values to landscape pattern change in typicalKarst area of northwest Guangxi,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(5):1174-1179.
[10]Xie G D,Zhang Y L,Lu C X,Zheng D,Cheng S K.Study on valuation of rangeland ecosystem services of China.Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(1):47-53.
[11]Chen G Q,Kang X G.Valuation of eco-benefit value and adjustment in Wudaohe Forest Farm.Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2001,23(3):56-59.
[12]Zhang Z H,LJ B,Ye S F,Zhu M Y.Values of marine ecosystem services in Sanggou Bay.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(11):2540-2547.
[13]Cui B S,Yang Z F.Benefit valuation of typical wetlands in Jilin province.Resources Science,2001,23(3):55-61.
[14]Pan W B,Tang T,Deng HB,Cai Q H.Lake ecosystem services and their ecological valuation—a case study of Baoan Lake in Hubei Province.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(10):1315-1318.
[15]Xiao H,Ouyang Z Y,Zhao J Z,Wang X K,Han Y S.The spatial distribution characteristics and eco-economic value of soil conservation serviceof ecosystems in Hainan Island by GIS.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(4):552-558.
[16]Liu Y L,Zhu J Q,Shi Z X,Lin W P,Gao J.Purification services and their value assessment of city green space in Shanghai.China Population,Resources and Environment,2009,19(5):28-32.
[17]Bai X F,Chen HW.The changes of ecosystemservices and their values in various constructions of land use—a case study fromYijinhuoluo Countyof Inner Mogolia.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,12(1):180-182.
[18]Chen N W,Li H C,Wang L H.Reviews on ecosystem services:Connotation,valuation and GIS-based mapping.Ecology and EnvironmentalSciences,2009,18(5):1987-1994.
[19]Zong Y G,Xu HY,Tang Y B,Chen HC.The systematic analysis on value of urban ecosystem services.Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,1999,12(4):19-22.
[20]Zong Y G,Chen H C,Guo R H,Xu H Y.The systematic analysis on value of regional ecosystem services—a case study of Lingwu City.Geographical Research,2000,19(2):148-155.
[21]Xia L H,Song M.Study of city ecosystem services in economically developed region.Journal of Guangzhou University:Natural Science Edition,2002,1(3):71-74.
[22]History and Annuals office of Qingdao.History and Annuals of Qingdao.Land/Earthquake Annuals.Beijing:Xinhua Press,1999:1-32.
[23]Statistics Bureau of Qingdao.Qingdao Statistics Almanac(2000—2009)[2010-04-20].http://www.stats-qd.gov.cn/statsqd/index/index.shtml.
[24]Statistics Bureau of Qingdao.Statistics Bulletin of Economy and Society Development of Qingdao City in 2009.[2010-04-20].http://www.stats-qd.gov.cn/statsqd/news/201021110332353175.asp?typeid=990&videos.
[25]Garden Bureau of Qingdao.Statistical table of urban garden and green space area in Qingdao City in 2009.Qingdao:Garden Bureau of Qingdao,2010.
[26]Anderson D.Carbon emissions and carbon fixing from an economic perspective∥Forestry Economics Research Conference.Canada:YorkUniversity,1990:26-54.
[27]Du Z Q,Zhao A Q.Research on ecosystem services and economic valuation.Economics,2006,(5):23-24.
[28]Song G B,Pan Y Z,Zhang S Z,Zhu W Q.Measurement and analysis for net primary productivity from remote sensing in Beijing City.ResourcesScience,2009,31(9):1568-1572.
[29]Quality and Technology Supervising Bureau of Qingdao.Standards of Plant Arrangement Technology of Urban Garden and Green Space.(2005-05-18)[2010-04-20].http://www.qdylzj.com/show_biaozhun.asp?toid=17.
[1]陆健健,何文珊,童春富,王伟.湿地生态学.北京:高等教育出版社,2006:207-210.
[4]薛达元.生物多样性经济价值评估:长白山自然保护区案例研究.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997:1-69.
[5]欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价.应用生态学报,1999,10(5):635-640.
[6]张志强,徐中民,程国栋,苏志勇.黑河流域张掖地区生态系统服务恢复的条件价值评估.生态学报,2002,22(6):885-893.
[7]彭建,王仰麟,陈燕飞,李卫锋,蒋依依.城市生态系统服务功能价值评估初探——以深圳市为例.北京大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(4):594-604.
[8]张绪良,叶思源,印萍,谷东起.莱州湾南岸滨海湿地的生态系统服务价值及变化.生态学杂志,2008,27(12):2195-2202.
[9]张明阳,王克林,刘会玉,陈洪松,章春华,岳跃民.桂西北典型喀斯特区生态系统服务价值对景观格局变化的响应.应用生态学报,2010,21(5):1174-1179.
[10]谢高地,张钇锂,鲁春霞,郑度,成升魁.中国自然草地生态系统服务价值.自然资源学报,2001,16(1):47-53.
[11]陈光清,亢新刚.五道河林场森林生态效益价值评估及调整.北京林业大学学报,200l,23(3):56-59.
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