岩石三维表面裂纹扩展机理数值模拟研究
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摘要
岩石破坏的本质原因是由于内部裂隙的萌生、扩展与贯通过程。从三维的角度出发,采用细观损伤数值模拟方法,模拟单轴压缩下含预制三维表面裂纹的岩石试样的破坏过程。数值模拟得到了表面裂隙内部扩展、贯通过程,动态再现翼型裂纹、壳体裂纹的形态,探讨三维裂纹内部的受力机制,推测可能发生的断裂类型,进一步探讨三维裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明:①反翼型裂纹并不一定萌生于预制裂纹端部,是由于翼型裂纹扩展后应力释放后的拉应力引起;②壳体裂纹的萌生与扩展阶段是由Ⅲ型加载断裂主导,而翼型裂纹扩展至一定长度之后停滞不前;③除了反翼型裂纹之外,还新发现了一种由壳体裂纹萌生出的次生裂纹,这种裂纹的扩展引起试样整体失稳崩溃;④岩石Ⅲ型加载(反平面剪切)难以获得Ⅲ型断裂破坏,壳体裂纹是由于Ⅲ型加载下的拉应力引起,实际上属于Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型复合裂纹;⑤非均匀性对岩石表面裂纹扩展影响很大,相对均匀岩石中难以出现曲线翼型裂纹或反翼裂纹。研究结果对于岩石三维裂隙扩展机理的物理力学实验与理论分析都具有参考意义。
Rock failure results from the process of internal crack initiation,propagation and coalescence intrinsically.A 3D numerical model based on the microscopic damage mechanics is employed to simulate the failure process of numerical rock specimens containing a pre-existing surface flaw subjected to uniaxial compression.The initiation,propagation and coalescence of wing cracks,shell cracks,anti-wing cracks and the secondary crack of shell cracks are reproduced in three-dimensional manner.Numerical results are obtained as follows:(1) anti-wing cracks are induced by the tensile stress after the stress release resulting from the propagation of wing cracks;(2) the shell cracks are predominated by III-type loading,and the wing cracks stop when they propagate ahead for a certain distance;(3) the secondary cracks of the shell cracks lead to the collapse of the whole specimen;(4) III-type fracture could not be obtained by III-type loading in rocks,and the shell cracks are induced by tensile stress in III-type loading;(5) due to the heterogeneities in rocks,it is difficult to find curved wing cracks and anti-wing cracks.The numerical results will be a good supplement of experimental investigation of surface flaw.The numerical code is proved to be a satisfactory tool to investigate the rock fracture in three-dimensional manner.
Rock failure results from the process of internal crack initiation,propagation and coalescence intrinsically.A 3D numerical model based on the microscopic damage mechanics is employed to simulate the failure process of numerical rock specimens containing a pre-existing surface flaw subjected to uniaxial compression.The initiation,propagation and coalescence of wing cracks,shell cracks,anti-wing cracks and the secondary crack of shell cracks are reproduced in three-dimensional manner.Numerical results are obtained as follows:(1) anti-wing cracks are induced by the tensile stress after the stress release resulting from the propagation of wing cracks;(2) the shell cracks are predominated by III-type loading,and the wing cracks stop when they propagate ahead for a certain distance;(3) the secondary cracks of the shell cracks lead to the collapse of the whole specimen;(4) III-type fracture could not be obtained by III-type loading in rocks,and the shell cracks are induced by tensile stress in III-type loading;(5) due to the heterogeneities in rocks,it is difficult to find curved wing cracks and anti-wing cracks.The numerical results will be a good supplement of experimental investigation of surface flaw.The numerical code is proved to be a satisfactory tool to investigate the rock fracture in three-dimensional manner.
引文
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[12]LIU Li-qiang,LIU Pei-xun,WONG Hon-chu,et al.Experimental investigation of three-dimensional propagation process from surface fault[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2008,51(10):1426–1435.
[13]郭彦双,黄凯珠,朱维申,等.辉长岩中张开型表面裂隙破裂模式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(3):525–531.(GUO Yan-shuang,WONG H C,ZHU Wei-sheng,et al.Study on fracture pattern of open surface-flaw in gabbro[J].Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2007,26(3):525–531.((in Chinese))
[14]滕春凯,尹祥础,李世愚,等.非穿透裂纹平板试件三维破裂的实验研究[J].地球物理学报,1987,30(4):371–378.(TENG Chun-kai,YIN Xiang-chu,LI Shi-yu,et al.An experimental investigation on 3D fractures of non-penetrating crack in plane samples[J].Acta Geophys Sin,1987,30(4):371–378.(in Chinese))
[15]尹祥础,李世愚,李红,等.闭合裂纹面间相互作用的实验研究[J].地球物理学报,1988,31(3):307–314.(YIN Xiang-chu,LI Shi-yu,LI Hong,et al.Experimental study of interaction be-tween two flanks of closed crack[J].Acta Geophys Sin,1988,31(3):307–314.(in Chinese)
[17]DYSKIN A V,SAHOURYEH E,JEWELL R J,et al.Influence of shape and locations of initial 3D cracks on their growth in uniaxial compression[J].Eng Fract Mech,2003,70(15):2115–2136
[18]SAHOURYEH E,DYSKIN A V,GERMANOVICH L N.Crack growth under biaxial compression[J].Eng Fract Mech,2002,69(18):2187–2198.
[19]WONG R H C,LAW C M,CHAU K T,et al.Crack propagation from 3-D surface fractures in PMMA and marble specimens under uniaxial compression[J].Int J Rock Mech Min Sci,2004,41(3):360–366.
[20]梁正召,杨天鸿,唐春安,等.非均匀性岩石破坏过程的三维损伤软化模型与数值模拟[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(12):1147–1152.(LIANG Zheng-zhao,YANG Tian-hong,TANG Chun-an,et al.Three-dimensional damage soften model for failure process of heterogeneous rocks and associated numerical simulation[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2005,27(12):1147–1152.(in Chinese))
[21]梁正召,唐春安,唐世斌,等.三维裂纹扩展的模拟试验[C]//第九届全国岩石力学与工程学术大会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2006:345–351.(LIANG Zheng-zhao,TANG Chun-an,TANG Shin-bin,et al.Numerical simulation of three-dimensional crack propagation[C]//The Ninth National Academic Conference of Rock Mechanics and Engineering.Beijing:Science Press,2006:345–351.(in Chinese))
[22]谢海峰,饶秋华,王志.反平面剪切(III型)加载下脆性岩石的断口分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(9):1832–1839.(XIE Hai-feng,RAO Qiu-hua,WANG Zhi.Fracture morphology analysis of brittle rock under anti-plane shear(mode III)loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(9):1832–1839.(in Chinese))
[23]ADAMS M,SINES G.Crack extension from flaws in a brittle material subjected to compression[J].Tectonophysics,1978,49:97–118.
[24]SAHOURYEH E,DYSKIN A V,GERMANOVICH L N.Crack growth under biaxial compression[J].Eng Fract Mech,2002,69(18):2187–2198.
[2]RAMSAY J G.Folding and fracturing of rocks[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1967.
[3]马瑾,张渤涛,袁淑荣.断层闭锁区附近应变场演化的初步探讨[J].地震地质,1979,1(3):47–55.(MA Jin,ZHANG Bo-tao,YUAN Shu-rong.Preliminary study on the evolution of strain field near locked region of a fault[J].Seismology and Geology,1979,1(3):47–55.(in Chinese))
[4]马瑾.断层交汇区附近的变形特点与声发射特点[J].地震学报,1983,5(2):69–80.(MA Jin.Model experimental study on behavior of deformation and acoustic emission near the intersections of faults[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1983,5(2):69–80.(in Chinese)).
[5]刘力强,马瑾,吴秀泉.雁列式断层变形与失稳过程的实验研究[J].地震学报,1986,8(4):393–403.(LIU Li-qiang,MA Jin,WU Xiu-quan.An experimental study on the process of deformation and instability for en-echelon faults[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1986,8(4):393–403.(in Chinese))
[6]马胜利,邓志辉,马文涛,等.雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究(一)[J].地震地质,1995,17(4):327–335.(MA Sheng-li,DENG Zhi-hui,MA Wen-tao,et al.Experimental study on evolution of physical field during deformation of en-echelon faults(1)[J].Seismology and Geology,1995,17(4):327–335.(in Chinese))
[7]SHEN B.The mechanism of fracture coalescence in compression experimental study and numerical simulation[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,1995,51(1):73–85.
[8]ROBET A,EINSTEIN H H.Fracture coalescence in rock-type material under uniaxial and biaxial compression[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1998,35(7):863–888.
[9]WONG R H C,CHAU K T,TANG C A,et al.Analysis of crack coalescence in rock-like materials containing three flaws—part I:experimental approach[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2001,38(9):909–924.
[10]陈卫忠,李术才,朱维申,等.岩石裂隙扩展的试验与数值分析研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(1):18–23.(CHEN Wei-zhong,LI Shu-cai,ZHU Wei-shen,et al.Experimental and numerical research on crack propagation in rock under compression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(1):18–23.(in Chinese))
[11]刘东燕,朱可善.岩石压剪断裂的模型试验研究[J].重庆建筑大学学报,1994,16(1):56–62.(LIU Dong-yan,ZHU Ke-shan.An experimental study on cement mortar specimens with a central slitsunder uniaxial compression[J].Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University,1994,16(1):56–62.(in Chinese))
[12]LIU Li-qiang,LIU Pei-xun,WONG Hon-chu,et al.Experimental investigation of three-dimensional propagation process from surface fault[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2008,51(10):1426–1435.
[13]郭彦双,黄凯珠,朱维申,等.辉长岩中张开型表面裂隙破裂模式研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(3):525–531.(GUO Yan-shuang,WONG H C,ZHU Wei-sheng,et al.Study on fracture pattern of open surface-flaw in gabbro[J].Chin J Rock Mech Eng,2007,26(3):525–531.((in Chinese))
[14]滕春凯,尹祥础,李世愚,等.非穿透裂纹平板试件三维破裂的实验研究[J].地球物理学报,1987,30(4):371–378.(TENG Chun-kai,YIN Xiang-chu,LI Shi-yu,et al.An experimental investigation on 3D fractures of non-penetrating crack in plane samples[J].Acta Geophys Sin,1987,30(4):371–378.(in Chinese))
[15]尹祥础,李世愚,李红,等.闭合裂纹面间相互作用的实验研究[J].地球物理学报,1988,31(3):307–314.(YIN Xiang-chu,LI Shi-yu,LI Hong,et al.Experimental study of interaction be-tween two flanks of closed crack[J].Acta Geophys Sin,1988,31(3):307–314.(in Chinese)
[17]DYSKIN A V,SAHOURYEH E,JEWELL R J,et al.Influence of shape and locations of initial 3D cracks on their growth in uniaxial compression[J].Eng Fract Mech,2003,70(15):2115–2136
[18]SAHOURYEH E,DYSKIN A V,GERMANOVICH L N.Crack growth under biaxial compression[J].Eng Fract Mech,2002,69(18):2187–2198.
[19]WONG R H C,LAW C M,CHAU K T,et al.Crack propagation from 3-D surface fractures in PMMA and marble specimens under uniaxial compression[J].Int J Rock Mech Min Sci,2004,41(3):360–366.
[20]梁正召,杨天鸿,唐春安,等.非均匀性岩石破坏过程的三维损伤软化模型与数值模拟[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(12):1147–1152.(LIANG Zheng-zhao,YANG Tian-hong,TANG Chun-an,et al.Three-dimensional damage soften model for failure process of heterogeneous rocks and associated numerical simulation[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2005,27(12):1147–1152.(in Chinese))
[21]梁正召,唐春安,唐世斌,等.三维裂纹扩展的模拟试验[C]//第九届全国岩石力学与工程学术大会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2006:345–351.(LIANG Zheng-zhao,TANG Chun-an,TANG Shin-bin,et al.Numerical simulation of three-dimensional crack propagation[C]//The Ninth National Academic Conference of Rock Mechanics and Engineering.Beijing:Science Press,2006:345–351.(in Chinese))
[22]谢海峰,饶秋华,王志.反平面剪切(III型)加载下脆性岩石的断口分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(9):1832–1839.(XIE Hai-feng,RAO Qiu-hua,WANG Zhi.Fracture morphology analysis of brittle rock under anti-plane shear(mode III)loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(9):1832–1839.(in Chinese))
[23]ADAMS M,SINES G.Crack extension from flaws in a brittle material subjected to compression[J].Tectonophysics,1978,49:97–118.
[24]SAHOURYEH E,DYSKIN A V,GERMANOVICH L N.Crack growth under biaxial compression[J].Eng Fract Mech,2002,69(18):2187–2198.
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