不同库水模型对拱坝横缝开度的影响
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摘要
地震作用下横缝的张开、闭合与滑移对高拱坝的动力响应有着显著的影响,而横缝的张开度是有横缝拱坝抗震分析的一个重要计算指标。结合实际工程,采用有限元混合法模拟横缝的非线性行为,用多次透射人工边界条件计及无限地基的辐射阻尼效应,给出三种库水模型及其数值求解方案,考查不同库水模型对高拱坝横缝开度的影响。计算表明,忽略水体的可压缩性将引起显著的计算误差,横缝最大张开度不但幅值不同,沿坝轴线方向的分布也有较大差异。附加质量模型和忽略水体的可压缩性将过分夸大库水对坝体的作用,在计算中应该考虑库水的可压缩性。
Contraction joints play an obvious role in the nonlinear response of high arch dams to strong earthquakes through opening,closing and sliding,and joint opening is a basic index of seismic analysis of arch dams with contraction joints.This paper adopts a mixed finite element method to simulate the nonlinear behavior of the joints for a practical project.Three reservoir models of different numerical schemes are used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of high arch dams,with the foundation radiation damping accounted by an artificial multi-transmitting boundary condition and different joint opening models,are studied.Results show large errors of the models that neglect water compressibility.Amplitude of the maximum joint opening and its distribution along the dam axis are quite different from the compressible case,and the Westergaard formulation or the incompressible model exaggerates the effect of water pressure.Compressible model is recommended for a dynamic analysis of high arch dams.
Contraction joints play an obvious role in the nonlinear response of high arch dams to strong earthquakes through opening,closing and sliding,and joint opening is a basic index of seismic analysis of arch dams with contraction joints.This paper adopts a mixed finite element method to simulate the nonlinear behavior of the joints for a practical project.Three reservoir models of different numerical schemes are used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of high arch dams,with the foundation radiation damping accounted by an artificial multi-transmitting boundary condition and different joint opening models,are studied.Results show large errors of the models that neglect water compressibility.Amplitude of the maximum joint opening and its distribution along the dam axis are quite different from the compressible case,and the Westergaard formulation or the incompressible model exaggerates the effect of water pressure.Compressible model is recommended for a dynamic analysis of high arch dams.
引文
[1]盛志刚,张楚汉,王光纶,等.拱坝横缝非线性动力响应的模型试验和计算分析[J].水力发电学报,2003,(1):34～43.Sheng Zhigang,Zhang Chuhan,Wang Guanglun,et al.Shaking table tests and numerical analysis for nonlinear seismic behavior ofan arch dam model with contraction joints[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2003,(1):34～43.(in Chinese)
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[3]涂劲,陈厚群,杜修力.高拱坝非线性地震反应分析中横缝模拟方案研究[J].水力发电学报,2001,(2):18～25.Tu Jin,Chen Houqun,Du Xiuli.A study on the simulation scheme of joints in the nonlinear seismic response analysis of high archdam[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2001,(2):18～25.(in Chinese)
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[5]林皋,胡志强.拱坝横缝影响及有效抗震措施的研究[J].世界地震工程,2004,20(3):1～8.LIN Gao,HU Zhiqiang.Studies of the effect of contraction joints and the effective earthquake-resistant measures for arch dams[J].World Information on Earthquake Engineering,2004,20(3):1～8.(in Chinese)
[6]赵兰浩,李同春,牛志伟.有横缝高拱坝非线性地震响应动接触模型[J].水力发电学报,2007,26(4):91～95.ZHAO Lanhao,LI Tongchun,NIU Zhiwei.The dynamic contact model of nonlinear seismic response of high arch dams withcontraction joints[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2007,26(4):91～95.(in Chinese)
[7]Clough R W,Chang K T,Chen H Q,et al.Dynamic interaction effects in arch dams[R].University of California,Berkeley,Earthquake Engineering Research Center Report,No.UCB/EERC-85/11,1985:1～52.
[8]赵兰浩.考虑坝体-库水-地基相互作用的有横缝拱坝地震响应分析[D].南京:河海大学,2006.ZHAO Lanhao.Seismic Analysis of Arch Dams with Contraction Joints and Dam-water-foundation Interaction[D].HohaiUniversity,2006.(in Chinese)
[9]赵兰浩,李同春,牛志伟.有初始间隙摩擦接触问题的有限元混合法[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(11):2015～2018.ZHAO Lanhao,LI Tongchun,NIU Zhiwei.Mixed finite element method for contact problems with friction and initial gaps[J],Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(11):2015～2018.(in Chinese)
[10]廖振鹏.工程波动理论导论(第二版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.LIAO Zhenpeng.Introduction to wave motion theories for engineering[M].Beijing:Science Press,2001.(in Chinese)
[11]廖振鹏,李小军.推广的多次透射边界:标量波情形[J].力学学报,1995,27(1):69～78.Liao Zhenpeng,Li Xiaojun.Generalized multi-transmitting boundary:scalar wave case[J].Acta Mechanica Sinica,1995,27(1):69～78.(in Chinese)
[12]涂劲.有缝界面的混凝土高坝-地基系统非线性地震波动反应分析[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,1999.TU Jin.Nonlinear seismic response analysis of concrete dam-foundation systems with joints[D].Beijing:China Institute of WaterResources and Hydropower Research,1999.(in Chinese)
[13]石建军,孙冰,周元德,等.不同横缝接触与库水模型对拱坝动力反应的影响[J].水力发电学报,2005,24(3):34～38.SHI Jianjun,SUN Bing,ZHOU Yuande,et al.Effects of contraction joint contact and reservoir models on dynamic response of archdams[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2005,24(3):34～38.(in Chinese)
[2]杜修力,涂劲,陈厚群.有缝拱坝-地基系统三维非线性地震波动反应分析方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2000,20(1):11～20.DU Xiuli,TU Jin,CHEN Houqun.Nonlinear seismic response analysis of arch dam-foundation systems with cracked surfaces[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2000,20(1):11～20.(in Chinese)
[3]涂劲,陈厚群,杜修力.高拱坝非线性地震反应分析中横缝模拟方案研究[J].水力发电学报,2001,(2):18～25.Tu Jin,Chen Houqun,Du Xiuli.A study on the simulation scheme of joints in the nonlinear seismic response analysis of high archdam[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2001,(2):18～25.(in Chinese)
[4]林皋,胡志强,陈健云.考虑横缝影响的拱坝动力分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2004,24(6):45～52.Lin Gao,Hu Zhiqiang,Chen Jianyun.Dynamic analysis of an arch dam considering the effects of contraction joints[J].Earthquake Engineering And Engineering Vibration,2004,24(6):45～52.(in Chinese)
[5]林皋,胡志强.拱坝横缝影响及有效抗震措施的研究[J].世界地震工程,2004,20(3):1～8.LIN Gao,HU Zhiqiang.Studies of the effect of contraction joints and the effective earthquake-resistant measures for arch dams[J].World Information on Earthquake Engineering,2004,20(3):1～8.(in Chinese)
[6]赵兰浩,李同春,牛志伟.有横缝高拱坝非线性地震响应动接触模型[J].水力发电学报,2007,26(4):91～95.ZHAO Lanhao,LI Tongchun,NIU Zhiwei.The dynamic contact model of nonlinear seismic response of high arch dams withcontraction joints[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2007,26(4):91～95.(in Chinese)
[7]Clough R W,Chang K T,Chen H Q,et al.Dynamic interaction effects in arch dams[R].University of California,Berkeley,Earthquake Engineering Research Center Report,No.UCB/EERC-85/11,1985:1～52.
[8]赵兰浩.考虑坝体-库水-地基相互作用的有横缝拱坝地震响应分析[D].南京:河海大学,2006.ZHAO Lanhao.Seismic Analysis of Arch Dams with Contraction Joints and Dam-water-foundation Interaction[D].HohaiUniversity,2006.(in Chinese)
[9]赵兰浩,李同春,牛志伟.有初始间隙摩擦接触问题的有限元混合法[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(11):2015～2018.ZHAO Lanhao,LI Tongchun,NIU Zhiwei.Mixed finite element method for contact problems with friction and initial gaps[J],Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(11):2015～2018.(in Chinese)
[10]廖振鹏.工程波动理论导论(第二版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.LIAO Zhenpeng.Introduction to wave motion theories for engineering[M].Beijing:Science Press,2001.(in Chinese)
[11]廖振鹏,李小军.推广的多次透射边界:标量波情形[J].力学学报,1995,27(1):69～78.Liao Zhenpeng,Li Xiaojun.Generalized multi-transmitting boundary:scalar wave case[J].Acta Mechanica Sinica,1995,27(1):69～78.(in Chinese)
[12]涂劲.有缝界面的混凝土高坝-地基系统非线性地震波动反应分析[D].北京:中国水利水电科学研究院,1999.TU Jin.Nonlinear seismic response analysis of concrete dam-foundation systems with joints[D].Beijing:China Institute of WaterResources and Hydropower Research,1999.(in Chinese)
[13]石建军,孙冰,周元德,等.不同横缝接触与库水模型对拱坝动力反应的影响[J].水力发电学报,2005,24(3):34～38.SHI Jianjun,SUN Bing,ZHOU Yuande,et al.Effects of contraction joint contact and reservoir models on dynamic response of archdams[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2005,24(3):34～38.(in Chinese)
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