城市建筑物SAR图像模拟综述
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摘要
随着空间分辨率的提高,SAR在城区的应用越来越广,而SAR图像的模拟能提高其应用水平。本文回顾了城市建筑物SAR图像模拟的整个发展历程和现状,分析比较了两种模拟方法,指出了模拟过程中的几个关键问题,最后总结了模拟在城市中的应用。
Due to the increased resolution of Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR),applications of SAR data in urban area become more and more widely.SAR image simulation,which was developed recently,can improve the applications,especially in cities.This paper reviews the development status of SAR image simulation of urban buildings,analyses two methods and several key issues of the simulation,and the applications are quite thoroughly reviewed.
Due to the increased resolution of Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR),applications of SAR data in urban area become more and more widely.SAR image simulation,which was developed recently,can improve the applications,especially in cities.This paper reviews the development status of SAR image simulation of urban buildings,analyses two methods and several key issues of the simulation,and the applications are quite thoroughly reviewed.
引文
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[2]MUHLEMAN D.Radar scattering from Venus and the Moon[J].Astronomy Journal,1964(69):34-41.
[3]HOLTZMAN J,FROST V,ABBOTT J,et al.Radar image simulation[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics,1978,16(4):296-303.
[4]PIKE T,SARSI M.A synthetic aperture radar system simulation model[C].in DFVLR-Mitt.1985:Oberpfaffenhofen.
[5]LING H,CHOU R,LEE S.Shooting and bouncing rays calculating the RCS of an arbitrarily shaped Cavity[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1989,37(2):194-205.
[6]NASR J,VIDAL-MADJAR D.Image simulation of geometric targets for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1991,29(6):986-996.
[7]GIORGIO F,ANTONIO I,DANIELE R.SAR raw signal simulation for urban structures[J].IEEE Transactions on Ge-oscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2003,41(9):1986-1995.
[8]GIORGIO F,MIGLIACCIO M,DANIELE R.SAR simulation of natural landscapes[C].IEEE Transactions on Geosci-ence and Remote Sensing Symposium,1994.
[9]DELL′ACQUA F,GAMBA P,IODICE A,et al.Simulation and analysis of fine resolution SAR images in urban areas[C].in Remote Sensing and Data Fusion over Urban Areas,2003.2nd GRSS/ISPRS Joint Workshop,2003.
[10]SPECK R,ANGLBERGER H,SUSS H.Analysis of SAR images by simulation[C].in Remote Sensing for Environmen-tal Monitoring,GIS Applications,and Geology VII,2007.
[11]MARGARIT G,MALLORQUI J,LOPEZ-MARTINEZ C.A SAR simulator for complex targets:Application to urban environments[C].in IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,2007.
[12]MARGARIT G,MALLORQUI J,RIUS J et al.On the usage of GRECOSAR,an orbital polarimetric SAR simulator of complex targets,to vessel classification studies[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2006,44(12):3517-3526.
[13]TIMO B.Real-time SAR simulation on graphics processing units[C].in EUSAR,2006.Dresden,Germany,2006.
[14]TIMO B,UWE S.Hybrid GPU based single and double bounce SAR simulation[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2009,47(10):3519-3529.
[15]AUER S,STEFAN H,RICHARD B.Ray tracing for simulating reflection phenomena in SAR images[C].IGARSS2008(V):518-521.
[16]AUER S,STEFAN H,RICHARD B.Ray-tracing simulation techniques for understanding high resoltion SAR images[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2010,48(3):1445-1456.
[17]BRUNNER D,GUIDO L,LORENZO B.Radar imaging simulation for urban structures[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2011,8(1):68-72.
[18]XU F,JIN Y Q.Imaging simulation of polarimetric SAR for a comprehensive terrain scene using the mapping and projec-tion algorithm[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2006,44(11):3219-3234.
[19]XU F,JIN Y Q.Imaging simulation of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar for comprehensive terrain scene using the mapping and projection algorithm[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2006,44(11):3219-3234.
[20]徐丰,金亚秋.基于映射投影(MPA)的复杂地面场景极化SAR成像模拟[J].自然科学通报,2006,16(11):1459-1471.
[21]张朋,张超,郭陈江,等.建筑物的SAR回波信号模拟方法[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(7):1742-1744.
[22]贺知明,周波.城市场景SAR原始回波模拟方法[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(22):6100-6102.
[23]齐彬,刘方.人造目标SAR图像实时仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20:186-190.
[24]温晓阳,张红,王超.地震损毁建筑物的高分辨率SAR图像模拟与分析[J].遥感学报,2009(001):169-176.
[25]王敏,何志华,董臻,等.基于CSG模型的SAR城区回波模拟[J].信号处理,2009,25(2):318-321.
[26]张锐,洪峻,明峰.基于弹射线法的复杂目标SAR图像仿真[C].第十届全国雷达学术年会,2008.
[27]GIORGIO F,MIGLIACCIO M,DANIELE R.The SAR simulation:An overview[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sens-ing Symposium,1995,3(10):2283-2285.
[28]金亚秋,徐丰.极化散射与SAR遥感信息理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[29]GLASSNER A.An introduction to ray tracing[M].San Francisco:Morgan Kaufmann,2002.
[30]GLASNER A.Space subdivision for fast ray tracing[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1984,4(10):15-22.
[31]WHANG K,SONG J,CHANG J,et al.Octree-R:Anadaptive octree for efcient ray tracing[J].IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph1995,1:343-349.
[32]PATERSON M,YAO F.Efcient binary space partitions for hidden-surface removal and solid modeling[J].Discrete Comput Geom,1990,5:485503.
[33]TAO Y,LIN H,BAO H.Kd-tree based fast ray-tracing for RCS prediction[J].Prog Electromagn Res,2008,81:329-341.
[34]HAMMER H.Comparison of SAR simulation concepts for the analysis of high resolution SAR data[C].in EUSAR,2008.
[35]ELTOFT T.The Rician inverse Gaussian distribution:A new model for non-Rayleigh signalamplitude statistics[J].IEEE Trans Image Process,2005,14:1722-1735.
[36]JAKEMAN E,PUSSEY P.A model for non-Rayleigh sea echo[J].IEEE Trans Antennas Propagation,1976,24(6):806-814.
[37]NADARAJAH S,KOTZ S.Intensity models for non-Rayleigh speckle distributions[J].Int J Remote Sens2008,29:529-541.
[38]GELAUTZ M,FRICK H,RAGGAM J,et al.SAR image simulation and analysis of alpine terrain[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1998,53(1):17-38.
[39]UWE S,SCHULZ K,THOENNESSEN U,et al.Event-driven SAR data acquisition in urban areas using GIS[J].Inter-national Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2004,35:500-505.
[40]UWE S,SCHULZ K,THOENNESSEN U,et al.Integration of3Ddata in SAR mission planning and image interpreta-tion in urban areas[J].Information Fusion,2005,6(4):301-310.
[41]GEBHARDT U,LOFFELD O,NIES H.Hybrid bistatic SAR experiment TerraPAMIR-Geometric description and point target simulation.[C].in EUSAR,2008.Friedrichshafen,Germany.
[42]SHENG Y,ALSDORF D.Automated georeferencing and orthorectication of Amazon basinwide SAR mosaics using SRTM DEM data.[J].IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens2005,43:1929-1940.
[43]BRUNNER D,GUIDO L,LORENZO B.Height estimation of man made structures using hybrid VHR optical and SAR imagery[C].Proc.EARSeL Joint Workshop2008.
[44]BRUNNER D,GUIDO L,LORENZO B.Building height retrieval from airborne VHR SAR imagery based on an iterative simulation and matching procedure[C].Proceedings of SPIE,2008.
[45]BRUNNER D,GUIDO L,LORENZO B.Building height retrieval from VHR SAR imagery based on an iterative simula-tion and matching technique[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2010,48(3):1487-1504.
[46]BRUNNER D,GUIDO L,LORENZO B.Estimation of building heights from detected dual-aspect VHR SAR imagery u-sing an iterative simulation and matching procedure in combination with functional analysis[J].IEEE Radar Conference,2009,1(2):1-6.
[47]THIELE A,THOENNESSEN U,CADARIO E,et al.Building recognition from multi-aspect high resolution InSAR data in urban areas[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2007,45(11):3583-3593.
[48]THIELE A,CADARIO E,SCHULZ K,et al.Analysis of gable-roofed building signature in multiaspect InSAR data[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2010,7(1):83-87.
[49]XU F,JIN Y Q.Automatic reconstruction of building objects from multiaspect meter resolution SAR images[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2007,45(7):2336-2353.
[50]徐丰,金亚秋.多方位高分辨率SAR的三维目标自动重建(二)多方位重建[J].电波科学学报,2008,20(1):23-33.
[51]NUNZIATZ F,GAMBARDELLA A,MIGLIACCIO M.An educational SAR sea surface waves simulator[J].Interna-tional Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,29:3051-3066.
[2]MUHLEMAN D.Radar scattering from Venus and the Moon[J].Astronomy Journal,1964(69):34-41.
[3]HOLTZMAN J,FROST V,ABBOTT J,et al.Radar image simulation[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics,1978,16(4):296-303.
[4]PIKE T,SARSI M.A synthetic aperture radar system simulation model[C].in DFVLR-Mitt.1985:Oberpfaffenhofen.
[5]LING H,CHOU R,LEE S.Shooting and bouncing rays calculating the RCS of an arbitrarily shaped Cavity[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1989,37(2):194-205.
[6]NASR J,VIDAL-MADJAR D.Image simulation of geometric targets for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1991,29(6):986-996.
[7]GIORGIO F,ANTONIO I,DANIELE R.SAR raw signal simulation for urban structures[J].IEEE Transactions on Ge-oscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2003,41(9):1986-1995.
[8]GIORGIO F,MIGLIACCIO M,DANIELE R.SAR simulation of natural landscapes[C].IEEE Transactions on Geosci-ence and Remote Sensing Symposium,1994.
[9]DELL′ACQUA F,GAMBA P,IODICE A,et al.Simulation and analysis of fine resolution SAR images in urban areas[C].in Remote Sensing and Data Fusion over Urban Areas,2003.2nd GRSS/ISPRS Joint Workshop,2003.
[10]SPECK R,ANGLBERGER H,SUSS H.Analysis of SAR images by simulation[C].in Remote Sensing for Environmen-tal Monitoring,GIS Applications,and Geology VII,2007.
[11]MARGARIT G,MALLORQUI J,LOPEZ-MARTINEZ C.A SAR simulator for complex targets:Application to urban environments[C].in IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,2007.
[12]MARGARIT G,MALLORQUI J,RIUS J et al.On the usage of GRECOSAR,an orbital polarimetric SAR simulator of complex targets,to vessel classification studies[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2006,44(12):3517-3526.
[13]TIMO B.Real-time SAR simulation on graphics processing units[C].in EUSAR,2006.Dresden,Germany,2006.
[14]TIMO B,UWE S.Hybrid GPU based single and double bounce SAR simulation[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2009,47(10):3519-3529.
[15]AUER S,STEFAN H,RICHARD B.Ray tracing for simulating reflection phenomena in SAR images[C].IGARSS2008(V):518-521.
[16]AUER S,STEFAN H,RICHARD B.Ray-tracing simulation techniques for understanding high resoltion SAR images[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2010,48(3):1445-1456.
[17]BRUNNER D,GUIDO L,LORENZO B.Radar imaging simulation for urban structures[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2011,8(1):68-72.
[18]XU F,JIN Y Q.Imaging simulation of polarimetric SAR for a comprehensive terrain scene using the mapping and projec-tion algorithm[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2006,44(11):3219-3234.
[19]XU F,JIN Y Q.Imaging simulation of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar for comprehensive terrain scene using the mapping and projection algorithm[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2006,44(11):3219-3234.
[20]徐丰,金亚秋.基于映射投影(MPA)的复杂地面场景极化SAR成像模拟[J].自然科学通报,2006,16(11):1459-1471.
[21]张朋,张超,郭陈江,等.建筑物的SAR回波信号模拟方法[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(7):1742-1744.
[22]贺知明,周波.城市场景SAR原始回波模拟方法[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(22):6100-6102.
[23]齐彬,刘方.人造目标SAR图像实时仿真[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20:186-190.
[24]温晓阳,张红,王超.地震损毁建筑物的高分辨率SAR图像模拟与分析[J].遥感学报,2009(001):169-176.
[25]王敏,何志华,董臻,等.基于CSG模型的SAR城区回波模拟[J].信号处理,2009,25(2):318-321.
[26]张锐,洪峻,明峰.基于弹射线法的复杂目标SAR图像仿真[C].第十届全国雷达学术年会,2008.
[27]GIORGIO F,MIGLIACCIO M,DANIELE R.The SAR simulation:An overview[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sens-ing Symposium,1995,3(10):2283-2285.
[28]金亚秋,徐丰.极化散射与SAR遥感信息理论与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[29]GLASSNER A.An introduction to ray tracing[M].San Francisco:Morgan Kaufmann,2002.
[30]GLASNER A.Space subdivision for fast ray tracing[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1984,4(10):15-22.
[31]WHANG K,SONG J,CHANG J,et al.Octree-R:Anadaptive octree for efcient ray tracing[J].IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph1995,1:343-349.
[32]PATERSON M,YAO F.Efcient binary space partitions for hidden-surface removal and solid modeling[J].Discrete Comput Geom,1990,5:485503.
[33]TAO Y,LIN H,BAO H.Kd-tree based fast ray-tracing for RCS prediction[J].Prog Electromagn Res,2008,81:329-341.
[34]HAMMER H.Comparison of SAR simulation concepts for the analysis of high resolution SAR data[C].in EUSAR,2008.
[35]ELTOFT T.The Rician inverse Gaussian distribution:A new model for non-Rayleigh signalamplitude statistics[J].IEEE Trans Image Process,2005,14:1722-1735.
[36]JAKEMAN E,PUSSEY P.A model for non-Rayleigh sea echo[J].IEEE Trans Antennas Propagation,1976,24(6):806-814.
[37]NADARAJAH S,KOTZ S.Intensity models for non-Rayleigh speckle distributions[J].Int J Remote Sens2008,29:529-541.
[38]GELAUTZ M,FRICK H,RAGGAM J,et al.SAR image simulation and analysis of alpine terrain[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1998,53(1):17-38.
[39]UWE S,SCHULZ K,THOENNESSEN U,et al.Event-driven SAR data acquisition in urban areas using GIS[J].Inter-national Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2004,35:500-505.
[40]UWE S,SCHULZ K,THOENNESSEN U,et al.Integration of3Ddata in SAR mission planning and image interpreta-tion in urban areas[J].Information Fusion,2005,6(4):301-310.
[41]GEBHARDT U,LOFFELD O,NIES H.Hybrid bistatic SAR experiment TerraPAMIR-Geometric description and point target simulation.[C].in EUSAR,2008.Friedrichshafen,Germany.
[42]SHENG Y,ALSDORF D.Automated georeferencing and orthorectication of Amazon basinwide SAR mosaics using SRTM DEM data.[J].IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens2005,43:1929-1940.
[43]BRUNNER D,GUIDO L,LORENZO B.Height estimation of man made structures using hybrid VHR optical and SAR imagery[C].Proc.EARSeL Joint Workshop2008.
[44]BRUNNER D,GUIDO L,LORENZO B.Building height retrieval from airborne VHR SAR imagery based on an iterative simulation and matching procedure[C].Proceedings of SPIE,2008.
[45]BRUNNER D,GUIDO L,LORENZO B.Building height retrieval from VHR SAR imagery based on an iterative simula-tion and matching technique[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2010,48(3):1487-1504.
[46]BRUNNER D,GUIDO L,LORENZO B.Estimation of building heights from detected dual-aspect VHR SAR imagery u-sing an iterative simulation and matching procedure in combination with functional analysis[J].IEEE Radar Conference,2009,1(2):1-6.
[47]THIELE A,THOENNESSEN U,CADARIO E,et al.Building recognition from multi-aspect high resolution InSAR data in urban areas[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2007,45(11):3583-3593.
[48]THIELE A,CADARIO E,SCHULZ K,et al.Analysis of gable-roofed building signature in multiaspect InSAR data[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2010,7(1):83-87.
[49]XU F,JIN Y Q.Automatic reconstruction of building objects from multiaspect meter resolution SAR images[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters,2007,45(7):2336-2353.
[50]徐丰,金亚秋.多方位高分辨率SAR的三维目标自动重建(二)多方位重建[J].电波科学学报,2008,20(1):23-33.
[51]NUNZIATZ F,GAMBARDELLA A,MIGLIACCIO M.An educational SAR sea surface waves simulator[J].Interna-tional Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,29:3051-3066.
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