汶川地震(M_S 8.0)地表建筑体变形特征及其构造意义
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摘要
通过汶川地震震区大量的实地考察已证实沿着早先活动断裂主要发育了两条地表破裂带:一条是沿着映秀-北川断裂产生的逆冲伴随右旋走滑破裂带,长275km,最大垂直位移达11m,水平位移达12m;另一条纯逆冲性质的破裂带,沿着灌县-安县断裂发育,最大垂直位移达4m。活动断裂之上的地表破裂带是野外工作中确定地震断裂性质的重要现象。另外,在活动断裂相邻区域和远离区域的路面以及建筑体还大量存在变形现象。通常沿活动断裂产生的地表破裂是典型的同震破裂,相邻区域的地表路面及建筑体发育的变形属于次生变形,远离区域发育的变形则属于震后变形。对次生变形和震后变形测量数据的应用容易影响活动断裂特征的确定和性质的判断,因为路面等建筑体上的挤压拱起、叠置以及水平错断等现象多是受到地震过程中通过断裂活动突然释放的巨大能量作用在局部地表建筑体产生的变形。但是,分布广泛的挤压现象暗示了区域上挤压应力场环境,有利于地表同震破裂位置的推测及地震断裂性质的判断。
At 2 : 28pm,May 12, 2008 ,a devastating Ms8.0 earthquake struck the Longmenshan area,the eastern margin of the Tibet. Based on detailed and comprehensive field survey, two surface ruptures have been discovered along the previous active faults. One is the 275km long surface rupture characterized by dextral-slip thrusting along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault,with the maximum vertical throws of 11m and horizontal heaves of 12m. Another is the 80km long surface rupture characterized by pure thrusting along the Guanxian-Anxian fault, with the maximum vertical throws of 4m. Surface rupture produced directly by the active faults is important phenomenon to find out the character of the faults. Synchronously, there are large numbers of deformation on the road surface and buildings neighboring and far from the active faults. The surface ruptures along the active faults is typical co-seismic ruptures, the deformations neighboring the active faults are sub-deformations, and those far from the active faults are post-seismic deformations. The sub-deformations and post-seismic deformations including ridge, overlapping, and horizontal displacements on the road and buildings, which are formed by local stress from the abrupt energy releasing through the activity of the faults. Therefore, sub-deformations and post-seismic deformations may not be directly used to determine features of active faults. But the far-ranging compressive deformation illustrates the compressive setting,which is propitious to understand surface rupture position and characteristics of seismicity faults.
At 2 : 28pm,May 12, 2008 ,a devastating Ms8.0 earthquake struck the Longmenshan area,the eastern margin of the Tibet. Based on detailed and comprehensive field survey, two surface ruptures have been discovered along the previous active faults. One is the 275km long surface rupture characterized by dextral-slip thrusting along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault,with the maximum vertical throws of 11m and horizontal heaves of 12m. Another is the 80km long surface rupture characterized by pure thrusting along the Guanxian-Anxian fault, with the maximum vertical throws of 4m. Surface rupture produced directly by the active faults is important phenomenon to find out the character of the faults. Synchronously, there are large numbers of deformation on the road surface and buildings neighboring and far from the active faults. The surface ruptures along the active faults is typical co-seismic ruptures, the deformations neighboring the active faults are sub-deformations, and those far from the active faults are post-seismic deformations. The sub-deformations and post-seismic deformations including ridge, overlapping, and horizontal displacements on the road and buildings, which are formed by local stress from the abrupt energy releasing through the activity of the faults. Therefore, sub-deformations and post-seismic deformations may not be directly used to determine features of active faults. But the far-ranging compressive deformation illustrates the compressive setting,which is propitious to understand surface rupture position and characteristics of seismicity faults.
引文
1 中国地震信息网.四川汶川县M_S8． 0地震参数.2008,http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/index080512,htm CENC (China Earthquake Net Center).http:// www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/index080512,htm
2 USGS(United States Geological Survey).http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan.php
3 陈运泰,许力生,张勇等.2008年5月12日汶川特大地震震源特性分忻报告.2008,http://www.csi.ac.cn Chen Yuntai,Xu Lisheng,Zhang Yong et al.The analysis of hypocenter characteristic of the M_S8． 0 huge earthquake of May 12th,2008,2008,http://www.csi.ac.cn
4 Ji et al.http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/ji/big_earthquakes/2008/05/12/Sichuan.html
5 Xu Z Q,Ji S H,Li H B et al.Uplift of the Longmen Shan range and the Wenchuan earthquake.Episodes,2008,31(3) :291-301
6 董树文,张岳桥,龙长兴等.四川汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂构造初步调查与发震背景分析.地球学报,2008,29(3) :392～396 Dong Shuwen,Zhang Yueqiao,Long Changxing et al.Surface rupture investigation of the Wenchuan Ms8． 0 earthquake of May 12th,2008,West Sichuan,and analysis of its occurrence setting.Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2008,29(3) :392-396
7 李海兵,付小方,Woerd Van der J等.汶川地震(M_S8． 0) 地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1623～1643 Li Haibing,Fu Xiaofang,Woerd Van der J et al.Co-seisimic surface rupture and dextral-slip oblique trusting of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1623-1643
8 李海兵,王宗秀,付小方等.2008年5月12日汶川地震(M_S8． 0) 地表破裂带的分布特征.中国地质,2008,35(5) :803-813 Li Haibing,Wang Zongxiu,Fu Xiaofang et al.The surface rupture zone distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake(Ms8． 0) happened on May 12th,2008． Geology in China,2008,35 (5) :803-813
9 徐锡伟.闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597～629 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing et al.The Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure,Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (3) :597-629
10 陈桂华,李峰,郑荣章等.逆冲型断裂同震地表变形定量分析的几个问题--以汶川M_S8． 0地震为例.地震地质,2008,30(3) :674～682 Chen Guihua,Li Feng,Zheng Rongzhang et al.Several issues on the quantitative analysis of co-seismic surface rupture produced by reverse faults:A ease study from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3) :674-682
11 刘静,张智慧,文力等.汶川8级大地震同震破裂的特殊性 及构造意义.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1707～1722 Liu Jing,Zhang Zhihui,Wen Li et al.The M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic implications.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1707-1722
12 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等.2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066-1073 Zhang Peizhen,Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze et al.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shah active fault zone,and tectonic implications fur the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geoghysics,2008,51(4) :1066-1073
13 马保起,张世民,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :513～517 Ma Baoqi,Zhang Shimin,Tian Qinjian et al.The surface rupture of W enchuan earthquake (M8． 0) .Quaternary Sciences,2008,28 (4) :513-517
14 刘进峰,陈杰,李峰等.汶川M_S8． 0强震形成的地震地貌基本类型.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :518-520 Liu Jinfeng,Cben Jie,Li Feng et al.Geomorpbology patern of the MsS.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Quaternary Sciences,2008,28 (4) :518-520
15 何仲太,马保起,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂平通镇段的变形特征.第四纪研究,2008,28(5) :789～795 He Zhongtai,Ma Baoqi,Tian Qinjian et al.Deformation features of surface rupture of the W enchuan earthquake(M8． 0) at the Pingtong town,Quaternary Sciences,2008,28 (5) :789-795
16 Tapponnier P,Molnar P.Slip-line field theory and large-scale continental tectonics.Nature,1976,264:319-324
17 嵇少丞,王茜,孙圣思等.亚洲大陆逃逸构造与现今中国地震活动.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1644～1667 Ji Shaocheng,Wang Qian,Sun Shengsi et al.Continental extrusion and seismicity in China.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82 (12) :1644-1667
18 Enkin R J,Courtillot V,Xing Let al.The stationary Cretaceous paleomagnetic pole of Sichuan (South China block).Tectonics,1991,10(3) :547-559
19 Yang Zhenyu,Yin Jiyun,Sun Zhiming et al.Discrepant Cretaceous paleomagnetic poles between Eastern China and Indochina:A consequence of the extrusion of lndochina.Tectonophysics,2001,334:101-113
20 Yang Z Y,Besse J,Sutheetorn Vet al.Lower-Middle Jurassic paleo-magnetic data from the Mac Sot area (Thailand):Paleogeographic evolution and deformation history of South Eastern Asia.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1995,136:325-341
21 Takemoto K,Halim N,Otofuji Y I et al.New paleomagnetic constraints on the extrusion of lndochina:Late Cretaceous results from the Song Da Terrane,Northern Vietnam.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005,229:273-285
22 Zhu R X,Ports R,Pan Y X et al.Paleomagnetism of the Yuanmou Basin near the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its constraints on Late Neogene sedimentation and tectonic rotation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,272:97-104
23 Zhang Peizhen,Shen Zhengkang,Wang Min et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32:809-812
24 邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,1994,16(4) :389～403 Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa,Zhao Xiaolin.Tectonics,scismisity and dynamics of Longmenshan Mountains and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology,1994,16 (4) :389-403
25 许志琴,李化启,侯立玮等.青藏高原东缘龙门山-锦屏造山带的崛起--大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,2007,26(10) :1262～1276 Xu Zhiqin,Li Huaqi,Hou Liwei et al.Uplift of Longmen-Jinping orogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:Large-scale detachment faulting and extrusion mechanism.Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(10) :1262-1276
26 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代走滑一逆冲作用的地貌标志.第四纪研究,2006,26(1) :40～51 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Densmore A L et al.Geomorphic evidence for the Late Cenozoic strike-slipping and thrusting in Longmen Mountain at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1) :40-51
27 张智慧,刘静,许强等.逆冲断裂的视走滑位移分析及其在 5·12汶川大地震同震破裂调查中的应用.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1723～1732 Zhang Zhihui,Liu Jing,Xu Qiang et al.Oblique slip displacement of thrust faulting and its application to the 5·12 Wenchuan co-selsmic rupture earthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1723-1732
28 付小方,侯立玮,李海兵等.汶川大地震(M_S8． 0) 同震变形作用及其与地质灾害的关系.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1733～1746 Fu Xiaofang,Hou Liwei,Li Haibing et al.Co seismic deformation of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake and its relationship with geological hazards.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82 (12) :1733-1746
29 何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征地震地质,2008,30(3) :658～673 He Honglin,Sun Zhaomin,Wei Zhanyu et al.Rupture of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake along Baishahe river.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3) :658-673
30 周荣军,黄润秋,雷建成等.四川汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂与震害特点.岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(11) :2173～2183 Zhou Rongjun,Huang Runqiu,Lei Jiancheng et al.Surface rupture and hazard characteristics of Wenchuan earthquake with magnitude 8． 0 in Sichuan Province.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(11) :2173-2183
2 USGS(United States Geological Survey).http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan.php
3 陈运泰,许力生,张勇等.2008年5月12日汶川特大地震震源特性分忻报告.2008,http://www.csi.ac.cn Chen Yuntai,Xu Lisheng,Zhang Yong et al.The analysis of hypocenter characteristic of the M_S8． 0 huge earthquake of May 12th,2008,2008,http://www.csi.ac.cn
4 Ji et al.http://www.geol.ucsb.edu/faculty/ji/big_earthquakes/2008/05/12/Sichuan.html
5 Xu Z Q,Ji S H,Li H B et al.Uplift of the Longmen Shan range and the Wenchuan earthquake.Episodes,2008,31(3) :291-301
6 董树文,张岳桥,龙长兴等.四川汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂构造初步调查与发震背景分析.地球学报,2008,29(3) :392～396 Dong Shuwen,Zhang Yueqiao,Long Changxing et al.Surface rupture investigation of the Wenchuan Ms8． 0 earthquake of May 12th,2008,West Sichuan,and analysis of its occurrence setting.Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2008,29(3) :392-396
7 李海兵,付小方,Woerd Van der J等.汶川地震(M_S8． 0) 地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1623～1643 Li Haibing,Fu Xiaofang,Woerd Van der J et al.Co-seisimic surface rupture and dextral-slip oblique trusting of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1623-1643
8 李海兵,王宗秀,付小方等.2008年5月12日汶川地震(M_S8． 0) 地表破裂带的分布特征.中国地质,2008,35(5) :803-813 Li Haibing,Wang Zongxiu,Fu Xiaofang et al.The surface rupture zone distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake(Ms8． 0) happened on May 12th,2008． Geology in China,2008,35 (5) :803-813
9 徐锡伟.闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597～629 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing et al.The Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure,Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (3) :597-629
10 陈桂华,李峰,郑荣章等.逆冲型断裂同震地表变形定量分析的几个问题--以汶川M_S8． 0地震为例.地震地质,2008,30(3) :674～682 Chen Guihua,Li Feng,Zheng Rongzhang et al.Several issues on the quantitative analysis of co-seismic surface rupture produced by reverse faults:A ease study from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3) :674-682
11 刘静,张智慧,文力等.汶川8级大地震同震破裂的特殊性 及构造意义.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1707～1722 Liu Jing,Zhang Zhihui,Wen Li et al.The M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic implications.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1707-1722
12 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等.2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066-1073 Zhang Peizhen,Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze et al.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shah active fault zone,and tectonic implications fur the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geoghysics,2008,51(4) :1066-1073
13 马保起,张世民,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :513～517 Ma Baoqi,Zhang Shimin,Tian Qinjian et al.The surface rupture of W enchuan earthquake (M8． 0) .Quaternary Sciences,2008,28 (4) :513-517
14 刘进峰,陈杰,李峰等.汶川M_S8． 0强震形成的地震地貌基本类型.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :518-520 Liu Jinfeng,Cben Jie,Li Feng et al.Geomorpbology patern of the MsS.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Quaternary Sciences,2008,28 (4) :518-520
15 何仲太,马保起,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂平通镇段的变形特征.第四纪研究,2008,28(5) :789～795 He Zhongtai,Ma Baoqi,Tian Qinjian et al.Deformation features of surface rupture of the W enchuan earthquake(M8． 0) at the Pingtong town,Quaternary Sciences,2008,28 (5) :789-795
16 Tapponnier P,Molnar P.Slip-line field theory and large-scale continental tectonics.Nature,1976,264:319-324
17 嵇少丞,王茜,孙圣思等.亚洲大陆逃逸构造与现今中国地震活动.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1644～1667 Ji Shaocheng,Wang Qian,Sun Shengsi et al.Continental extrusion and seismicity in China.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82 (12) :1644-1667
18 Enkin R J,Courtillot V,Xing Let al.The stationary Cretaceous paleomagnetic pole of Sichuan (South China block).Tectonics,1991,10(3) :547-559
19 Yang Zhenyu,Yin Jiyun,Sun Zhiming et al.Discrepant Cretaceous paleomagnetic poles between Eastern China and Indochina:A consequence of the extrusion of lndochina.Tectonophysics,2001,334:101-113
20 Yang Z Y,Besse J,Sutheetorn Vet al.Lower-Middle Jurassic paleo-magnetic data from the Mac Sot area (Thailand):Paleogeographic evolution and deformation history of South Eastern Asia.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1995,136:325-341
21 Takemoto K,Halim N,Otofuji Y I et al.New paleomagnetic constraints on the extrusion of lndochina:Late Cretaceous results from the Song Da Terrane,Northern Vietnam.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2005,229:273-285
22 Zhu R X,Ports R,Pan Y X et al.Paleomagnetism of the Yuanmou Basin near the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its constraints on Late Neogene sedimentation and tectonic rotation.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,272:97-104
23 Zhang Peizhen,Shen Zhengkang,Wang Min et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32:809-812
24 邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,1994,16(4) :389～403 Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa,Zhao Xiaolin.Tectonics,scismisity and dynamics of Longmenshan Mountains and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology,1994,16 (4) :389-403
25 许志琴,李化启,侯立玮等.青藏高原东缘龙门山-锦屏造山带的崛起--大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,2007,26(10) :1262～1276 Xu Zhiqin,Li Huaqi,Hou Liwei et al.Uplift of Longmen-Jinping orogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau:Large-scale detachment faulting and extrusion mechanism.Geological Bulletin of China,2007,26(10) :1262-1276
26 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘龙门山晚新生代走滑一逆冲作用的地貌标志.第四纪研究,2006,26(1) :40～51 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Densmore A L et al.Geomorphic evidence for the Late Cenozoic strike-slipping and thrusting in Longmen Mountain at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1) :40-51
27 张智慧,刘静,许强等.逆冲断裂的视走滑位移分析及其在 5·12汶川大地震同震破裂调查中的应用.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1723～1732 Zhang Zhihui,Liu Jing,Xu Qiang et al.Oblique slip displacement of thrust faulting and its application to the 5·12 Wenchuan co-selsmic rupture earthquake.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12) :1723-1732
28 付小方,侯立玮,李海兵等.汶川大地震(M_S8． 0) 同震变形作用及其与地质灾害的关系.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1733～1746 Fu Xiaofang,Hou Liwei,Li Haibing et al.Co seismic deformation of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake and its relationship with geological hazards.Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82 (12) :1733-1746
29 何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征地震地质,2008,30(3) :658～673 He Honglin,Sun Zhaomin,Wei Zhanyu et al.Rupture of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake along Baishahe river.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3) :658-673
30 周荣军,黄润秋,雷建成等.四川汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂与震害特点.岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(11) :2173～2183 Zhou Rongjun,Huang Runqiu,Lei Jiancheng et al.Surface rupture and hazard characteristics of Wenchuan earthquake with magnitude 8． 0 in Sichuan Province.Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(11) :2173-2183
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