福建土楼夯土墙风驱雨侵蚀损伤预测研究
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摘要
世界文化遗产福建土楼地处中国东南沿海,年降雨高达1 600 mm,频繁遭受台风和极端天气袭击,每当台风登陆时,狂风挟着暴雨常常侵蚀危害着土楼建筑,风驱雨冲击侵蚀土楼夯土墙已成为土楼建筑的主要损坏形式。论文通过分析风驱雨作用下雨滴的运动形式及降雨特征,采用CFD数值模拟及风洞试验的方法完成数值风洞准确性模拟,以数值风场为基础加入降雨模型,考虑多种雨强和风速相互组合,分析风驱雨对土楼夯土墙的风雨侵蚀影响,揭示了夯土墙风雨侵蚀的内在规律。并通过当地一份气象统计资料作为算例,预测土楼年平均侵蚀损伤量在0.4～2.6 mm之间,所得结果为土楼的维护加固和开发利用提供了科学依据,也为其他生土建筑研究提供借鉴和参考。
The World Heritage Fujian Earth Buildings are located in China's southeast coastal area where is frequently suffered from typhoon and severe weather,the annual amount of rainfall can be as much as 1600 mm.Whenever typhoon landed,the gustiness,gathering with the torrential rain,tends to erode and cause damages to these Earth Buildings,with that,the wind-driven rain's erosion of the rammed earth wall has become the main form causing such damages.The accurate simulation of numerical wind tunnel can be completed by the adoption of methods of CFD numerical simulation and wind tunnel test,according to the analysis of the raindrops' motion form and the rainfall characteristics under the effect of the wind-driven rain.Considering the various combinative conditions of the rain strength and wind speed based on the numerical wind field and rainfall model,followed by analyzing the erosion damage of the rammed earth wall caused by the weather beaten,in such way,whose inherent regularity can be revealed.The last step is to predict the annual range of average erosion damage which is from 0.4 mm to 2.6 mm by the calculation example based on the local meteorological statistical data.The result will provide the earth buildings' maintenance reinforcement and exploitation with scientific basis,and provide the other rammed earth architecture with reference as well.
The World Heritage Fujian Earth Buildings are located in China's southeast coastal area where is frequently suffered from typhoon and severe weather,the annual amount of rainfall can be as much as 1600 mm.Whenever typhoon landed,the gustiness,gathering with the torrential rain,tends to erode and cause damages to these Earth Buildings,with that,the wind-driven rain's erosion of the rammed earth wall has become the main form causing such damages.The accurate simulation of numerical wind tunnel can be completed by the adoption of methods of CFD numerical simulation and wind tunnel test,according to the analysis of the raindrops' motion form and the rainfall characteristics under the effect of the wind-driven rain.Considering the various combinative conditions of the rain strength and wind speed based on the numerical wind field and rainfall model,followed by analyzing the erosion damage of the rammed earth wall caused by the weather beaten,in such way,whose inherent regularity can be revealed.The last step is to predict the annual range of average erosion damage which is from 0.4 mm to 2.6 mm by the calculation example based on the local meteorological statistical data.The result will provide the earth buildings' maintenance reinforcement and exploitation with scientific basis,and provide the other rammed earth architecture with reference as well.
引文
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[2]刘挺.生土结构房屋的墙体受力性能试验研究[D].西安:长安大学,2006.[LIU Ting.Experimental Study on Bear-ing Performance of Raw-Soil Structure Walls.Xi’an:Chang’an University,2006.]
[3]Bui Q B,Morel J C.Durability of rammed earth walls exposed for 20 years to natural weathering[J].Building and Envi-ronment,2009,44:912-919.
[4]Best A C.The size distribution of raindrops[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1950,76:16-36.
[5]周伏建,陈明华,林福兴,等.福建省天然降雨雨滴特征的研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(1):8-12.[ZHOUFu-jian,CHEN Ming-hua,LIN Fu-xing,et al.Study on the characteristics of natural raindrop in Fujian Province.Journalof Soil Erosion and Water Conservation,1995,9(1):8-12.]
[6]Blocken Bert,Carmeliet Jan.A review of wind driven rain research in building science[J].Journal of Wind Engineeringand Industrial Aerodynamics,2004,92:1079-1130.
[7]Choi E C C.Simulation of wind-driven rain around a building[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynam-ics,1993,46/47:721-729.
[8]Blocken Bert,Carmeliet Jan.On the errors associated with the use of hourly data in wind-driven rain calculations on build-ing facades[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41:2335-2343.
[9]Wischmeier W H,Simth D D.Evaluation of factories in soil loss equation[J].Agricultural Engineering,1958,39:458-462.
[10]Wischmeier W H,Johnson C B,Cross B V.A soil erodibility nomograph for farmland and construction cities[J].Jour-nal of Soil and Water Conservation,1971,26(5):189-193.
[11]刘吉峰,李世杰,秦宁生,等.青海湖流域土壤可侵蚀性K值研究[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(6):321-326.[LIU Ji-feng,LI Shi-jie,QIN Ning-sheng,et al.Soil erodiable K in the catchment of Qinghai Lake.Arid Land Geogra-phy,2006,29(6):321-326.]
[12]付国宏.低层房屋风荷载特性及抗台风设计研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2002.[FU Guo-hong.On the Wind LoadCharacteristics and Wind Resistant Design of Low-rise Buildings.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2002.]
[13]王万中,焦菊英,郝小品,等.中国降雨侵蚀力R值的计算与分布(Ⅰ)[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(4):5-18.[WANG Wan-zhong,JIAO Ju-ying,HAO Xiao-pin,et al.Study on rainfall erosivity in China.Journal of Soil Erosionand Water Conservation,1995,9(4):5-18.]
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