增强型地热系统的开发——以法国苏尔士地热田为例
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摘要
增强型地热系统是指从地下3～10 km低渗透岩体中经济开采深层地热的人工热能系统,主要用于发电。目前地热技术是再生能源领域的重要发展方向,而对其进一步研究受到发达国家的高度重视,但我国在该领域研究还基本处于空白。法国的苏尔士地热田是欧洲目前仍在运行的增强型地热系统(EGS)现场试验场,在20多年的实践过程中产生了大量的科研成果。本研究通过回顾该地热田在开发阶段取得的成果,得到其地质勘探、人造储层、循环测试等方面的主要结论,以便为国内EGS科学研究及项目实施提供参考。
Enhanced geothermal systems denote the artificial thermal energy systems economically exploiting the geothermal energy at a depth of 3 to 10 meters under the ground surface from low penetration rocks and mainly used for power generation.As the currently important development direction in the geothermal energy domain,their investigation gains a wide attention in the developed countries but in China basically remains virginal ground.Soultz geothermal farm,which is located in the northeast part of France,is regarded as an important representative of the EGS currently still in operation in Europe and conducting on-site tests.During its operation in more than 20 years,it has produced a great quantity of achievements in scientific research.By looking back the main understandings of the geothermal farm obtained during its development process,the aurthors have summarized the main conclusions concerning the geological prospecting,artificially-made storage layer and circulation testing etc.,thus offerring refernce for scientific research and project implementation of the EGS in China.
Enhanced geothermal systems denote the artificial thermal energy systems economically exploiting the geothermal energy at a depth of 3 to 10 meters under the ground surface from low penetration rocks and mainly used for power generation.As the currently important development direction in the geothermal energy domain,their investigation gains a wide attention in the developed countries but in China basically remains virginal ground.Soultz geothermal farm,which is located in the northeast part of France,is regarded as an important representative of the EGS currently still in operation in Europe and conducting on-site tests.During its operation in more than 20 years,it has produced a great quantity of achievements in scientific research.By looking back the main understandings of the geothermal farm obtained during its development process,the aurthors have summarized the main conclusions concerning the geological prospecting,artificially-made storage layer and circulation testing etc.,thus offerring refernce for scientific research and project implementation of the EGS in China.
引文
[1]U.S.Massachusetts Institute of Technology.The Future of Geother-mal Energy[EB/OL].(2007)[2011-12-20]http://geother-mal.inel.gov.
[2]赵阳升,万志军,康建荣.高温岩体地热开发导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.ZHAO Yang-sheng,WAN Zhi-jun,KANG Jian-rong.Introduction toHDR geothermal development[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.
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[5]Dezayes C H,Gentier S,Genter A.Deep geothermal energy in west-ern Europe:the Soultz project.BRGM/RP-54227-FR[EB/OL].(2005)[2011-12-20].http://www.brgm.fr.
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[7]Fritsch D,Baumgaertner J,Cuenot N,et al.The soultz EGS pilotplant:energy heat and power from deep enhanced geothermal sys-tems[C]//3rd International Conference on Ecological Vehicles andRenewable Energies.Monaco,2008.
[8]Genter A,Fritsch D,Cuenot N,et al.Overview of the current activ-ities of the European EGS Soultz project:from exploration to elec-tricity production[C]//Proceedings Thirty-Fourth Workshop onGeothermal Reservoir Engineering.Stanford,California,2009.
[9]Benoit Christian Valley.The relation between natural fracturing andstress heterogeneities in deep-seated crystalline rocks at Soultz-sous-Forest(France)[D].Zurich:Swiss Federal Institute of Tech-nology,2007.
[10]Dezayes C H,Genter A,Valley B.Overview of the fracture net-work at different scales within the granite reservoir of the EGSSoultz site(Alsace,France)[C]//Proceedings World Geother-mal Congress 2010.Bail,Indonesia,2010.
[11]Genter A,Dezayes C H,Ledesert B,et al.Geological reconnais-sance of deep fractured geothermal reservoirs:what we have learntat Soultz in 20 years[C]//EHDRA Soultz scientific Meeting.Soultz,France,2008.
[12]Valley B,Dezayes C H,Genter A.Multi-scale fracturing in theSoultz-sous-Forests basement from borehole images analyses[C]//Soultz Scientific Meeting.Soultz-sous-Forest,2007.
[13]王爱国.微地震监测与模拟技术在裂缝研究中的应用[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东),2008.WANG Ai-guo.Application of micro-seismic monitoring and sim-ulation technology in the study of fracture[D].Dongying:ChinaUniversity of Petroleum(East China),2008.
[14]Baria R,Michelet S,Baumgaertner J,et al.Microseismic monito-ring of the world’s largest potential HDR reservoir[C]//Pro-ceedings Twenty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engi-neering.Stanford,California,2004.
[15]Schindler M,Nami P,Schellschmidt,et al.Correlation of hydrau-lic and seismic observations during stimulation experiments in the5 km deep crystalline reservoir at Soultz[C]//EHDRA Soultzscientific Meeting.Soultz,France,2008.
[16]Michelet S,Baria R,Baumgaertner J,et al.Seismic source param-eter evaluation and its importance in the development of an HDR/EGS system[C]//Twenty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reser-voir Engineering.Stanford,California,2008.
[17]Evans K,Baisch S,Cuenot N,et al.Milestone events&key obser-vations in seismics at Soultz[C]//EHDRA Soultz ScientificMeeting.Soultz,France,2008.
[18]Evans K,Hopkirk B,Jung R,et al.Milestone events&key obser-vations in thermics,stress and hydraulics at Soultz(1987-2002)[C]//EHDRA Soultz scientific Meeting.Soultz,France,2008.
[19]Andre L,Rabemanana,Vuataz F D.Influence of water-rock inter-actions on fracture permeability of the deep reservoir at Soultz-sous-forets(France)[J].Geothermics,2006,35:507-531.
[20]Portier S,Andre L,Vuataz F D.Review on chemical stimulationtechniques in oil industry and applications to geothermal systems[EB/OL](2007)[2011-12-20].http://engine.brgm.fr/Deliverables/Period2/ENGINE_D28_WP4_ChemicalStimulation_DHMA_052007.pdf.
[21]Nami P,Schindler M,Tischner T,et al.Chemical stimulation re-sults at Soultz and overview of the flow performance of the wells[C]//EHDRA Soultz scientific Meeting.Soultz,France,2008.
[22]Nami P,Schellschmidt R,Schindler M,et al.Chemical stimula-tions for reservoir development of the deep crystalline HDR/EGSsystem at Soultz-Sous-Forest(France)[C]//Proceedings Thirty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering.Stan-ford,California,2008.
[23]European Deep Geothermal Energy Proaranrme[R].GeothermieSoultz,2012:10.
[24]Gerard A,Genter A,Kohl T,et al.The deep EGS(Enhanced Ge-othermal System)project at Soultz-Sous-Forest(Alsace,France)[J].Geothermics,2006,35:473-483.
[2]赵阳升,万志军,康建荣.高温岩体地热开发导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.ZHAO Yang-sheng,WAN Zhi-jun,KANG Jian-rong.Introduction toHDR geothermal development[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.
[3]Buday T,Kozak M.Necessity,experiences and abilities of deep heatmining[EB/OL].(2007)[2011-12-20].http://geo.science.un-ideb.hu/acta/geolgeom/dokument/volumes/vol22007/17buday.pdf.
[4]Genter A,Evans K,Cuenot N,et al.Contribution of the explorationof deep crystalline fractured reservoir of Soultz to the knowledge ofenhanced geothermal systems(EGS)[J].Comptes Rendus Geo-science,2010,34:502-516.
[5]Dezayes C H,Gentier S,Genter A.Deep geothermal energy in west-ern Europe:the Soultz project.BRGM/RP-54227-FR[EB/OL].(2005)[2011-12-20].http://www.brgm.fr.
[6]Genter A,Evans K,Cuenot N,et al.The EGS Soultz(France):fromreservoir development to electricity production[C]//Annual Meetingof the Geothermal Resources Council.Reno,Nevada,2009.
[7]Fritsch D,Baumgaertner J,Cuenot N,et al.The soultz EGS pilotplant:energy heat and power from deep enhanced geothermal sys-tems[C]//3rd International Conference on Ecological Vehicles andRenewable Energies.Monaco,2008.
[8]Genter A,Fritsch D,Cuenot N,et al.Overview of the current activ-ities of the European EGS Soultz project:from exploration to elec-tricity production[C]//Proceedings Thirty-Fourth Workshop onGeothermal Reservoir Engineering.Stanford,California,2009.
[9]Benoit Christian Valley.The relation between natural fracturing andstress heterogeneities in deep-seated crystalline rocks at Soultz-sous-Forest(France)[D].Zurich:Swiss Federal Institute of Tech-nology,2007.
[10]Dezayes C H,Genter A,Valley B.Overview of the fracture net-work at different scales within the granite reservoir of the EGSSoultz site(Alsace,France)[C]//Proceedings World Geother-mal Congress 2010.Bail,Indonesia,2010.
[11]Genter A,Dezayes C H,Ledesert B,et al.Geological reconnais-sance of deep fractured geothermal reservoirs:what we have learntat Soultz in 20 years[C]//EHDRA Soultz scientific Meeting.Soultz,France,2008.
[12]Valley B,Dezayes C H,Genter A.Multi-scale fracturing in theSoultz-sous-Forests basement from borehole images analyses[C]//Soultz Scientific Meeting.Soultz-sous-Forest,2007.
[13]王爱国.微地震监测与模拟技术在裂缝研究中的应用[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东),2008.WANG Ai-guo.Application of micro-seismic monitoring and sim-ulation technology in the study of fracture[D].Dongying:ChinaUniversity of Petroleum(East China),2008.
[14]Baria R,Michelet S,Baumgaertner J,et al.Microseismic monito-ring of the world’s largest potential HDR reservoir[C]//Pro-ceedings Twenty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engi-neering.Stanford,California,2004.
[15]Schindler M,Nami P,Schellschmidt,et al.Correlation of hydrau-lic and seismic observations during stimulation experiments in the5 km deep crystalline reservoir at Soultz[C]//EHDRA Soultzscientific Meeting.Soultz,France,2008.
[16]Michelet S,Baria R,Baumgaertner J,et al.Seismic source param-eter evaluation and its importance in the development of an HDR/EGS system[C]//Twenty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reser-voir Engineering.Stanford,California,2008.
[17]Evans K,Baisch S,Cuenot N,et al.Milestone events&key obser-vations in seismics at Soultz[C]//EHDRA Soultz ScientificMeeting.Soultz,France,2008.
[18]Evans K,Hopkirk B,Jung R,et al.Milestone events&key obser-vations in thermics,stress and hydraulics at Soultz(1987-2002)[C]//EHDRA Soultz scientific Meeting.Soultz,France,2008.
[19]Andre L,Rabemanana,Vuataz F D.Influence of water-rock inter-actions on fracture permeability of the deep reservoir at Soultz-sous-forets(France)[J].Geothermics,2006,35:507-531.
[20]Portier S,Andre L,Vuataz F D.Review on chemical stimulationtechniques in oil industry and applications to geothermal systems[EB/OL](2007)[2011-12-20].http://engine.brgm.fr/Deliverables/Period2/ENGINE_D28_WP4_ChemicalStimulation_DHMA_052007.pdf.
[21]Nami P,Schindler M,Tischner T,et al.Chemical stimulation re-sults at Soultz and overview of the flow performance of the wells[C]//EHDRA Soultz scientific Meeting.Soultz,France,2008.
[22]Nami P,Schellschmidt R,Schindler M,et al.Chemical stimula-tions for reservoir development of the deep crystalline HDR/EGSsystem at Soultz-Sous-Forest(France)[C]//Proceedings Thirty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering.Stan-ford,California,2008.
[23]European Deep Geothermal Energy Proaranrme[R].GeothermieSoultz,2012:10.
[24]Gerard A,Genter A,Kohl T,et al.The deep EGS(Enhanced Ge-othermal System)project at Soultz-Sous-Forest(Alsace,France)[J].Geothermics,2006,35:473-483.
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