逆断层活动引起湿砂沉积层破坏特征的模型试验研究
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摘要
通过地质力学模型试验研究了逆断层活动在沉积层中的传播模式、以及引起沉积层变形和破裂的特征。试验中采用数字散斑相关方法计算沉积层表面变形的位移场,并采用高精度数码摄像系统捕捉和记录活动断层在沉积层中的破裂扩展过程。逆断层在沉积层中向上扩展时形成了一个剪切带,且断层倾角越小,沉积层中的剪切带就越宽;而基岩断层的抬升位移和滑移速度越大时,沉积层中的剪切带也越宽、变形越强烈。当断层抬升位移达到某一临界值时,沉积层表面的隆起将会出现拉张裂缝。在相同的沉积层厚度和断层抬升位移条件下,基岩断层抬升速度越大时,沉积层表面形变带的宽度越小,变形和破坏程度却更强烈。实验结果表明,断层倾角、滑移速率和沉积层厚度对于确定逆断层活动引起的地表变形和破坏特征具有重要意义。
Geomechanical model tests were performed on wet sand in a glass-walled fault rest box to investigate the relationship between the propagation of fault rupture and the shapes,and the locations of failure surface.Three CCD cameras were used to capture the process of the surface rupture development and to analyze the displacement field by using the digital speckle correlation method.Based on the experiment,it was observed that when the thrust fault moved upward,the sediment layers formed a shear zone.The smaller the angle of faults,the wider of shear zone was formed in the sediment layer.The vertical displacement and the movement velocity of the fault are greater,the deformation of sediment layer is wider,and the deformation of the soil layer is stronger.When the vertical displacement of the fault exceeds 40% of the soil thickness,the deformed soil will form tension crack at the surface of the sediment.For a fixed sediment thickness with a fixed vertical displacement,the width of the deformation bands decreased with the increased fault movement velocity.However,the degree of deformation and failure will become more intense under a faster fault movement.Experimental results of this study on fault angle,fault movement velocity and sediment thickness is an important issue in further studies on ground deformation and failure characteristics of a thrust fault.
Geomechanical model tests were performed on wet sand in a glass-walled fault rest box to investigate the relationship between the propagation of fault rupture and the shapes,and the locations of failure surface.Three CCD cameras were used to capture the process of the surface rupture development and to analyze the displacement field by using the digital speckle correlation method.Based on the experiment,it was observed that when the thrust fault moved upward,the sediment layers formed a shear zone.The smaller the angle of faults,the wider of shear zone was formed in the sediment layer.The vertical displacement and the movement velocity of the fault are greater,the deformation of sediment layer is wider,and the deformation of the soil layer is stronger.When the vertical displacement of the fault exceeds 40% of the soil thickness,the deformed soil will form tension crack at the surface of the sediment.For a fixed sediment thickness with a fixed vertical displacement,the width of the deformation bands decreased with the increased fault movement velocity.However,the degree of deformation and failure will become more intense under a faster fault movement.Experimental results of this study on fault angle,fault movement velocity and sediment thickness is an important issue in further studies on ground deformation and failure characteristics of a thrust fault.
引文
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[16]Barton N R.A review of the shear strength of filled discon-tinuities in rock[J].Norwegian Geotech Inst Publ,1974(105):38.
[17]Obert L,Duval W I.Rock mechanics and the design ofstructures in rock[M].New York:Wiley,1967.
[18]Ma Shaopeng.Development and application of digitalspeckle correlation method of failure of failure measurementof rock materials[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2003.[马少鹏.数字散斑相关方法在岩石破坏测量中的发展与应用[D].北京:清华大学,2003.]
[2]Zhang Peizhen,Deng Qidong,Xu Xiwei,et al.Blind thrust,folding earthquake,and the 1906 Manas Earthquake,Xin-jiang[J].Seismology and Geology,1994,16(3):193-204.[张培震,邓起东,徐锡伟,等.盲断裂、褶皱地震与新疆1906年玛纳斯地震[J].地震地质,1994,16(3):193-204.]
[3]Cole Jr D A,Lade P V.Influence zones in alluvium over dip-slip faults[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,ASCE,1984,110(5):599-615.
[4]Bray J D,Seed R B,Seed H B.Earthquake fault rupturepropagation through soil[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engi-neering,ASCE,1994,120(3):543561.
[5]Tani K,Ueta K,Onizuka N.Scale effect of quaternary grounddeformation observed in model tests of vertical fault[C]//Proceeding of 29thJapan National Conference on SMFE.1994:1359-1362.
[6]Lee W J,Hamada M.An experimental study on earthquakefault rupture propagation through a sandy soil deposit[J].Journal of Structure Enineering Earthquake Engineering,JSCE,2005,22:1s-13s.
[7]Lin M L,Chung C F,Jeng F S.Deformation of overburdensoil induced by thrust fault slip[J].Engineering Geology,2006,88:70-89.
[8]Wong Robina H C,Zhang Qianbing,Cheung Kin HangThomas.Geomechanical model testing of surface rupture andbridge damage produced by discontinuous reverse faults[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2010,42(5):58-67.[黄凯珠,张乾兵,张健恒.非连续逆断层引起地表破裂和桥梁破坏的模型试验[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2010,42(5):58-67.]
[9]Zhao Lei,Li Xiaojun,Huo Da.Problems of rupturing processof overlaying soil due to fault dislocation of bedrock[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2007,33(1):20-25.[赵雷,李小军,霍达.断层错动引发基岩上覆土层破裂问题[J].北京工业大学学报,2007,33(1):20-25.]
[10]Dai Shuhong,Ma Shengli,Pan Yishan,et al.Experimentalstudy on rupture of buried reverse fault and its seimogeologi-cal significance[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4):945-956.[代树红,马胜利,潘一山,等.隐伏逆断层破裂扩展特征的实验研究及其地震地质意义[J].地震地质,2008,30(4):945-956.]
[11]Roth W H,Scott R F,Austin I.Centrifuge modeling of faultpropagation through alluvial soils[J].Geophysical ResearchLetters,1981,8(6):561-564.
[12]Anastasopoulos I,Gazetas G,Bransby MF,et al.Fault rup-ture propagation through sand:finite-element analysis andvalidation through centrifuge experiments[J].Journal ofGeotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2007,133(8):943-958.
[13]Loukidis D,Bouckovalas G D,Papadimitriou A G.Analysisof fault rupture propagation through uniform soil cover[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2009,29(11/12):1389-1404.
[14]Bray J D.Developing mitigation measures for the hazardsassociated with earthquake surface fault rupture[R].Seis-mic fault-induced failures—Possible remedies for damage tourban facilities,University of Tokyo,Japan,2001:55-79.
[15]Xie Heping,Tai Jiajia,Deng Jianhui,et al.Analysis ofdamage mechanism of Gaoyuan Bridge in Hongkou[J].Jour-nal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):51-55.[谢和平,台佳佳,邓建辉,等.虹口高原大桥的破坏机制分析[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):51-55.]
[16]Barton N R.A review of the shear strength of filled discon-tinuities in rock[J].Norwegian Geotech Inst Publ,1974(105):38.
[17]Obert L,Duval W I.Rock mechanics and the design ofstructures in rock[M].New York:Wiley,1967.
[18]Ma Shaopeng.Development and application of digitalspeckle correlation method of failure of failure measurementof rock materials[D].Beijing:Tsinghua University,2003.[马少鹏.数字散斑相关方法在岩石破坏测量中的发展与应用[D].北京:清华大学,2003.]
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