青藏高原东南缘地震层析成像及汶川地震成因探讨
摘要
利用云南、四川地震台网记录到的3594个地震事件的71670条P波到时资料反演求得青藏高原东南缘地壳和上地幔的三维P波速度结构.反演结果清晰地显示了川滇菱形块体以及松潘-甘孜块体在中、下地壳深度处低速异常显著,而四川盆地在该深度处以高速为主要特征,我们的成像结果为下地壳流模型提供了地震学方面的证据.下地壳流在受到坚硬的四川盆地的阻挡后,深部物质沿着龙门山断裂带向上逆冲推覆,导致应变在龙门山断裂带脆性地壳内高度积累,应变能在积累到一定程度后的突然释放导致了汶川地震的发生.在26°N以南地区的上地幔顶部低速异常明显,结合各向异性的研究成果,我们认为软流圈物质的流动影响了该区上地幔顶部的波速结构,并且软流圈热物质在长期的流动过程中造成了扬子克拉通在西南部的减薄.
引文
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2Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Liu Y,et al.Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions,central China.Int Geol Rev,1995,37:661—735
3Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King R W,et al.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,1997,276:788—790
4张培震.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:1041—1056
5Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of12May2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China.GSA Today,2008,18:4—11
6张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51:1066—1073
7滕吉文,白登海,杨辉,等.2008汶川Ms8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应.地球物理学报,2008,51:1385—1402地震发震机理.地球物理学报,2009,52:339—345
8雷建设,赵大鹏,苏金荣,等.龙门山断裂带地壳精细结构与汶川
9吴建平,黄媛,张天中,等.汶川Ms8.0级地震余震分布及周边区域P波三维速度结构研究.地球物理学报,2009,52:320—328
10刘启元李昱,陈九辉,等.汶川Ms8.0地震:地壳上地幔S波速度结构的初步研究.地球物理学报,2009,52:309—319
11Lei J,Zhao D.Structural heterogeneity of the Longmenshan fault zone and the mechanism of the2008Wenchuan earthquake(Ms8.0).Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2009,10:doi:10.1029/2009GC002590
12阐荣举,张四昌,晏凤桐,等.我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨.地球物理学报,1977,20:96—109
13King R W,Shen F,Burchfiel B C,et al.Geodetic measurement of crustal motion in southwest China.Geology,1997,25:179—182
14Zhang P Z,Shen Z,Wang M,et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32:809—812
15Shen Z K,LüJ,Wang M,et al.Contemporary crustal deformation around the southeast borderland of the Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,2005,110,doi:10.1029/2004JB003421
16张培震,王琪,马宗晋.中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块.地学前缘,2002,9:430—441
17刘建华,刘福田,吴华,等.中国南北带地壳和上地幔的三维速度图象.地球物理学报,1989,32:143—152
18孙若昧,刘福田,刘建华.四川地区的地震层析成像.地球物理学报,1991,34:708—716
19Huang J,Zhao D,Zheng S.Lithospheric structure and its relationship to seismic and volcanic activity in southwest China.J Geophys Res,2002,107,doi:10.1029/2000JB000137
20Wang C Y,Chan W W,Mooney W D.Three-dimensional velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in southwestern China and its tectonic implications.J Geophys Res,2003,108,doi:10.1029/2002JB001973
21胡家富,苏有锦,朱雄关,等.云南的地壳S波速度与泊松比结构及其意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33:714—722
22Xu L,Rondenay S,van der Hilst R D.Structure of the crust beneath the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from teleseismic receiver functions.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2007,165:176—193
23张洪双,田小波,滕吉文.接收函数方法估计Moho倾斜地区的地壳速度比.地球物理学报,2009,52:1243—1252
24孙洁,晋光文,白登海,等.青藏高原东缘地壳、上地幔电性结构探测及其构造意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33(增刊):173—180
25Yao H,Beghein C,van der Hilst R D.Surface wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analysis—II.Crustal and upper-mantle structure.Geophys J Int,2008,173:205—219
26Li H,Su W,Wang C Y,et al.Ambient noise Rayleigh wave tomography in western Sichuan and eastern Tibet.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2009,282:201—211
27Flesch L M,Holt W E,Silver P G,et al.Constraining the extent of crust-mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS,geologic,and shear wave splitting data.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2005,238:248—268
28Lev E,Long M D,van der Hilst R D.Seismic anisotropy in Eastern Tibet from shear wave splitting reveals changes in lithospheric deformation.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,251:293—304
29Zhao D,Hasegawa A,Horiuchi S.Tomographic imaging of P and S wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Japan.J Geophys Res,1992,97:19909—19928
30Um J,Thurber C.A fast algorithm for two-point seismic ray tracing.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1987,70:972—986
31Zhao D.Global tomographic images of mantle plumes and subducting slabs:Insight into deep Earth dynamics.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2004,146:3—34
32Lei J,Zhao D.Global P-wave tomography:On the effect of various mantle and core phases.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2006,154:44—69
33王椿墉,吴建平,楼海,等.川西藏东地区的地壳P波速度结构.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33(增刊):181—189
34Paige C C,Saunders M A.LSQR:An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares.Assoc Comput Mach Trans Math Software,1982,8:43—71
35王椿镛,楼海,吴建平,等.腾冲火山地热区地壳结构的地震学研究.地震学报,2002,24:231—242
36Lei J,Zhao D,Su Y.Insight into the origin of the Tengchong intraplate volcano and seismotectonics in southwest China from local and teleseismic data.J Geophys Res,2009,114,doi:10.1029/2008JB005881
37Li C,van der Hilst R D,Toksoz M N.Constraining P-wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2006,154:180—195
38Lebedev S,Nolet G.Upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia from velocity tomography.J Geophys Res,2003,108,doi:10.1029/2000JB000073
39陈炳蔚,王恺元,刘万熹,等.怒江-澜沧江-金沙江地区大地构造.北京:地质出版社,1987.204
40苏有锦,秦嘉政.川滇地区强地震活动与区域新构造运动的关系.中国地震,2001,17:24—34
41Zhao W L,Morgan W J.Injection of Indian crust into Tibetan lower crust:A two-dimensional finite element model study.Tectonics,1987,6:489—504
42曹建玲,石耀霖,张怀,等.青藏高原GPS位移绕喜马拉雅东构造结顺时针旋转成因的数值模拟.科学通报,2009,54:224—234
43Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,van der Hilst R D.The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau.Science,2008,321:1053—1058
44吕江宁,沈正康,王敏.川滇地区现代地壳运动速度场和活动块体模型研究.地震地质,2003,25:543—554
45An M,Shi Y.Lithospheric thickness of the Chinese continent.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2006,159:257—266
46张洪双.中国大陆地区远震体波接收函数与岩石圈厚度的研究.博士学位论文.北京:中国科学院研究生院,2009.21—29
2Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Liu Y,et al.Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions,central China.Int Geol Rev,1995,37:661—735
3Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,King R W,et al.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,1997,276:788—790
4张培震.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:1041—1056
5Burchfiel B C,Royden L H,van der Hilst R D,et al.A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of12May2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China.GSA Today,2008,18:4—11
6张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51:1066—1073
7滕吉文,白登海,杨辉,等.2008汶川Ms8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应.地球物理学报,2008,51:1385—1402地震发震机理.地球物理学报,2009,52:339—345
8雷建设,赵大鹏,苏金荣,等.龙门山断裂带地壳精细结构与汶川
9吴建平,黄媛,张天中,等.汶川Ms8.0级地震余震分布及周边区域P波三维速度结构研究.地球物理学报,2009,52:320—328
10刘启元李昱,陈九辉,等.汶川Ms8.0地震:地壳上地幔S波速度结构的初步研究.地球物理学报,2009,52:309—319
11Lei J,Zhao D.Structural heterogeneity of the Longmenshan fault zone and the mechanism of the2008Wenchuan earthquake(Ms8.0).Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2009,10:doi:10.1029/2009GC002590
12阐荣举,张四昌,晏凤桐,等.我国西南地区现代构造应力场与现代构造活动特征的探讨.地球物理学报,1977,20:96—109
13King R W,Shen F,Burchfiel B C,et al.Geodetic measurement of crustal motion in southwest China.Geology,1997,25:179—182
14Zhang P Z,Shen Z,Wang M,et al.Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from global positioning system data.Geology,2004,32:809—812
15Shen Z K,LüJ,Wang M,et al.Contemporary crustal deformation around the southeast borderland of the Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,2005,110,doi:10.1029/2004JB003421
16张培震,王琪,马宗晋.中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块.地学前缘,2002,9:430—441
17刘建华,刘福田,吴华,等.中国南北带地壳和上地幔的三维速度图象.地球物理学报,1989,32:143—152
18孙若昧,刘福田,刘建华.四川地区的地震层析成像.地球物理学报,1991,34:708—716
19Huang J,Zhao D,Zheng S.Lithospheric structure and its relationship to seismic and volcanic activity in southwest China.J Geophys Res,2002,107,doi:10.1029/2000JB000137
20Wang C Y,Chan W W,Mooney W D.Three-dimensional velocity structure of crust and upper mantle in southwestern China and its tectonic implications.J Geophys Res,2003,108,doi:10.1029/2002JB001973
21胡家富,苏有锦,朱雄关,等.云南的地壳S波速度与泊松比结构及其意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33:714—722
22Xu L,Rondenay S,van der Hilst R D.Structure of the crust beneath the southeastern Tibetan Plateau from teleseismic receiver functions.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2007,165:176—193
23张洪双,田小波,滕吉文.接收函数方法估计Moho倾斜地区的地壳速度比.地球物理学报,2009,52:1243—1252
24孙洁,晋光文,白登海,等.青藏高原东缘地壳、上地幔电性结构探测及其构造意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33(增刊):173—180
25Yao H,Beghein C,van der Hilst R D.Surface wave array tomography in SE Tibet from ambient seismic noise and two-station analysis—II.Crustal and upper-mantle structure.Geophys J Int,2008,173:205—219
26Li H,Su W,Wang C Y,et al.Ambient noise Rayleigh wave tomography in western Sichuan and eastern Tibet.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2009,282:201—211
27Flesch L M,Holt W E,Silver P G,et al.Constraining the extent of crust-mantle coupling in central Asia using GPS,geologic,and shear wave splitting data.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2005,238:248—268
28Lev E,Long M D,van der Hilst R D.Seismic anisotropy in Eastern Tibet from shear wave splitting reveals changes in lithospheric deformation.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,251:293—304
29Zhao D,Hasegawa A,Horiuchi S.Tomographic imaging of P and S wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Japan.J Geophys Res,1992,97:19909—19928
30Um J,Thurber C.A fast algorithm for two-point seismic ray tracing.Bull Seismol Soc Amer,1987,70:972—986
31Zhao D.Global tomographic images of mantle plumes and subducting slabs:Insight into deep Earth dynamics.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2004,146:3—34
32Lei J,Zhao D.Global P-wave tomography:On the effect of various mantle and core phases.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2006,154:44—69
33王椿墉,吴建平,楼海,等.川西藏东地区的地壳P波速度结构.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33(增刊):181—189
34Paige C C,Saunders M A.LSQR:An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse least squares.Assoc Comput Mach Trans Math Software,1982,8:43—71
35王椿镛,楼海,吴建平,等.腾冲火山地热区地壳结构的地震学研究.地震学报,2002,24:231—242
36Lei J,Zhao D,Su Y.Insight into the origin of the Tengchong intraplate volcano and seismotectonics in southwest China from local and teleseismic data.J Geophys Res,2009,114,doi:10.1029/2008JB005881
37Li C,van der Hilst R D,Toksoz M N.Constraining P-wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2006,154:180—195
38Lebedev S,Nolet G.Upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia from velocity tomography.J Geophys Res,2003,108,doi:10.1029/2000JB000073
39陈炳蔚,王恺元,刘万熹,等.怒江-澜沧江-金沙江地区大地构造.北京:地质出版社,1987.204
40苏有锦,秦嘉政.川滇地区强地震活动与区域新构造运动的关系.中国地震,2001,17:24—34
41Zhao W L,Morgan W J.Injection of Indian crust into Tibetan lower crust:A two-dimensional finite element model study.Tectonics,1987,6:489—504
42曹建玲,石耀霖,张怀,等.青藏高原GPS位移绕喜马拉雅东构造结顺时针旋转成因的数值模拟.科学通报,2009,54:224—234
43Royden L H,Burchfiel B C,van der Hilst R D.The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau.Science,2008,321:1053—1058
44吕江宁,沈正康,王敏.川滇地区现代地壳运动速度场和活动块体模型研究.地震地质,2003,25:543—554
45An M,Shi Y.Lithospheric thickness of the Chinese continent.Phys Earth Planet Inter,2006,159:257—266
46张洪双.中国大陆地区远震体波接收函数与岩石圈厚度的研究.博士学位论文.北京:中国科学院研究生院,2009.21—29
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