黄土湿陷典型案例及相关问题
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摘要
黄土湿陷除引发路基变形、房屋开裂等工程建设问题外,还会造成地表塌陷、地下潜蚀,以及由此诱发的黄土斜坡失稳等灾害。通过对甘肃永靖县黑方台灌区典型黄土湿陷案例的分析发现,应用现行规范推荐方法对黄土湿陷量进行评价,其计算值与实际观测值间具有较大差距,计算值不足实际值的50%。由此,对现行黄土湿陷性评价中的湿陷性黄土定义、湿陷量计算等有关问题进行讨论,认为湿陷性黄土为典型的非饱和土,含水量和结构组成是影响黄土湿陷的重要因素。从非饱和土力学角度出发,应用综合反映黄土含水量和结构的参数,即吸应力,开展黄土湿陷性研究,才能真正地实现由"为什么湿陷"到"怎么湿陷"的转变,进而建立黄土湿陷的本构关系,更好地服务于工程实践。
Collapsibility is the unique feature of loess.Problems induced by collapse of loess include deformation of foundation,subsurface erosion,and slope failure.A case study of loess collapse at Heifangtai of Yongjing County in Gansu Province was analyzed in this paper.There exists a notable difference between the calculated result with the recommended equation in the national standard and the real collapse value.The calculated value of collapse is less than 50% of the motivated data.The definition of collapsible loess,the calculation method and the related issues on the assessment of loess collapse were discussed,and the results show that collapsible loess is typical unsaturated loess,and water content and structure are key factors affecting collapsibility of loess.Only by adopting the theory of mechanics of unsaturated soil and employing the parameter representing both the water content and the structure can the research on loess collapse realize the change from "why collapse" to "how collapse" so as to achieve the purpose of better serving engineering construction.
Collapsibility is the unique feature of loess.Problems induced by collapse of loess include deformation of foundation,subsurface erosion,and slope failure.A case study of loess collapse at Heifangtai of Yongjing County in Gansu Province was analyzed in this paper.There exists a notable difference between the calculated result with the recommended equation in the national standard and the real collapse value.The calculated value of collapse is less than 50% of the motivated data.The definition of collapsible loess,the calculation method and the related issues on the assessment of loess collapse were discussed,and the results show that collapsible loess is typical unsaturated loess,and water content and structure are key factors affecting collapsibility of loess.Only by adopting the theory of mechanics of unsaturated soil and employing the parameter representing both the water content and the structure can the research on loess collapse realize the change from "why collapse" to "how collapse" so as to achieve the purpose of better serving engineering construction.
引文
[1]孙建中.黄土学(上篇)[M].香港:香港考古学会,2005.
[2]罗宇生.湿陷性黄土地基评价[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(4):87-91.
[3]郭希哲,楚占昌,柳源.我国地质灾害评估和防治对策建议[J].地质灾害与防治,1990,1(1):3-7.
[4]Muxart T,,Billard A,Andrieu A.Changes in water chemistry andloess porosity with leaching:Implications for collapsibility in the loess ofNorth China[J].Genesis and Properties of Collapsible Soils,1995,468:313-332.
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[7]张宗祜.黄土湿陷变形过程中微结构变化特征及湿陷性评价[C]//国际交流地质学术会论文集(6).北京:地质出版社,1985:67-78.
[8]雷祥义.中国黄土的孔隙类型与湿陷性[J].中国科学(B辑),1987,12:1309-1316.
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[11]刘祖典.黄土力学与工程[M].西安:陕西科技出版社,1997.
[12]陈正汉,刘祖典.黄土的湿陷变形机理[J].岩土工程学报,1986,8(2):1-12.
[13]Fredlund D G.The collapse mechanism of a soil subject to one-di-mensional loading and wetting.E.Derbyshire et al(ed.),Genesisand Properties of Collapsible Soils,1995,486:173-206.
[14]湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范(GB50025-2004)[J].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[15]谢定义.黄土力学特性与应用研究的过去、现在与未来[J].地下空间,1999,19(4):273-285.
[16]Barden L,Madedor A O,Sides G R.Volume change characteristicsof unsaturated clay[J].J.Soil Mech.Found Div.,1969,95(SM1):33-52.
[17]汤连生.黄土湿陷性的微结构不平衡吸力成因论[J].工程地质学报,2003,11(1):30-35.
[18]袁中夏,王兰民,王峻.考虑非饱和土与结构特性的黄土湿陷性讨论[J].西北地震学报,2007,29(1):12-17.
[19]许领,戴福初.黄土湿陷机理研究现状及有关问题探讨[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(1):88-94.
[20]许领,戴福初,金艳丽.从非饱和土力学角度探讨黄土湿陷机制[J].水文地质工程地质,2009,4:62-65.
[21]王家鼎,张倬元.典型高速黄土滑坡群的系统工程地质研究[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1999.
[22]李保雄,王得楷,张世武.永靖黑方台灌区黄土沉陷灾害、土体工程地质性质变异初步研究[J].甘肃科学学报,1991,3(2):57-66.
[23]张茂省.引水灌区黄土地质灾害成因机制与防控技术——以黄河三峡库区黑方台移民灌区为例[J].地质通报,2013.
[24]朱元清,陈正汉.研究黄土湿陷性的新方法[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(4):524-528.
[25]Lu N,Godt J W,Wu D T.A closed-form equation for effectivestress in unsaturated soil[J].Water Resour.Res.,2010,46,W05515,doi:10.1029/2009WR008646.
[2]罗宇生.湿陷性黄土地基评价[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(4):87-91.
[3]郭希哲,楚占昌,柳源.我国地质灾害评估和防治对策建议[J].地质灾害与防治,1990,1(1):3-7.
[4]Muxart T,,Billard A,Andrieu A.Changes in water chemistry andloess porosity with leaching:Implications for collapsibility in the loess ofNorth China[J].Genesis and Properties of Collapsible Soils,1995,468:313-332.
[5]Dudley J H.Review of collapsing soil[J].J.Soil Mech.and Found.Div.,ASCE.1970,96(SM3):935-939.
[6]张宗祜.我国黄土显微结构的研究[J].地质学报,1964,44(3):357-364.
[7]张宗祜.黄土湿陷变形过程中微结构变化特征及湿陷性评价[C]//国际交流地质学术会论文集(6).北京:地质出版社,1985:67-78.
[8]雷祥义.中国黄土的孔隙类型与湿陷性[J].中国科学(B辑),1987,12:1309-1316.
[9]高国瑞.黄土显微结构分类与湿陷性[J].中国科学,1980,12:1203-1208.
[10]Locat J.On the development of microstructure in collapsible soil[J].Genesis and Properties of Collapsible Soils,1995,468:93-128.
[11]刘祖典.黄土力学与工程[M].西安:陕西科技出版社,1997.
[12]陈正汉,刘祖典.黄土的湿陷变形机理[J].岩土工程学报,1986,8(2):1-12.
[13]Fredlund D G.The collapse mechanism of a soil subject to one-di-mensional loading and wetting.E.Derbyshire et al(ed.),Genesisand Properties of Collapsible Soils,1995,486:173-206.
[14]湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范(GB50025-2004)[J].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.
[15]谢定义.黄土力学特性与应用研究的过去、现在与未来[J].地下空间,1999,19(4):273-285.
[16]Barden L,Madedor A O,Sides G R.Volume change characteristicsof unsaturated clay[J].J.Soil Mech.Found Div.,1969,95(SM1):33-52.
[17]汤连生.黄土湿陷性的微结构不平衡吸力成因论[J].工程地质学报,2003,11(1):30-35.
[18]袁中夏,王兰民,王峻.考虑非饱和土与结构特性的黄土湿陷性讨论[J].西北地震学报,2007,29(1):12-17.
[19]许领,戴福初.黄土湿陷机理研究现状及有关问题探讨[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(1):88-94.
[20]许领,戴福初,金艳丽.从非饱和土力学角度探讨黄土湿陷机制[J].水文地质工程地质,2009,4:62-65.
[21]王家鼎,张倬元.典型高速黄土滑坡群的系统工程地质研究[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1999.
[22]李保雄,王得楷,张世武.永靖黑方台灌区黄土沉陷灾害、土体工程地质性质变异初步研究[J].甘肃科学学报,1991,3(2):57-66.
[23]张茂省.引水灌区黄土地质灾害成因机制与防控技术——以黄河三峡库区黑方台移民灌区为例[J].地质通报,2013.
[24]朱元清,陈正汉.研究黄土湿陷性的新方法[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(4):524-528.
[25]Lu N,Godt J W,Wu D T.A closed-form equation for effectivestress in unsaturated soil[J].Water Resour.Res.,2010,46,W05515,doi:10.1029/2009WR008646.
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