城市异速标度研究的起源、困境和复兴
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摘要
系统总结了城市异速标度研究的学术源流、量纲困境和现状特征,重点探讨了城市化异速标度分析的前景和意义。异速标度是城市研究的基本理论方法之一,该方法起源于20世纪50年代的生物学和一般系统论。由于量纲难题,城市异速分析经过一段时间的研究热潮之后趋于冷落;由于分维概念的引入,异速标度关系摆脱了量纲困境;由于相关领域的推动,城市异速分析方法复兴。异速生长和异速标度分析在城市形态、城市生态、城市性态、城市动态以及城市体系等诸多领域都有应用。如今,异速生长正在与分形和自组织网络理论相互融合,发展成为基于一般标度律的城市过程和格局的集成分析方法。由于城市化与城市形态、城市体系等方面的密切相关,异速标度分析极有前景的一个发展方向可能是城市化研究。城市化异速分析可望将不同类型的城市异速标度研究成果组织成一个完整的逻辑框架。
The allometric scaling analysis in urban studies originated from biology and general system theory.At first,it was employed to analyze the allometric relation between urban and rural population associated with urbanization.Before long,the studies on the scaling relation between urban area and population became the mainstream of the allometric analysis.The chief aim is to reveal the relationship between size and shape of cities.But a dimension conundrum arose.Urban area can be regarded as a 2-D measurement,and urban population used to be treated as a 3-D measurement.Thus,according to the principle of dimensional consistency,the scaling exponent of urban area and population should be 2/3.However,it does not conform to reality.Then,urban population was treated as a 2-D measurement.If this was true,the allometric scaling exponent should equal 1.However,this does not yet tally with the actual situation.Geographers and city scientists were placed in a dilemma whether to treat urban population size as a 2-D or a 3-D measurement because the observed scaling exponent values always come between 2/3 and 1.The geographical students failed to extricate themselves from the theoretical predicament before the introduction of the concept of fractional dimension.The rapid rise of fractal geometry and complexity theory results in the rejuvenation of alloemetric analysis of cities associated with scaling law.Now,allometry has been applied to urban form,urban ecology,urbanism,urban dynamics,and urban systems.All of the applications are the bases of studies on urbanization.One of the most significant research directions of allometry in urban studies in future may be the allometric scaling analysis in urbanization.
The allometric scaling analysis in urban studies originated from biology and general system theory.At first,it was employed to analyze the allometric relation between urban and rural population associated with urbanization.Before long,the studies on the scaling relation between urban area and population became the mainstream of the allometric analysis.The chief aim is to reveal the relationship between size and shape of cities.But a dimension conundrum arose.Urban area can be regarded as a 2-D measurement,and urban population used to be treated as a 3-D measurement.Thus,according to the principle of dimensional consistency,the scaling exponent of urban area and population should be 2/3.However,it does not conform to reality.Then,urban population was treated as a 2-D measurement.If this was true,the allometric scaling exponent should equal 1.However,this does not yet tally with the actual situation.Geographers and city scientists were placed in a dilemma whether to treat urban population size as a 2-D or a 3-D measurement because the observed scaling exponent values always come between 2/3 and 1.The geographical students failed to extricate themselves from the theoretical predicament before the introduction of the concept of fractional dimension.The rapid rise of fractal geometry and complexity theory results in the rejuvenation of alloemetric analysis of cities associated with scaling law.Now,allometry has been applied to urban form,urban ecology,urbanism,urban dynamics,and urban systems.All of the applications are the bases of studies on urbanization.One of the most significant research directions of allometry in urban studies in future may be the allometric scaling analysis in urbanization.
引文
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[26]吴金华,吴国栋.基于城市人口—城区面积异速生长关系的西安市城市化水平测算模型研究.国土资源科技管理,2008,25(1):92-95.
[27]赵岑,冯长春.我国城市化进程中城市人口与城市用地相互关系研究.城市发展研究,2010,17(10):113-118.
[28]古杰,陈忠暖,张少伟.中国中部六省城乡人口异速生长过程分析.云南地理环境研究,2010,22(4):13-19.
[29]姜世国.呼和浩特地区城镇体系工农业发展能力的异速生长分析.经济地理,2004,24(6):820-825.
[30]常静,李雪铭.修正后的城市系统异速生长方程实证研究:以大连市为例.地理科学,2004,24(4):406-412.
[31]陈彦光.分形城市系统:标度、对称和空间复杂性.北京:科学出版社,2008.
[32]陈彦光,余斌.异速生长律与城市郊区化的分维刻画.华中师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,38(3):370-373/378.
[33]Chen Y,Jiang S.An analytical process of the spatio-temporal evolution of urban systems based on allometric and fractal ideas.Chaos,Soliton&Fractals,2009,39(1):49-64.
[34]Chen Y.Characterizing growth and form of fractal cities with allometric scaling exponents.Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society,Volume2010,Article ID194715.22.
[35]Chen Y.Urban chaos and perplexing dynamics of urbanization.Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences,2009,2(2):85-95.
[36]Chen Y.Analogies between urban hierarchies and river networks:Fractals,symmetry,and self-organized criticality.Chaos,Soliton&Fractals,2009,40(4):1766-1778.
[37]Chen Y,Lin J.Modeling the self-affine structure and optimization conditions of city systems using the idea from fractals.Chaos,Soliton&Fractals,2009,41(2):615-629.
[38]陈彦光.豫北地区城镇体系的分形研究.长春:东北师范大学硕士学位论文,1995.
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[40]陈彦光,周一星.城市规模-产出关系的分形性质与分维特征.经济地理,2003,23(4):476-481.
[41]李旭旦.现代地理学的几个问题.地理知识,1979,(9):1-2,5.
[42]Lo C P,Welch R.Chinese urban population estimates.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1977,67:246-253.
[43]Lo C P.Urban indicators of China from radiance-calibrated digital DMSP-OLS nighttime images.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2002,92(2):225-240.
[44]Lo C P,Welch R.中国城市人口估算(Chinese urban population estimates).见:城市规划参考资料5.周一星译.北京:北京大学地理系,1978.1-19.
[45]Gayon J.History of the concept of allometry.American Zoologist,2000,40(5):748-758.
[46]Wu J,Jones K B,Li H et al.Scaling and Uncertainty Analysis in Ecology:Methods and Applications.Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2006.
[47]Gould S J.Allometry and size in ontogeny and phylogeny.Biological Reviews,1966,41:587-640.
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[51]Naroll R S,Bertalanffy L von.The principle of allometry in biology and social sciences.General Systems Yearbook,1956,1(2):76-89.
[52]Beckmann M J.City hierarchies and distribution of city sizes.Economic Development and Cultural Change,1958,6:243-248.
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