汶川地震触发高速远程滑坡–碎屑流堆积反粒序特征及机制分析
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摘要
中国四川汶川地震触发了众多的典型高速远程滑坡–碎屑流。为论证这些高速远程滑坡–碎屑流堆积的层序特征和形成机制,以谢家店子滑坡、牛圈沟滑坡和文家沟滑坡为研究对象,首先对高速远程滑坡运动路径上的竖向分带性进行详细的描述,并根据各带特征,将其划分与命名为气浪影响区、碎屑流跳跃抛洒区、碎屑流流动堆积区、滑动剪切带以及下伏的原沟谷堆积层。在对各竖向分带进行描述的基础上,以碎屑流流动堆积区为重点研究对象,运用面积取样–面积频率法和室内筛分法,对碎屑流流动堆积区不同粒径范围内的颗粒进行详细的粒组分析,并通过质量–频率法的转换,最终获取碎屑流流动堆积区竖向剖面中不同高度层位上碎屑颗粒的累计频率分布曲线,揭示碎屑流堆积体内部所特有的堆积规律——反粒序结构,该结构是高速远程滑坡–碎屑流运动过程及其运动状态的重要反映,是高速滑坡远程运动机制分析所基于的重要地质证据。根据大量的现场调查和室内试验结果,得到以下结论:碎屑流运动路径上因滑面不规则起伏所激励的振动筛分作用和碎屑颗粒之间碰撞所产生的动力破碎作用以及二者的耦合过程应为反粒序形成的主要原因;并基于滑坡运动学与动力学的过程,对上述作用的能量来源和转化过程进行描述。
The Wenchuan earthquake,which occurred in Sichuan Province,triggered several thousand landslides.For the study of rock avalanche kinematics,the Xiejiadianzi rock avalanche,Niujuangou rock avalanche and Wenjiagou rock avalanche were described to show the geological characteristics of rock avalanches along their sliding paths.According to field investigation,the vertical sorting on the path of rock avalanches is presented;firstly,which is divided into five parts from top to bottom,and named as:the air-blast zone,the leap and air-launch zone of debris,the sliding and deposit zone of debris,the sliping zone,and the original underlying accumulation zone respectively.Then,based on the description of the vertical sorting,the grain-size distribution of the sliding and deposit zones of debris is analyzed by combining an area-by-area technique and sieve analysis,which presents a gradual increase in grain size with height above the base cut quantitatively,proving the existence of inverse grading.This unique inner structure is an important geological evidence for the study of rock avalanche kinematics,which can shed light on the mechanism of their rapid motion.Finally,according to lots of field investigation and test results,one conclusion is proposed that:the kinematic sieving process energized by undulated sliding surface,the dynamic fragmentation process triggered by particle collisions,and their coupling process are the main reasons for the formation of inverse grading;and based on the process of landslide kinematics and dynamics,the above energy sources and transformation processes are described.
The Wenchuan earthquake,which occurred in Sichuan Province,triggered several thousand landslides.For the study of rock avalanche kinematics,the Xiejiadianzi rock avalanche,Niujuangou rock avalanche and Wenjiagou rock avalanche were described to show the geological characteristics of rock avalanches along their sliding paths.According to field investigation,the vertical sorting on the path of rock avalanches is presented;firstly,which is divided into five parts from top to bottom,and named as:the air-blast zone,the leap and air-launch zone of debris,the sliding and deposit zone of debris,the sliping zone,and the original underlying accumulation zone respectively.Then,based on the description of the vertical sorting,the grain-size distribution of the sliding and deposit zones of debris is analyzed by combining an area-by-area technique and sieve analysis,which presents a gradual increase in grain size with height above the base cut quantitatively,proving the existence of inverse grading.This unique inner structure is an important geological evidence for the study of rock avalanche kinematics,which can shed light on the mechanism of their rapid motion.Finally,according to lots of field investigation and test results,one conclusion is proposed that:the kinematic sieving process energized by undulated sliding surface,the dynamic fragmentation process triggered by particle collisions,and their coupling process are the main reasons for the formation of inverse grading;and based on the process of landslide kinematics and dynamics,the above energy sources and transformation processes are described.
引文
[1]唐荣昌,韩渭宾.四川活动断裂与地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1993:7–193.(TANG Rongchang,HAN Weibin.Active faults andearthquakes in Sichuan Province[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1993:7–193.(in Chinese))
[2]李勇,黄润秋,周荣军,等.龙门山地震带的地质背景与汶川地震的地表破裂[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):3–18.(LI Yong,HUANG Runqiu,ZHOU Rongjun,et al.Geological background ofLongmenshan seismic belt and surface ruptures in Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):3–18.(inChinese))
[3]许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721–729.(XU Qiang,HUANGRunqiu.Kinetics characteristics of large landslides triggered by May12th Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):721–729.(in Chinese))
[4]许强,裴向军,黄润秋.汶川地震大型滑坡[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:53–422.(XU Qiang,PEI Xiangjun,HUANG Runqiu.Large-scale landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009:53–422.(in Chinese))
[5]CRUDEN D M,HUNGR O.The debris of the Frank slide and theoriesof rockslide-avalanche mobility[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,1986,23(3):425–432.
[6]HEIM A.Landslides and human lives[M].Vancouver,B C:BitechPublishers,1932:93–94.
[7]LUZIO E D,BIACHI-FASANI G,ESPOSITO C,et al.Massiverock-slope failure in the Central Apennines(Italy):the case of theCampo di Giove rock avalanche[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geologyand the Environment,2004,63(1):1–12.
[8]STROM A L.Rock avalanches of the Ardon River valley at thesouthern foot of the Rocky Range,Northern Caucasus,North Osetia[J].Landslides,2004,3(1):237–241.
[9]EVANS S G,SCARASCIA MUGNOZZA G,STROM A,et al.Landslides from massive rock slope failure[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer,2006:551–570.
[10]BOULTBEE N,STEAD D,SCHWAB J,et al.The Zymoetz Riverrock avalanche,June 2002,British Columbia,Canada[J].EngineeringGeology,2006,83(1/3):76–93.
[11]BAGNOLD R A.Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of largesolid spheres in a Newton fluid under shear[J].Proceedings of theRoyal Society of London(Series A):Mathematical and PhysicalSciences,1954,225(1 160):49–63.
[12]BERTRAN P.The rock-avalanche of february 1995 at Claix(FrenchAlps)[J].Geomorphology,2003,54(3):339–346.
[13]LEEDER M.Sedimentology and sedimentary basins:from turbulenceto tectonics[M].Malaysia:Vivar Printing Sdn Bhd,2011:171–197.
[14]STROM A L.Mechanism of stratification and abnormal crushing ofrockslide deposits[C]//OLIVEIRA R,ERODRIGUES L,COELHO,A G,et al ed.Proceedings of the 7th International IAEG Congress.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1994:1 287–1 295.
[15]IMRE B,LAUE J,SPRINGMAN S M.Fractal fragmentation of rockswithin sturzstroms:insight derived from physical experiments withinthe ETH geotechnical drum centrifuge[J].Granular Matter,2010,12(3):267–285.
[16]MELOSH H J.The physics of very large landslides[J].ActaMechanica,1986,64(1/2):89–99.
[17]ZHANG D,FODA M A.An instability mechanism for the slidingmotion of finite depth of bulk granular materials[J].Acta Mechanica,1997,121(1/4):1–19.
[18]KOBAYASHI Y.Effect of basal guided waves on landslides[J].Pureand Applied Geophysics,1994,142(2):329–346.
[19]DAVIES T R H.Spreading of rock avalanche debris by mechanicalfluidization[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,1982,15(1):9–24.
[20]CASAGLI N,ERMINI L,ROSATI G.Determining grain sizedistribution of the material composing landslide dams in the NorthernApennines:sampling and processing methods[J].Engineering Geology,2003,69(1/2):83–97.
[21]EVANS S G,BISHOP N F,SMOLL L S,et al.A re-examination of themechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originatingon Nevado Huascarán,Cordillera Blanca,Peru in 1962 and 1970[J].Engineering Geology,2009,108:96–118.
[22]PETRIE J E.The accuracy of river bed sediment samples[M.S.Thesis][D].Blacksburg,Virginia:Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState University,1998.
[23]PLAFKER G,ERICKSEN G E.Nevados Huascaran avalanches,Peru[C]//VOIGHT B ed.Proceedings of Rockslides and RockAvalanches.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1978:277–314.
[24]WIECZOREK G F,SNYDER J B,WAITT R B,et al.Unusual July10,1996,rock fall at Happy Isles,Yosemite National Park,California[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2000,112(1):75–85.
[25]EVANS S G,DEGRAFF J V.Catastrophic landslides:effects,occurrence,and mechanisms[M].Colorado:The Geological Society ofAmerica,Inc.,2002:165–190.
[26]程谦恭,王玉峰,朱圻,等.高速远程滑坡超前冲击气浪动力学机制[J].山地学报,2011,29(1):70–80.(CHENG Qiangong,WANGYufeng,ZHU Qi,et al.Dynamics of the airblasts generated by rockavalanches[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(1):70–80.(inChinese))
[27]GIORGIO P.Geomorphic controls of the shape and mobility of rockavalanches[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1991,103(10):1 365–1 373.
[28]苏生瑞,张永双,李松,等.汶川地震引发高速远程滑坡运动机制数值模拟研究——以谢家店子滑坡为例[J].地球科学与环境学报,2010,32(3):277–287.(SU Shengrui,ZHANG Yongshuang,LI Song,et al.Numerical analysis of motion mechanism of highspeedand long runout landslide by Wenchuan earthquake—taking Xiejiadianzilandslide as an example[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2010,32(3):277–287.(in Chinese))
[29]吴树仁,王涛,石玲,等.2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):145–159.(WU Shuren,WANGTao,SHI Ling,et al.Study of catastrophic landslides triggered by2008 great Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2010,18(2):145–159.(in Chinese))
[30]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):153–166.(YIN Yueping.Rapid and long run-out featuresof landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2009,17(2):153–166.(in Chinese))
[31]陈光平,赵其华,黄河清.文家沟巨型岩质滑坡高速远程运移特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(3):404–408.(CHEN Guangping,ZHAO Qihua,HUANG Heqing.Sliding characteristics of high-speedand long run-out giant rockslide landslide at Wenjiagou Stream[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(3):404–408.(in Chinese))
[32]程谦恭,张倬元,黄润秋.高速远程崩滑动力学的研究现状及发展趋势[J].山地学报,2007,25(1):72–84.(CHENG Qiangong,ZHANG Zhuoyuan,HUANG Runqiu.Study on dynamics of rockavalanches:state of the art report[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2007,25(1):72–84.(in Chinese))
[33]陆大雄.摩擦学导论[M].北京:北京出版社,1990:181–253.(LUDaxiong.Introduction to tribology[M].Beijing:Beijing PublishingHouse,1990:181–253.(in Chinese))
[34]丁文镜.自激振动[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2009:99–119.(DING Wenjing.Self-excited vibration[M].Beijing:TsinghuaUniversity Press,2009:99–119.(in Chinese))
[35]金学松,刘启跃.轨道摩擦学[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2004:150–184.(JIN Xuesong,LIU Qiyue.Tribology of wheel and rail[M].Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,2004:150–184.(in Chinese))
[36]翟婉明.车辆–轨道耦合动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:88–144.(ZHAI Wanming.Vehicle-track coupling dynamics[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:88–144.(in Chinese))
[37]任金卫,单新建,沈军,等.西藏易贡崩塌–滑坡–泥石流的地质地貌与运动学特征[J].地质论评,2001,47(6):642–647.(RENJinwei,SHAN Xinjian,SHEN Jun,et al.Geological characteristicsand kinematics of the rock fall-landslide in Yigong,SoutheasternTibet[J].Geological Review,2001,47(6):642–647.(in Chinese))
[38]COX S C,ALLEN S K.Vampire rock avalanches of january 2008 and2003,Southern Alps,New Zealand[J].Landslides,2009,6(2):161–166.
[39]IVERSON R M,REID M E,LAHUSEN R G.Debris-flow mobilizationfrom landslides[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1997,25:85–138.
[40]王效宁.大型高速滑坡机制和滑速滑程预测研究[博士学位论文][D].北京:中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,1989.(WANGXiaoning.Study on the mechanism of large-scale highspeed landslidesand the prediction of sliding velocity and distance[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Beijing:Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy ofSciences,1989.(in Chinese))
[41]MIAO T D,LIU Z Y,NIU Y H,et al.A sliding block model for therunout prediction of high-speed landslides[J].Canadian GeotechnicalJournal,2011,38(2):217–226.
[42]STROM A L.Evidence of momentum transfer during large-scalerockslides motion[C]//WILLIAMS A L,PINCHES G M,CHIN C Y,et al.ed.Geologically Active Presented at the 11th Congress of theIAEG.London:CRC Press,2010:73–86.
[2]李勇,黄润秋,周荣军,等.龙门山地震带的地质背景与汶川地震的地表破裂[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):3–18.(LI Yong,HUANG Runqiu,ZHOU Rongjun,et al.Geological background ofLongmenshan seismic belt and surface ruptures in Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):3–18.(inChinese))
[3]许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721–729.(XU Qiang,HUANGRunqiu.Kinetics characteristics of large landslides triggered by May12th Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):721–729.(in Chinese))
[4]许强,裴向军,黄润秋.汶川地震大型滑坡[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:53–422.(XU Qiang,PEI Xiangjun,HUANG Runqiu.Large-scale landslides induced by the Wenchuan earthquake[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009:53–422.(in Chinese))
[5]CRUDEN D M,HUNGR O.The debris of the Frank slide and theoriesof rockslide-avalanche mobility[J].Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences,1986,23(3):425–432.
[6]HEIM A.Landslides and human lives[M].Vancouver,B C:BitechPublishers,1932:93–94.
[7]LUZIO E D,BIACHI-FASANI G,ESPOSITO C,et al.Massiverock-slope failure in the Central Apennines(Italy):the case of theCampo di Giove rock avalanche[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geologyand the Environment,2004,63(1):1–12.
[8]STROM A L.Rock avalanches of the Ardon River valley at thesouthern foot of the Rocky Range,Northern Caucasus,North Osetia[J].Landslides,2004,3(1):237–241.
[9]EVANS S G,SCARASCIA MUGNOZZA G,STROM A,et al.Landslides from massive rock slope failure[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer,2006:551–570.
[10]BOULTBEE N,STEAD D,SCHWAB J,et al.The Zymoetz Riverrock avalanche,June 2002,British Columbia,Canada[J].EngineeringGeology,2006,83(1/3):76–93.
[11]BAGNOLD R A.Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of largesolid spheres in a Newton fluid under shear[J].Proceedings of theRoyal Society of London(Series A):Mathematical and PhysicalSciences,1954,225(1 160):49–63.
[12]BERTRAN P.The rock-avalanche of february 1995 at Claix(FrenchAlps)[J].Geomorphology,2003,54(3):339–346.
[13]LEEDER M.Sedimentology and sedimentary basins:from turbulenceto tectonics[M].Malaysia:Vivar Printing Sdn Bhd,2011:171–197.
[14]STROM A L.Mechanism of stratification and abnormal crushing ofrockslide deposits[C]//OLIVEIRA R,ERODRIGUES L,COELHO,A G,et al ed.Proceedings of the 7th International IAEG Congress.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1994:1 287–1 295.
[15]IMRE B,LAUE J,SPRINGMAN S M.Fractal fragmentation of rockswithin sturzstroms:insight derived from physical experiments withinthe ETH geotechnical drum centrifuge[J].Granular Matter,2010,12(3):267–285.
[16]MELOSH H J.The physics of very large landslides[J].ActaMechanica,1986,64(1/2):89–99.
[17]ZHANG D,FODA M A.An instability mechanism for the slidingmotion of finite depth of bulk granular materials[J].Acta Mechanica,1997,121(1/4):1–19.
[18]KOBAYASHI Y.Effect of basal guided waves on landslides[J].Pureand Applied Geophysics,1994,142(2):329–346.
[19]DAVIES T R H.Spreading of rock avalanche debris by mechanicalfluidization[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,1982,15(1):9–24.
[20]CASAGLI N,ERMINI L,ROSATI G.Determining grain sizedistribution of the material composing landslide dams in the NorthernApennines:sampling and processing methods[J].Engineering Geology,2003,69(1/2):83–97.
[21]EVANS S G,BISHOP N F,SMOLL L S,et al.A re-examination of themechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originatingon Nevado Huascarán,Cordillera Blanca,Peru in 1962 and 1970[J].Engineering Geology,2009,108:96–118.
[22]PETRIE J E.The accuracy of river bed sediment samples[M.S.Thesis][D].Blacksburg,Virginia:Virginia Polytechnic Institute andState University,1998.
[23]PLAFKER G,ERICKSEN G E.Nevados Huascaran avalanches,Peru[C]//VOIGHT B ed.Proceedings of Rockslides and RockAvalanches.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1978:277–314.
[24]WIECZOREK G F,SNYDER J B,WAITT R B,et al.Unusual July10,1996,rock fall at Happy Isles,Yosemite National Park,California[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2000,112(1):75–85.
[25]EVANS S G,DEGRAFF J V.Catastrophic landslides:effects,occurrence,and mechanisms[M].Colorado:The Geological Society ofAmerica,Inc.,2002:165–190.
[26]程谦恭,王玉峰,朱圻,等.高速远程滑坡超前冲击气浪动力学机制[J].山地学报,2011,29(1):70–80.(CHENG Qiangong,WANGYufeng,ZHU Qi,et al.Dynamics of the airblasts generated by rockavalanches[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(1):70–80.(inChinese))
[27]GIORGIO P.Geomorphic controls of the shape and mobility of rockavalanches[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1991,103(10):1 365–1 373.
[28]苏生瑞,张永双,李松,等.汶川地震引发高速远程滑坡运动机制数值模拟研究——以谢家店子滑坡为例[J].地球科学与环境学报,2010,32(3):277–287.(SU Shengrui,ZHANG Yongshuang,LI Song,et al.Numerical analysis of motion mechanism of highspeedand long runout landslide by Wenchuan earthquake—taking Xiejiadianzilandslide as an example[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2010,32(3):277–287.(in Chinese))
[29]吴树仁,王涛,石玲,等.2008汶川大地震极端滑坡事件初步研究[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(2):145–159.(WU Shuren,WANGTao,SHI Ling,et al.Study of catastrophic landslides triggered by2008 great Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2010,18(2):145–159.(in Chinese))
[30]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):153–166.(YIN Yueping.Rapid and long run-out featuresof landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2009,17(2):153–166.(in Chinese))
[31]陈光平,赵其华,黄河清.文家沟巨型岩质滑坡高速远程运移特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(3):404–408.(CHEN Guangping,ZHAO Qihua,HUANG Heqing.Sliding characteristics of high-speedand long run-out giant rockslide landslide at Wenjiagou Stream[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(3):404–408.(in Chinese))
[32]程谦恭,张倬元,黄润秋.高速远程崩滑动力学的研究现状及发展趋势[J].山地学报,2007,25(1):72–84.(CHENG Qiangong,ZHANG Zhuoyuan,HUANG Runqiu.Study on dynamics of rockavalanches:state of the art report[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2007,25(1):72–84.(in Chinese))
[33]陆大雄.摩擦学导论[M].北京:北京出版社,1990:181–253.(LUDaxiong.Introduction to tribology[M].Beijing:Beijing PublishingHouse,1990:181–253.(in Chinese))
[34]丁文镜.自激振动[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2009:99–119.(DING Wenjing.Self-excited vibration[M].Beijing:TsinghuaUniversity Press,2009:99–119.(in Chinese))
[35]金学松,刘启跃.轨道摩擦学[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,2004:150–184.(JIN Xuesong,LIU Qiyue.Tribology of wheel and rail[M].Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,2004:150–184.(in Chinese))
[36]翟婉明.车辆–轨道耦合动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2007:88–144.(ZHAI Wanming.Vehicle-track coupling dynamics[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007:88–144.(in Chinese))
[37]任金卫,单新建,沈军,等.西藏易贡崩塌–滑坡–泥石流的地质地貌与运动学特征[J].地质论评,2001,47(6):642–647.(RENJinwei,SHAN Xinjian,SHEN Jun,et al.Geological characteristicsand kinematics of the rock fall-landslide in Yigong,SoutheasternTibet[J].Geological Review,2001,47(6):642–647.(in Chinese))
[38]COX S C,ALLEN S K.Vampire rock avalanches of january 2008 and2003,Southern Alps,New Zealand[J].Landslides,2009,6(2):161–166.
[39]IVERSON R M,REID M E,LAHUSEN R G.Debris-flow mobilizationfrom landslides[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1997,25:85–138.
[40]王效宁.大型高速滑坡机制和滑速滑程预测研究[博士学位论文][D].北京:中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,1989.(WANGXiaoning.Study on the mechanism of large-scale highspeed landslidesand the prediction of sliding velocity and distance[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Beijing:Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy ofSciences,1989.(in Chinese))
[41]MIAO T D,LIU Z Y,NIU Y H,et al.A sliding block model for therunout prediction of high-speed landslides[J].Canadian GeotechnicalJournal,2011,38(2):217–226.
[42]STROM A L.Evidence of momentum transfer during large-scalerockslides motion[C]//WILLIAMS A L,PINCHES G M,CHIN C Y,et al.ed.Geologically Active Presented at the 11th Congress of theIAEG.London:CRC Press,2010:73–86.
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