岩石变形劣化全过程细观试验与细观损伤力学模型研究
摘要
采用细观试验探究岩石变形劣化全过程是了解岩石变形破坏机制的重要手段。选取四川锦屏二级水电站深埋(2 525 m)隧洞围岩(大理岩),利用岩石变形破坏全过程细观力学试验系统,进行大理岩试样单轴压缩变形破坏全程的数字化试验,在SEM图像数字化处理基础上,对微裂隙的萌生、扩展及贯通过程进行数字化定量分析,统计试样在受压过程中微裂纹的面积、方位角、长度、宽度和周长基本几何数据。利用内变量热力学理论和摩擦弯折裂纹模型,分析微裂纹不同阶段的演化规律,建立微裂纹引起的非弹性应变与应力之间的定量关系,得到大理岩应力–应变关系计算曲线,并与试验结果对比,验证了本文理论模型的可靠性,从试验和理论两方面探究岩石试样单轴压缩过程中的破坏机制。
Investigating the degradation evolution process of rock deformation by mesoscopic experiment is an important means to understand its deformation and failure mechanisms.In this paper,the marble samples are taken from the tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station with an overburden depth of 2 525 m.By mesomechanical test system,axial compression test is carried out to record the whole degradation deformation process of rock.With the image processing technique of scanning electron microscope(SEM),we quantitatively analyze the initiation,propagation and coalescence processes of microcracks;and the data of microcracks′ area,azimuth angle,length,width and perimeter are obtained.Meanwhile,internal variable thermodynamics theory and frictional kinking crack model are employed to understand the evolution process of microcracks at different stages.Quantitative relationship between nonelastic strain(induced by microcracks) and stress is established and theoretical curve of stress vs.strain is also derived.With the experimental results,validity of the theoretical model is verified,and the failure mechanism of rock samples under axial compression is investigated in terms of experiment and theory.
Investigating the degradation evolution process of rock deformation by mesoscopic experiment is an important means to understand its deformation and failure mechanisms.In this paper,the marble samples are taken from the tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station with an overburden depth of 2 525 m.By mesomechanical test system,axial compression test is carried out to record the whole degradation deformation process of rock.With the image processing technique of scanning electron microscope(SEM),we quantitatively analyze the initiation,propagation and coalescence processes of microcracks;and the data of microcracks′ area,azimuth angle,length,width and perimeter are obtained.Meanwhile,internal variable thermodynamics theory and frictional kinking crack model are employed to understand the evolution process of microcracks at different stages.Quantitative relationship between nonelastic strain(induced by microcracks) and stress is established and theoretical curve of stress vs.strain is also derived.With the experimental results,validity of the theoretical model is verified,and the failure mechanism of rock samples under axial compression is investigated in terms of experiment and theory.
引文
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[2]BATZLE M L,SIMMONS G,SIEFRIED R W.Microcrack closure inrocks under stress:direct observation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1980,85(B12):7 072–7 090.
[3]ROBINA H C,WONG K T,WANG C P.Microcracking and grainsize effect in Yuen Long marbles[J].International Journal of RockMechanics and Mining Sciences,1996,33(5):479–485.
[4]HATZOR Y H,ZUR A,MIMRAN Y.Microstructure effects onmicrocracking and brittle failure of dolomites[J].Tectonophysics,1997,281(3/4):141–161.
[5]WU X Y,WONG B P.Micromechanics of compressive failure andspatial evolution of anisotropic damage in Darley dale sandstoneTengfong[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and MiningSciences,2000,37(1):143–160.
[6]凌建明.压缩荷载条件下岩石细观损伤特性的研究[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,1993,21(2):219–226.(LING Jianming.Studyon the mesoscopical characteristics of rock damage under compressiveloading[J].Journal of Tongji Univeristy:Natural Science,1993,21(2):219–226.(in Chinese))
[7]卢应发,张梅英,葛修润.大理岩静态和循环荷载试件的电镜分析[J].岩土力学,1990,11(4):75–80.(LU Yingfa,ZHANG Meiying,GE Xiurun.Electron microscopic analysis on marble specimens ofstatic and cyclic loading tests[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,1990,11(4):75–80.(in Chinese))
[8]张梅英,袁建新,范士荣,等.岩土介质微观力学动态观测研究[J].科学通报,1993,38(10):920–924.(ZHANGMeiying,YUANJianxin,FAN Shirong,et al.Study on geotechanical medium with directdynamic observation[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1993,38(10):920–924.(in Chinese))
[9]赵永红,黄杰藩,王仁.岩石破裂发育的扫描电镜即时研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1992,11(3):284–294.(ZHAO Yonghong,HUANG Jiefan,WANG Ren.Real time observation of microfracturingprocess in rock during compression test[J].Chinese Journal of RockMechanics and Engineering,1992,11(3):284–294.(in Chinese))
[10]赵永红,黄杰藩,王仁.破裂带发育的SEM实验研究及其对地震前兆的启示[J].地球物理学报,1993,36(4):453–462.(ZHAOYonghong,HUANG Jiefan,WANG Ren.SEM study of fracturedevelopment in compressed marble specimen and implications forearthquake precursors[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1993,36(4):453–462.(in Chinese))
[11]赵永红,黄杰藩,侯建军,等.岩石细观破裂的实验观测研究及其对了解地震活动的启示[J].地球物理学报,1995,38(5):627–635.(ZHAO Yonghong,HUANG Jiefan,HOU Jianjun,et al.Experimentalstudy of meso-fractures in rock and its implication for understatingseismic activities[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1995,38(5):627–635.(in Chinese))
[12]李炼,徐钺,李启光,等.花岗岩板渐进破坏过程的微观研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(7):940–947.(LI Lian,TSUI Y,LI Qiguang,et al.Progressive cracking of granite plate under uniaxialcompression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,21(7):940–947.(in Chinese))
[13]倪骁慧,朱珍德,赵杰,等.岩石破裂全程数字化细观损伤力学试验研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(11):3283–3290.(NI Xiaohui,ZHU Zhende,ZHAO Jie,et al.Meso-damage mechanical digitalizationtest of complete process of rock failure[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(11):3 283–3 290.(in Chinese))
[14]倪骁慧,朱珍德,武沂泉.基于SEM的大理岩单轴受压全过程细观损伤量化研究[J].金属矿山,2009,39(9):29–32.(NI Xiaohui,ZHU Zhende,WU Yiquan.SEM-based investigation on the quantificationof meso-damage of marble under uniaxial compression[J].MetalMine,2009,39(9):29–32.(in Chinese))
[15]倪骁慧,朱珍德,李晓娟,等.循环荷载下花岗岩细观损伤量化试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(7):1991–1995.(NI Xiaohui,ZHUZhende,LI Xiaojuan,et al.Quantitative test study of meso-damage ofrock under cyclic load[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(7):1 991–1 995.(in Chinese))
[16]ELZAFRANEY M F.Quantitative microstructural investigationof damaged concrete[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Michigan:Michigan StateUniversity,2004.
[17]ZHU Z D,ZHANG Y,JIANG Z J,et al.Damage analysis of redsandstone dynamic deformation with digital image technique[C]//GeoShanghai International Conference.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006:112–118.
[18]GONZALEZ R C,WOODS R E.数字图像处理[M].阮秋琦,阮宇智译.北京:电子工业出版社,2004:20–25.(GONZALEZ R C,WOODS R E.Digital image processing[M].Translated by RUANQiuqi,RUAN Yuzhi.Beijing:Electronic Industry Press,2004:20–25.(in Chinese))
[19]孙兆林.MATLAB6.X图像处理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002:137–145.(SUN Zhaolin.MATLAB 6.X image processing[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2002:137–145.(in Chinese))
[20]渠文平.基于数字图像处理技术的岩石细观量化试验研究[硕士学位论文][D].南京:河海大学,2006.(QUWenping.Quantitativemesostructuralinvestigation of rock based on digital image processing technique[M.S.Thesis][D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2006.(in Chinese))
[21]黄强.压应力状态下脆性岩石细观损伤破坏过程研究[硕士学位论文][D].南京:河海大学,2012.(HUANGQiang.Studyonthemesoscopicdamage and failure process of brittle rock under ccompression[M.S.Thesis][D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2012.(in Chinese))
[22]RCIE J R.Inelastic constitutive relations for solids:an internal-varibletheory and its application to metal plasticity[J].Journal of the Mechanicsand Physics of Solids,1971,19(6):433–455.
[23]BASTIA M,GROSS D.The sliding crack model of brittle deformation:an interval variable approach[J].International Journal of Solids andStructures,1998,35(3):747–769.
[24]黄克智,肖纪美.材料的损伤断裂机制与宏微观断裂力学理论[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999:63–65.(HUANGKezhi,XIAOJimei.Thedamage and fracture mechanism and theory of macro-and micro-scopicfracture mechanics[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1999:63–65.(in Chinese))
[25]FANELLA D,KRAJACINOVIC D.A micromechanical model forconcrete in compression[J].Engineering Fracture,1988,29(1):49–66.
[26]NEMAT-NASSER S,HORII H.Brittle fracture in compression:splitting,faulting and brittle-ductile transition[J].Philosophical Transanction ofRoyal Society of London,1986,319(1 549):337–374.
[27]HORII H,NETMAT-NASSER S.Compression induced microcrackgrowth in brittle solids:axial splitting and shear failure[J].Journal ofGeophysics Research,1985,90(B4):3 105–3 125.
[2]BATZLE M L,SIMMONS G,SIEFRIED R W.Microcrack closure inrocks under stress:direct observation[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1980,85(B12):7 072–7 090.
[3]ROBINA H C,WONG K T,WANG C P.Microcracking and grainsize effect in Yuen Long marbles[J].International Journal of RockMechanics and Mining Sciences,1996,33(5):479–485.
[4]HATZOR Y H,ZUR A,MIMRAN Y.Microstructure effects onmicrocracking and brittle failure of dolomites[J].Tectonophysics,1997,281(3/4):141–161.
[5]WU X Y,WONG B P.Micromechanics of compressive failure andspatial evolution of anisotropic damage in Darley dale sandstoneTengfong[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and MiningSciences,2000,37(1):143–160.
[6]凌建明.压缩荷载条件下岩石细观损伤特性的研究[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,1993,21(2):219–226.(LING Jianming.Studyon the mesoscopical characteristics of rock damage under compressiveloading[J].Journal of Tongji Univeristy:Natural Science,1993,21(2):219–226.(in Chinese))
[7]卢应发,张梅英,葛修润.大理岩静态和循环荷载试件的电镜分析[J].岩土力学,1990,11(4):75–80.(LU Yingfa,ZHANG Meiying,GE Xiurun.Electron microscopic analysis on marble specimens ofstatic and cyclic loading tests[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,1990,11(4):75–80.(in Chinese))
[8]张梅英,袁建新,范士荣,等.岩土介质微观力学动态观测研究[J].科学通报,1993,38(10):920–924.(ZHANGMeiying,YUANJianxin,FAN Shirong,et al.Study on geotechanical medium with directdynamic observation[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1993,38(10):920–924.(in Chinese))
[9]赵永红,黄杰藩,王仁.岩石破裂发育的扫描电镜即时研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1992,11(3):284–294.(ZHAO Yonghong,HUANG Jiefan,WANG Ren.Real time observation of microfracturingprocess in rock during compression test[J].Chinese Journal of RockMechanics and Engineering,1992,11(3):284–294.(in Chinese))
[10]赵永红,黄杰藩,王仁.破裂带发育的SEM实验研究及其对地震前兆的启示[J].地球物理学报,1993,36(4):453–462.(ZHAOYonghong,HUANG Jiefan,WANG Ren.SEM study of fracturedevelopment in compressed marble specimen and implications forearthquake precursors[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1993,36(4):453–462.(in Chinese))
[11]赵永红,黄杰藩,侯建军,等.岩石细观破裂的实验观测研究及其对了解地震活动的启示[J].地球物理学报,1995,38(5):627–635.(ZHAO Yonghong,HUANG Jiefan,HOU Jianjun,et al.Experimentalstudy of meso-fractures in rock and its implication for understatingseismic activities[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1995,38(5):627–635.(in Chinese))
[12]李炼,徐钺,李启光,等.花岗岩板渐进破坏过程的微观研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(7):940–947.(LI Lian,TSUI Y,LI Qiguang,et al.Progressive cracking of granite plate under uniaxialcompression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2001,21(7):940–947.(in Chinese))
[13]倪骁慧,朱珍德,赵杰,等.岩石破裂全程数字化细观损伤力学试验研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(11):3283–3290.(NI Xiaohui,ZHU Zhende,ZHAO Jie,et al.Meso-damage mechanical digitalizationtest of complete process of rock failure[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2009,30(11):3 283–3 290.(in Chinese))
[14]倪骁慧,朱珍德,武沂泉.基于SEM的大理岩单轴受压全过程细观损伤量化研究[J].金属矿山,2009,39(9):29–32.(NI Xiaohui,ZHU Zhende,WU Yiquan.SEM-based investigation on the quantificationof meso-damage of marble under uniaxial compression[J].MetalMine,2009,39(9):29–32.(in Chinese))
[15]倪骁慧,朱珍德,李晓娟,等.循环荷载下花岗岩细观损伤量化试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(7):1991–1995.(NI Xiaohui,ZHUZhende,LI Xiaojuan,et al.Quantitative test study of meso-damage ofrock under cyclic load[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(7):1 991–1 995.(in Chinese))
[16]ELZAFRANEY M F.Quantitative microstructural investigationof damaged concrete[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Michigan:Michigan StateUniversity,2004.
[17]ZHU Z D,ZHANG Y,JIANG Z J,et al.Damage analysis of redsandstone dynamic deformation with digital image technique[C]//GeoShanghai International Conference.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006:112–118.
[18]GONZALEZ R C,WOODS R E.数字图像处理[M].阮秋琦,阮宇智译.北京:电子工业出版社,2004:20–25.(GONZALEZ R C,WOODS R E.Digital image processing[M].Translated by RUANQiuqi,RUAN Yuzhi.Beijing:Electronic Industry Press,2004:20–25.(in Chinese))
[19]孙兆林.MATLAB6.X图像处理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002:137–145.(SUN Zhaolin.MATLAB 6.X image processing[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2002:137–145.(in Chinese))
[20]渠文平.基于数字图像处理技术的岩石细观量化试验研究[硕士学位论文][D].南京:河海大学,2006.(QUWenping.Quantitativemesostructuralinvestigation of rock based on digital image processing technique[M.S.Thesis][D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2006.(in Chinese))
[21]黄强.压应力状态下脆性岩石细观损伤破坏过程研究[硕士学位论文][D].南京:河海大学,2012.(HUANGQiang.Studyonthemesoscopicdamage and failure process of brittle rock under ccompression[M.S.Thesis][D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2012.(in Chinese))
[22]RCIE J R.Inelastic constitutive relations for solids:an internal-varibletheory and its application to metal plasticity[J].Journal of the Mechanicsand Physics of Solids,1971,19(6):433–455.
[23]BASTIA M,GROSS D.The sliding crack model of brittle deformation:an interval variable approach[J].International Journal of Solids andStructures,1998,35(3):747–769.
[24]黄克智,肖纪美.材料的损伤断裂机制与宏微观断裂力学理论[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999:63–65.(HUANGKezhi,XIAOJimei.Thedamage and fracture mechanism and theory of macro-and micro-scopicfracture mechanics[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1999:63–65.(in Chinese))
[25]FANELLA D,KRAJACINOVIC D.A micromechanical model forconcrete in compression[J].Engineering Fracture,1988,29(1):49–66.
[26]NEMAT-NASSER S,HORII H.Brittle fracture in compression:splitting,faulting and brittle-ductile transition[J].Philosophical Transanction ofRoyal Society of London,1986,319(1 549):337–374.
[27]HORII H,NETMAT-NASSER S.Compression induced microcrackgrowth in brittle solids:axial splitting and shear failure[J].Journal ofGeophysics Research,1985,90(B4):3 105–3 125.
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