黄河内蒙河段河床冲淤演变特征及原因
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摘要
利用黄河内蒙段1962-2000年间4期大断面观测资料,计算了各期河床冲淤和河槽形态指标。发现从1962-2000年间前20年、中间9年及后9年,内蒙河段河槽500m2过水面积下河底高程发生了降低—升高—再升高的过程;河槽漫滩过水面积经历了升高—降低—再降低的过程,2000年只有1982年的大约一半;滩地经历了持续淤积过程,平均抬升0.25m;河槽宽深比值经历了变化不显著—增加—减小的过程。分析结果表明:气候变化、引水、水库拦沙和重点产沙支流来沙变化在河床冲淤和河床形态调整中作用较大;水库对径流的年内调节对1982年后河槽淤积贡献较大;来水来沙变化下河流多要素自动调整是造成河槽形态变化过程复杂的原因。
Using measurements of channel cross sections along the Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River made by 4 times during the period 1962-2000,the authors computed the thicknesses of scouring and silting of the main channel bed and flood land,and indexes of channel cross-section geometry.Some characteristics of channel adjustment in the Inner Mongolian reach were revealed.The channel bed of 500 m2 wet area experienced a process from being scoured of 0.9 m before the year 1982 to being accumulated by 1.6 m thereafter on average,so did the thalweg with scouring and silting thicknesses slightly different from those of the channel bed of 500 m2 wet area.Also,the channel capacity increased before 1982 and decreased thereafter,and the channel capacity in 2000 was only about half of that in 1982.The floodland was silted up continuously and increased by 0.25 m on average.The width of the main channel did not change at a significant level from 1962 to 1982,but increased significantly from 1982 to 1991 and decreased significantly from 1991 to 2000.The depth of the main channel increased at first,then decreased and increased again all at a significant level from the early to the later periods.The ratio of square root of the width to depth changed following the same direction as the width.Through analyses of the hydrological data,climate change and water diversion were recognized as the main factors which altered the water discharge and sediment carrying capacity and led to obvious channel changes in the Inner Mongolian reach,and runoff reduction due to climate change was found to be the main cause for serious sediment accumulation and channel shrinkage during the period 1992-2000.Among the factors influencing sediment input,sediment detaining behind dams and variations in sediment load of three main tributaries,i.e.,the Zuli,Qingshui and Kushui rivers,played an important role in sediment erosion and accumulation and in channel adjustment,and they were the main causes for channel erosion in the period 1963-1982.The inner-annual runoff regulation by reservoirs was a main contributor to sediment accumulation in channel during the period 1982-2000.The complex temporal changes in channel adjustment could be attributed to multiple dimensions of channel adjustment.
Using measurements of channel cross sections along the Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River made by 4 times during the period 1962-2000,the authors computed the thicknesses of scouring and silting of the main channel bed and flood land,and indexes of channel cross-section geometry.Some characteristics of channel adjustment in the Inner Mongolian reach were revealed.The channel bed of 500 m2 wet area experienced a process from being scoured of 0.9 m before the year 1982 to being accumulated by 1.6 m thereafter on average,so did the thalweg with scouring and silting thicknesses slightly different from those of the channel bed of 500 m2 wet area.Also,the channel capacity increased before 1982 and decreased thereafter,and the channel capacity in 2000 was only about half of that in 1982.The floodland was silted up continuously and increased by 0.25 m on average.The width of the main channel did not change at a significant level from 1962 to 1982,but increased significantly from 1982 to 1991 and decreased significantly from 1991 to 2000.The depth of the main channel increased at first,then decreased and increased again all at a significant level from the early to the later periods.The ratio of square root of the width to depth changed following the same direction as the width.Through analyses of the hydrological data,climate change and water diversion were recognized as the main factors which altered the water discharge and sediment carrying capacity and led to obvious channel changes in the Inner Mongolian reach,and runoff reduction due to climate change was found to be the main cause for serious sediment accumulation and channel shrinkage during the period 1992-2000.Among the factors influencing sediment input,sediment detaining behind dams and variations in sediment load of three main tributaries,i.e.,the Zuli,Qingshui and Kushui rivers,played an important role in sediment erosion and accumulation and in channel adjustment,and they were the main causes for channel erosion in the period 1963-1982.The inner-annual runoff regulation by reservoirs was a main contributor to sediment accumulation in channel during the period 1982-2000.The complex temporal changes in channel adjustment could be attributed to multiple dimensions of channel adjustment.
引文
[1]钱宁,张仁,周志德.河床演变学.北京:科学出版社,1987.1-11,453-498.
[2]钱宁,周文浩.黄河下游河床演变.北京:科学出版社,1965.1-224.
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[6]胡春宏.黄河水沙过程变异及河道的复杂响应.北京:科学出版社,2005.103-448.
[7]杨吉山,许炯心,王兆印,等.黄河下游游荡段河床萎缩的影响因素分析.地理研究,2007,26(5):915-121.
[8]许炯心.黄河河流地貌过程.北京:科学出版社,2012,332-437.
[9]杨根生,拓万全.风沙对黄河内蒙古河段河道淤积泥沙的影响.西北水电,2004,(3):44-49.
[10]侯素珍,常温花,王平,等.黄河内蒙古河段河床演变特征分析.泥沙研究,2010,(3):44-50.
[11]刘晓燕,侯素珍,常温花.黄河内蒙古河段主槽萎缩原因和对策.水利学报,2009,40(9):1048-1054.
[12]王随继,范小黎,赵晓坤.黄河宁蒙河段悬沙冲淤量时空变化及其影响因素.地理研究,2010,29(10):1879-1888.
[13]汪良谋,董瑞树,张裕明,等.河套地区新生代地质构造和地震活动的某些特点-兼谈鄂尔多斯周边新生代断陷盆地的形成.华北地震科学,1984,2(4):8-16.
[14]朱士光.论内蒙古河套地区历史时期河湖水系的变迁与土壤盐渍化问题.人民黄河,1989,(1):58-63.
[15]李炳元,葛全胜,郑景云.近2000年来内蒙后套平原黄河河道演变.地理学报,2003,58(2):239-246.
[16]王云璋,康玲玲,王国庆.近50年黄河上游降水变化及其对径流的影响.人民黄河,2004,26(2):5-8.
[17]康玲玲,王金花,董飞飞,等.黄河兰州站天然径流量变化及其计算方法探讨.水资源与水工程学报,2006,17(5):5-8.
[18]李天全.青铜峡水库泥沙淤积.大坝与安全,1998,(4):21-27.
[19]郭家麟.刘家峡水库泥沙淤积形态分析.人民黄河,2011,33(1):20-22.
[20]尚红霞,郑艳爽,张晓华.水库运用对宁蒙河道水沙条件的影响.人民黄河,2008,30(12):28-30.
[21]牛最荣.祖厉河泥沙特性及流域生态环境建设.东北水利水电,2002,20(5):43-44.
[22]杨永生,任东.基于洛伦茨曲线的祖厉河输沙量变化分析.水利科技与经济,2010,16(1):66-67.
[23]谢玉亭,许志文.祖厉河流域水利水土保持措施对入黄水沙变化的影响及发展趋势研究.见:汪岗,范昭,黄河水沙变化研究.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.279-326.
[24]左仲国.清水河流域水沙变化及发展趋势预测.见:汪岗,范昭,黄河水沙变化研究.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.439-448.
[25]姬宝霖,吕忠义,申向东,等.内蒙古达拉特旗十大孔兑综合治理方案研究.人民黄河,2004,26(1):31-33.
[26]许炯心.渭河下游河道调整过程中的复杂响应现象.地理研究,1989,8(2):82-90.
[2]钱宁,周文浩.黄河下游河床演变.北京:科学出版社,1965.1-224.
[3]叶青超,陆中臣,杨毅芬,等.黄河下游河流地貌.北京:科学出版社,1990.1-268.
[4]钱意颖,叶青超,周文浩.黄河干流水沙变化与河床演变.北京:中国建材工业出版社,1993.53-229.
[5]赵业安,周文浩,费祥俊,等.黄河下游河道演变基本规律.郑州:黄河水利出版社,1998.1-197.
[6]胡春宏.黄河水沙过程变异及河道的复杂响应.北京:科学出版社,2005.103-448.
[7]杨吉山,许炯心,王兆印,等.黄河下游游荡段河床萎缩的影响因素分析.地理研究,2007,26(5):915-121.
[8]许炯心.黄河河流地貌过程.北京:科学出版社,2012,332-437.
[9]杨根生,拓万全.风沙对黄河内蒙古河段河道淤积泥沙的影响.西北水电,2004,(3):44-49.
[10]侯素珍,常温花,王平,等.黄河内蒙古河段河床演变特征分析.泥沙研究,2010,(3):44-50.
[11]刘晓燕,侯素珍,常温花.黄河内蒙古河段主槽萎缩原因和对策.水利学报,2009,40(9):1048-1054.
[12]王随继,范小黎,赵晓坤.黄河宁蒙河段悬沙冲淤量时空变化及其影响因素.地理研究,2010,29(10):1879-1888.
[13]汪良谋,董瑞树,张裕明,等.河套地区新生代地质构造和地震活动的某些特点-兼谈鄂尔多斯周边新生代断陷盆地的形成.华北地震科学,1984,2(4):8-16.
[14]朱士光.论内蒙古河套地区历史时期河湖水系的变迁与土壤盐渍化问题.人民黄河,1989,(1):58-63.
[15]李炳元,葛全胜,郑景云.近2000年来内蒙后套平原黄河河道演变.地理学报,2003,58(2):239-246.
[16]王云璋,康玲玲,王国庆.近50年黄河上游降水变化及其对径流的影响.人民黄河,2004,26(2):5-8.
[17]康玲玲,王金花,董飞飞,等.黄河兰州站天然径流量变化及其计算方法探讨.水资源与水工程学报,2006,17(5):5-8.
[18]李天全.青铜峡水库泥沙淤积.大坝与安全,1998,(4):21-27.
[19]郭家麟.刘家峡水库泥沙淤积形态分析.人民黄河,2011,33(1):20-22.
[20]尚红霞,郑艳爽,张晓华.水库运用对宁蒙河道水沙条件的影响.人民黄河,2008,30(12):28-30.
[21]牛最荣.祖厉河泥沙特性及流域生态环境建设.东北水利水电,2002,20(5):43-44.
[22]杨永生,任东.基于洛伦茨曲线的祖厉河输沙量变化分析.水利科技与经济,2010,16(1):66-67.
[23]谢玉亭,许志文.祖厉河流域水利水土保持措施对入黄水沙变化的影响及发展趋势研究.见:汪岗,范昭,黄河水沙变化研究.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.279-326.
[24]左仲国.清水河流域水沙变化及发展趋势预测.见:汪岗,范昭,黄河水沙变化研究.郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.439-448.
[25]姬宝霖,吕忠义,申向东,等.内蒙古达拉特旗十大孔兑综合治理方案研究.人民黄河,2004,26(1):31-33.
[26]许炯心.渭河下游河道调整过程中的复杂响应现象.地理研究,1989,8(2):82-90.
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