岩石超声谐波特征及其随应力的变化
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摘要
岩石具有较强的非均质性和强衰减特性,谐波测量的难度较大。建立超声谐波测试实验系统,采用单频脉冲串(tone burst)激发、门控放大、脉冲反转和叠加等增强二次及高次谐波,研究岩石超声谐波的发育与振幅特征,定义名义非线性系数,分析单轴应力下岩石超声谐波及名义非线性系数随应力的变化。结果表明,超声谐波包含了丰富的岩石内部结构信息,表征了岩石的非线性特性,利用先进的仪器系统,采用谐波强化技术,可有效地获得岩石的超声谐波及其振幅,进行岩石非线性特性、微结构变化与损伤演化的监测。
The strong heterogeneity and strong attenuation in rocks make ultrasonic harmonic measurement more difficult.An experimental system for observing the ultrasonic harmonic was established.The measurement resolution of high harmonic waves was improved through the tone burst excitation,high power gated amplifier,pulse inversion technique and stacks of many repeated measurements.The growth and intensity of ultrasonic harmonic waves were discussed,the nominal nonlinear coefficient was defined,and the variations of harmonic characteristics and the nominal nonlinear coefficient with stress in rocks were investigated.The results show that ultrasonic harmonic includes the abundant information on rock internal structure,and represents the nonlinearity of the rocks.By the advanced instruments and harmonic reinforcement techniques,ultrasonic harmonic and its amplititude can be effectively measured,and the damage evolution and the variations of nonlinearity and microstructure in loaded rocks can be monitored.
The strong heterogeneity and strong attenuation in rocks make ultrasonic harmonic measurement more difficult.An experimental system for observing the ultrasonic harmonic was established.The measurement resolution of high harmonic waves was improved through the tone burst excitation,high power gated amplifier,pulse inversion technique and stacks of many repeated measurements.The growth and intensity of ultrasonic harmonic waves were discussed,the nominal nonlinear coefficient was defined,and the variations of harmonic characteristics and the nominal nonlinear coefficient with stress in rocks were investigated.The results show that ultrasonic harmonic includes the abundant information on rock internal structure,and represents the nonlinearity of the rocks.By the advanced instruments and harmonic reinforcement techniques,ultrasonic harmonic and its amplititude can be effectively measured,and the damage evolution and the variations of nonlinearity and microstructure in loaded rocks can be monitored.
引文
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[21]梁天成,葛洪魁,郭志伟,等.利用声发射和波速变化判定岩石损伤状态[J].中国地震,2012,28(2):154-166.LIANG Tian-cheng,GE Hong-kui,GUO Zhi-wei,et al.Evaluation of rock damage state with acoustic emissionand velocity variation[J].Earthquake Research in Chi-na,2012,28(2):154-166.
[2]BREAZEALE M A,FORD J.Ultrasonic studies of thenonlinear behavior of solids[J].J Appl Phys,1965,36(11):3486-3490.
[3]ZAREMBO L K,KRASILNIKOV V A.Nonlinear phe-nomena in the propagation of elastic waves in solids[J].Sov Phys Usp,1971,13(6):778-797.
[4]NA J,BREAZEALE M A.Ultrasonic nonlinear proper-ties of lead zirconate titanate ceramics[J].J Acoust SocAm,1994,95(6):3213-3221.
[5]VAN DEN ABEELE K E A,JOHNSON P A,SUTIN A.Nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy(NEWS)techniquesto discern material damage,part 1:nonlinear wave modu-lation spectroscopy(NWMS)[J].Res Nondestr Eval,2000,12(1):17-30.
[6]VAN DEN ABEELE K E A,CARMELIET J,TEN CATEJ A,et al.Nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy(NEWS)techniques to discern material damage,part2:singlemode nonlinear resonance acoustic spectroscopy[J].ResNondestr Eval,2000,12(1):31-42.
[7]PAYAN C,GARNIER V,MOYSAN J.Potential of non-linear ultrasonic indicators for nondestructive testing ofconcrete[J].Advances in Civil Engineering,2010,ID238472.
[8]GUYER R A,MCCALL K R,BOITNOTT G N.Hystere-sis,discrete memory,and nonlinear wave propagation inrock:a new paradigm[J].Phys Rev Lett,1995,74(17):3491-3495.
[9]SOLODOV I Y,KROHN N,BUSSE G.CAN:an exam-ple of nonclassical acoustic nonlinearity in solids[J].Ul-trasonics,2002,40:621-625.
[10]BABY S,KOWMUDI B N,OMPRAKASH C M,et al.Creep damage assessment in titanium alloy using a non-linear ultrasonic technique[J].Scripta Materialia,2008,59:818-821.
[11]KIM J Y,JACOBS L J,QU J,et al.Experimentalcharacterization of fatigue damage in a nickel-base su-peralloy using nonlinear ultrasonic waves[J].J AcoustSoc Am,2006,120(3):1266-1273.
[12]曾昱.超声非线性的理论与实验研究[D].北京:北京交通大学土木建筑工程学院,2008.ZENG Yu.Theoretical and experimental studies of non-linear ultrasonic[D].Beijing:School of Civil Engineer-ing in Beijing Jiaotong University,2008.
[13]陈小佳.基于非线性超声特征的混凝土初始损伤识别和评价研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学交通学院,2007.CHEN Xiao-jia.Study on initial damage detection andevaluation of concrete base on nonlinear acoustic features[D].Wuhan:School of Transportation in Wuhan Uni-versity of Technology,2007.
[14]周正干,刘斯明.非线性无损检测技术的研究、应用和发展[J].机械工程学报,2011,47(8):2-11.ZHOU Zheng-gan,LIU Si-ming.Nonlinear ultrasonictechniques used in nondestructive testing:a review[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2011,47(8):2-11.
[15]JOHNSON P A,ZINSZNER B,RASOLOFOSAON P NJ.Resonance and elastic noninear phenomena in rock[J].J Geophy Res,1996,101(B5):11553-11564.
[16]PASQUALINI D,HEITMANN K,TEN CATE J A,etal.Nonequilibrium and nonlinear dynamics in Berea andFontainebleau sandstones:low-strain regime[J].J Geo-phy Res,2007,112,B01204.
[17]ZINSZNER B,JOHNSON P A,RASOLOFOSAON P NJ.Influence of change in physical state on elastic non-linear response in rock:significance of effective pressureand water saturation[J].J Geophy Res,1997,102(B4):8105-8120.
[18]VERBEEK X A A M,LEDOUX L A F,WILLIGERS JM,et al.Experimental investigation of the pulse inver-sion technique for imaging ultrasound contrast agents[J].J Acoust Soc Am,2000,107(4):2281-2290.
[19]宋丽莉,葛洪魁,郭志伟,等.利用多次散射波监测介质性质变化的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(4):713-722.SONG Li-li,GE Hong-kui,GUO Zhi-wei,et al.Exper-imental study of variation of media properties monitoringusing multiple scattering waves[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(4):713-722.
[20]宋丽莉,葛洪魁,梁天成,等.小应力扰动下岩石弹性波速变化的波形检测[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,36(4):60-65.SONG Li-li,GE Hong-kui,LIANG Tian-cheng,et al.Waveform detection of elastic wave velocity changes inrock under small stress perturbations[J].Journal ofChina University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Sci-ence),2012,36(4):60-65.
[21]梁天成,葛洪魁,郭志伟,等.利用声发射和波速变化判定岩石损伤状态[J].中国地震,2012,28(2):154-166.LIANG Tian-cheng,GE Hong-kui,GUO Zhi-wei,et al.Evaluation of rock damage state with acoustic emissionand velocity variation[J].Earthquake Research in Chi-na,2012,28(2):154-166.
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