紫坪铺面板堆石坝三维有限元弹塑性分析
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摘要
发展能够合理评价面板堆石坝在施工期、蓄水期与地震期应力与变形的数值分析方法对于面板堆石坝的设计和安全运行具有重要的意义。本文开发了三维弹塑性有限元分析程序,根据紫坪铺筑坝堆石料单调和循环荷载大型三轴试验确定堆石料的广义塑性模型参数,对紫坪铺面板堆石坝的施工、蓄水过程及汶川地震震害进行了数值模拟,并与实际施工监测和震害调查结果进行了对比。结果表明:数值计算得到的大坝在施工期、地震期的变形,地震后面板应力分布及施工缝错台均与实测结果规律一致。表明采用考虑压力相关性的堆石料广义塑性模型进行面板堆石坝的施工期、蓄水期与地震期的全过程模拟是可行的。
Numerical or analytical methods developed to properly evaluate the deformation of concrete faced rock-fill dam(CFRD),which is important to the dam safety during construction and operation process.In this paper,a three dimentional elasto-plastic finite element procedure is developed to simulate the construction process and seismic response during Wenchuan earthquake of the Zipingpu CFRD.The rock-fill materials are described through a modified generalized plasticity model.The parameters of generalized plastic model are calibrated by monotonic and cyclic triaxial experiments of rock-fill materials of Zipingpu CFRD.The step-by-step construction,impoundment and earthquake process during Wenchuan earthquake are simulated in numerical procedure.The numerical results agreed well with in-situ monitoring records of dam settlements,distribution of slab stress and dislocation of construction joints.It is concluded that construction,impoundment and earthquake process finite element analysis of high CFRD is feasible by using generalized plastic model considering pressure dependency.
Numerical or analytical methods developed to properly evaluate the deformation of concrete faced rock-fill dam(CFRD),which is important to the dam safety during construction and operation process.In this paper,a three dimentional elasto-plastic finite element procedure is developed to simulate the construction process and seismic response during Wenchuan earthquake of the Zipingpu CFRD.The rock-fill materials are described through a modified generalized plasticity model.The parameters of generalized plastic model are calibrated by monotonic and cyclic triaxial experiments of rock-fill materials of Zipingpu CFRD.The step-by-step construction,impoundment and earthquake process during Wenchuan earthquake are simulated in numerical procedure.The numerical results agreed well with in-situ monitoring records of dam settlements,distribution of slab stress and dislocation of construction joints.It is concluded that construction,impoundment and earthquake process finite element analysis of high CFRD is feasible by using generalized plastic model considering pressure dependency.
引文
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[2]Hardin B O,Drnevich V.Shear modulus and damping in soils[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division,1972;98(7):667-692.
[3]Ming H Y,Li X S.Fully coupled analysis of failure and remediation of Lower San Fernando Dam[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2003,129(4):336-349.
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[9]Alyami M,Rouainia M,Wilkinson A M.Numerical analysis of deformation behavior of quay walls under earthquake loading[J].Soil Dynamic and Earthquake Engineering.2009,(29):525-536.
[10]Pastor M.Modelling of anisotropic sand behavior[J].Computers and Geotechnics.1991,11(3):173-208.
[11]Sassa S,Sekiguchi H.Analysis of waved-induced liquefaction of sand beds[J].Getechnique.2001,51(2):115-126.
[12]Ling H I,Liu Huabei.Pressure-level dependency and densification behavior of sand through a generalized plasticity model[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics.2003,129(8),851-860.
[13]Ling H I,Yang Songtao.Unified sand based on the critical state and generalized plasticity[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics.2006,132(12):1380-1391.
[14]Manzanal D,Merodo J A F,Pastor M.Generalized plasticity state parameter-based model for saturated and unsaturated soils.Part1:Saturated state[J].International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.2011,35(12):1347-1362.
[15]陈生水,傅中志,韩华强,等.一个考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料弹塑性本构模型[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(10):1489-1495.CHEN Shengshui,FU Zhongzhi,HAN Huaqiang,et al.An elastoplastic model for rockfill materials considering particle breakage[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(10):1489-1495.(in Chinese)
[16]Liu Huabei,Ling H I.Constitutive description of interface behavior including cyclic loading and particle breakage within theframework of critical state soil mechanics.International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.2008,32:1495-1514.
[17]Sun,L X.Centrifugal Testing and Finite Element Analysis of Pipeline Buried in Liquefiable Soil[D],Ph.D.Thesis,ColumbiaUniversity.,2001.
[18]刘华北,宋二祥.可液化土中地铁结构的地震响应[J].岩土力学,2005,26(3):381-386.LIU Huabei,SONG Erxiang.Earthquake induced liquefaction response of subway structure in liquefiable soil[J].Rock and SoilMechanics,2005,26(3):381-386.(in Chinese)
[19]刘华北,Ling H I.土工格栅加筋土挡土墙设计参数的弹塑性有限元研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(5):668-673.LIU Huabei,LING H I.Elasto-plastic finite element study for parameters of geogrid-reinforced soil retaining wall[J].ChineseJournal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(5):668-673.(in Chinese)
[20]刘华北.水平与竖向地震作用下土工格栅加筋土挡墙动力分析[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(5):594～599LIU Huabei.Analysis on seismic behavior of geogrid-reinforced retaining wall subjected to horizontal and vertical excitations[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(5):594-599.(in Chinese)
[21]邹德高,孔宪京.液化土中管线抗上浮排水措施数值分析[J].大连理工大学学报.2010,50(3):379-385.ZOU Degao,KONG Xianjing.Numerical analysis of mitigation methods against pipeline up-lifting in liquefiable soil[J].Journal ofDalian University of Technology,2010,50(3):379-385.(in Chinese)
[22]Li Tongchun,Zhang Hongyang.Dynamic parameter verification of P-Z model and its application of dynamic analysis on rockfill dam[M].Earth and Space 2010:Engineering,Science,Construction and Operations in Challenging Environments.
[23]于玉贞,卞锋.高土石坝地震动力响应特征弹塑性有限元分析[J].世界地震工程,2010,26(S1):341-345.YU Yuzhen,BIAN Feng.Elasto-plastic FEM analysis of dynamic response of high earth-rockfill dams during earthquake[J].WorldEarthquake Engineering,2010,26(S1):341-345.(in Chinese)
[24]邹德高,徐斌,孔宪京,等.基于广义塑性模型的高面板堆石坝静、动力分析[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(6):109-116.ZOU Degao,XU Bin,KONG Xianjing,et al.Static and dynamic analysis of high concrete-faced rockfill dam based on generalizedplastic model[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2011,30(6):109-116.(in Chinese)
[25]Zou Degao,Kong Xianjing,Xu Bin.User manual for Geotechnical Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis.Institute of Earthquake Engineering[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2005.
[26]Nova R.A constitutive model under monotonic and cyclic loading.In Soil mechanics-transient and cyclic loads[M].Edited by G.Pande and Zienkiewicz O C.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1982:343-373.
[27]Zienkiewicz O C,Chan A H C,Pastor M,Scherfler B A,Shiomit.Computational geomechanics with special reference to earthquakeengineering[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1998,235-236.
[28]Goodman R E,Taylor R L,Brekke,et al.A Model for the Mechanics of Jointed Rock[J],Journal of Soil Mechanics andFoundations Division,ASCE,1968,94(SM3):637-659.
[29]Clough G W,Duncan J M.Finite element analysis of retaining wall behavior[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics and FoundationEngineering,1971,97(12):1657-1672.
[30]Zhang G,Zhang J-M.Unified modeling of monotonic and cyclic behavior of interface between structure and gravelly soil[J].Soilsand Foundation,2008,48(2):237-251.
[31]宋彦刚,邓良胜,蔡德文,等.紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝施工期沉降监测分析[J].四川水力发电,2006,25(1):21-27.SONG Yan-gang,DENG Liangsheng,CAI Dewen,et al.Monitoring for Concrete Faced Rock-fill Dam Settlement duringConstruction of Zipingpu Project[J],Sichuan Water Power,2006,25(1):21-27.(in Chinese)
[32]陈生水,霍家平,章为民.汶川“5.12”地震对紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝的影响及原因分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):795-801.CHEN Shengshui,HUO Jiaping,ZHANG Weimin.Analysis of effects of“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake on Zipingpu concrete facerock-fill dam[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):795-801.(in Chinese)
[33]Guan Zhicheng.Investigation of the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake damages to the Zipingpu Water Control Project and an assessment ofits safety state[J].Science China Series E-Tech Science,2009,52(4):820-834.
[34]孔宪京,周扬,邹德高,等.汶川地震紫坪铺面板堆石坝地震波输入研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(7):2110-2116.KONG Xianjing,ZHOU Yang,ZOU Degao,et al.Study of seismic wave input of Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam duringWenchuan earthquake[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(7):2110-2116.(in Chinese)
[2]Hardin B O,Drnevich V.Shear modulus and damping in soils[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division,1972;98(7):667-692.
[3]Ming H Y,Li X S.Fully coupled analysis of failure and remediation of Lower San Fernando Dam[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2003,129(4):336-349.
[4]Newmark N M.Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments[J].Geotechnique,1965;15(2):139-60.
[5]Serff H,Seed H B.Earthquake induced deformation of earth dams[R].Berkeley,University of CA,1976.
[6]Pastor M,Zienkiewicz O C,Chan A H C.Generalized plasticity and the modeling of soil behavior[J].Int.J.Numer.Analyt.Meth.Geomech.,1990,14(3):151-190.
[7]Zienkiewicz O C,Leung K H,Pastor M.Simple model for transient soil loading in earthquake analysis.I:basic model and itsapplication[J].International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.1985,(9):453-476.
[8]Pastor M,Zienkiewicz O C,Leung K H.Simple model for transient soil loading in earthquake analysis.II:non-associative modelsfor sands[J].International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.1985,(9):477-498.
[9]Alyami M,Rouainia M,Wilkinson A M.Numerical analysis of deformation behavior of quay walls under earthquake loading[J].Soil Dynamic and Earthquake Engineering.2009,(29):525-536.
[10]Pastor M.Modelling of anisotropic sand behavior[J].Computers and Geotechnics.1991,11(3):173-208.
[11]Sassa S,Sekiguchi H.Analysis of waved-induced liquefaction of sand beds[J].Getechnique.2001,51(2):115-126.
[12]Ling H I,Liu Huabei.Pressure-level dependency and densification behavior of sand through a generalized plasticity model[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics.2003,129(8),851-860.
[13]Ling H I,Yang Songtao.Unified sand based on the critical state and generalized plasticity[J].Journal of Engineering Mechanics.2006,132(12):1380-1391.
[14]Manzanal D,Merodo J A F,Pastor M.Generalized plasticity state parameter-based model for saturated and unsaturated soils.Part1:Saturated state[J].International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.2011,35(12):1347-1362.
[15]陈生水,傅中志,韩华强,等.一个考虑颗粒破碎的堆石料弹塑性本构模型[J].岩土工程学报,2011,33(10):1489-1495.CHEN Shengshui,FU Zhongzhi,HAN Huaqiang,et al.An elastoplastic model for rockfill materials considering particle breakage[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2011,33(10):1489-1495.(in Chinese)
[16]Liu Huabei,Ling H I.Constitutive description of interface behavior including cyclic loading and particle breakage within theframework of critical state soil mechanics.International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics.2008,32:1495-1514.
[17]Sun,L X.Centrifugal Testing and Finite Element Analysis of Pipeline Buried in Liquefiable Soil[D],Ph.D.Thesis,ColumbiaUniversity.,2001.
[18]刘华北,宋二祥.可液化土中地铁结构的地震响应[J].岩土力学,2005,26(3):381-386.LIU Huabei,SONG Erxiang.Earthquake induced liquefaction response of subway structure in liquefiable soil[J].Rock and SoilMechanics,2005,26(3):381-386.(in Chinese)
[19]刘华北,Ling H I.土工格栅加筋土挡土墙设计参数的弹塑性有限元研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(5):668-673.LIU Huabei,LING H I.Elasto-plastic finite element study for parameters of geogrid-reinforced soil retaining wall[J].ChineseJournal of Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(5):668-673.(in Chinese)
[20]刘华北.水平与竖向地震作用下土工格栅加筋土挡墙动力分析[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(5):594～599LIU Huabei.Analysis on seismic behavior of geogrid-reinforced retaining wall subjected to horizontal and vertical excitations[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(5):594-599.(in Chinese)
[21]邹德高,孔宪京.液化土中管线抗上浮排水措施数值分析[J].大连理工大学学报.2010,50(3):379-385.ZOU Degao,KONG Xianjing.Numerical analysis of mitigation methods against pipeline up-lifting in liquefiable soil[J].Journal ofDalian University of Technology,2010,50(3):379-385.(in Chinese)
[22]Li Tongchun,Zhang Hongyang.Dynamic parameter verification of P-Z model and its application of dynamic analysis on rockfill dam[M].Earth and Space 2010:Engineering,Science,Construction and Operations in Challenging Environments.
[23]于玉贞,卞锋.高土石坝地震动力响应特征弹塑性有限元分析[J].世界地震工程,2010,26(S1):341-345.YU Yuzhen,BIAN Feng.Elasto-plastic FEM analysis of dynamic response of high earth-rockfill dams during earthquake[J].WorldEarthquake Engineering,2010,26(S1):341-345.(in Chinese)
[24]邹德高,徐斌,孔宪京,等.基于广义塑性模型的高面板堆石坝静、动力分析[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(6):109-116.ZOU Degao,XU Bin,KONG Xianjing,et al.Static and dynamic analysis of high concrete-faced rockfill dam based on generalizedplastic model[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2011,30(6):109-116.(in Chinese)
[25]Zou Degao,Kong Xianjing,Xu Bin.User manual for Geotechnical Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis.Institute of Earthquake Engineering[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2005.
[26]Nova R.A constitutive model under monotonic and cyclic loading.In Soil mechanics-transient and cyclic loads[M].Edited by G.Pande and Zienkiewicz O C.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1982:343-373.
[27]Zienkiewicz O C,Chan A H C,Pastor M,Scherfler B A,Shiomit.Computational geomechanics with special reference to earthquakeengineering[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1998,235-236.
[28]Goodman R E,Taylor R L,Brekke,et al.A Model for the Mechanics of Jointed Rock[J],Journal of Soil Mechanics andFoundations Division,ASCE,1968,94(SM3):637-659.
[29]Clough G W,Duncan J M.Finite element analysis of retaining wall behavior[J].Journal of Soil Mechanics and FoundationEngineering,1971,97(12):1657-1672.
[30]Zhang G,Zhang J-M.Unified modeling of monotonic and cyclic behavior of interface between structure and gravelly soil[J].Soilsand Foundation,2008,48(2):237-251.
[31]宋彦刚,邓良胜,蔡德文,等.紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝施工期沉降监测分析[J].四川水力发电,2006,25(1):21-27.SONG Yan-gang,DENG Liangsheng,CAI Dewen,et al.Monitoring for Concrete Faced Rock-fill Dam Settlement duringConstruction of Zipingpu Project[J],Sichuan Water Power,2006,25(1):21-27.(in Chinese)
[32]陈生水,霍家平,章为民.汶川“5.12”地震对紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝的影响及原因分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):795-801.CHEN Shengshui,HUO Jiaping,ZHANG Weimin.Analysis of effects of“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake on Zipingpu concrete facerock-fill dam[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):795-801.(in Chinese)
[33]Guan Zhicheng.Investigation of the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake damages to the Zipingpu Water Control Project and an assessment ofits safety state[J].Science China Series E-Tech Science,2009,52(4):820-834.
[34]孔宪京,周扬,邹德高,等.汶川地震紫坪铺面板堆石坝地震波输入研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(7):2110-2116.KONG Xianjing,ZHOU Yang,ZOU Degao,et al.Study of seismic wave input of Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam duringWenchuan earthquake[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(7):2110-2116.(in Chinese)
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