塔里木盆地与北山地区高放废物处置地质环境安全性对比分析
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摘要
参照地震发生频率、地块稳定特性等地质环境因素,结合水中的同位素及水化学特征分析,对塔里木盆地东部地区的核试验场地与北山地区作为高放废物处置场的预选址的安全性与合理性加以对比论述。研究结果显示,北山地区30 km以下的下地壳中存在着高导低速层,附近地区历史上曾发生过多次大地震,是一个相对不稳定地块。北山的地下水经分析并非是最初认定的"古水",也不是来自当地降水,而是祁连山的降水通过深大断裂带补给的,北山附近的花海地区自流井的流量就达到了106 m3/a。北山地区的深层地下水为淡水,径流速度较快,下游为生态与环境的重点保护区额济纳盆地,因此会不利于将其作为高放废物处置场的选址。相比较而言,塔里木盆地东部地区历史上从未发生过较大的地震,地壳层中不存在高导低速层,同位素数据显示其地下水主要来自当地的降雨和河流的入渗补给,地下水中总溶解固体随着深度的增加而增加,地下水的循环周期较长,地下径流的最终排泄区是罗布泊荒漠戈壁地区,而且塔里木盆地东部军事禁区存在面积超过3 000 km2的花岗岩。因此在已经受到污染的核试验地区修建永久性处置高放废物要比北山地区更为安全,即使未来发生最不利的污染等事件也可以将对环境与生态的破坏降到最低。
Security and reliability for choosing a disposal location of high-level nuclear waste have been discussed.Eastern Tarim Basin and Beishan area are compared by terms of some geological condition factors such as earthquake occurrence frequencies and block stability together with analysis of isotopic and hydrochemical parameters in the water samples.The results show that a high-conductivity and low-velocity layer of the earth′s crust is detected in the Beishan area,with the depth of more than 30 km.The basal lamina here is instable,accompanying major earthquakes frequently occurred in the past.Researches show that groundwater in Beishan area is neither sourced from "palaeo-water"nor from local precipitation,but from the precipitation in Qilian Mountain through large deep fault zones.Artesian wells with the volumes of 106 m3 per year are found in Huahai area nearby the Beishan area.Moreover,deep groundwater in this region belongs to fresh water.Runoff velocity is fast.If Beishan area was chosen as the disposal location of high-level nuclear waste,ecological environment of the lower reach,namely,Ejina Basin,would be destroyed.In contrast,eastern Tarim Basin belongs to stable block.High-conductivity and low-velocity layers are not found in this area.Major earthquakes did not occur in geological period.Groundwater originates from infiltrated supply of rivers and lakes,with the total dissolved solids(TDS) values increase with depth.The circulation period of the groundwater is relative a long time.The runoff underneath eventually flows to the Lop Nur gobi area.In addition,there covers granite with the area larger than 3 000 km2 underneath the earth surface of military base in eastern Tarim Basin.As a result,it seems to be more secure and reliable if choosing the polluted nuclear tests base station in eastern Tarim Basin as permanent disposal location than Beishan area.The destroy degree to ecological environment could be dropped to lowness if the disadvantageous events happen in the future.
Security and reliability for choosing a disposal location of high-level nuclear waste have been discussed.Eastern Tarim Basin and Beishan area are compared by terms of some geological condition factors such as earthquake occurrence frequencies and block stability together with analysis of isotopic and hydrochemical parameters in the water samples.The results show that a high-conductivity and low-velocity layer of the earth′s crust is detected in the Beishan area,with the depth of more than 30 km.The basal lamina here is instable,accompanying major earthquakes frequently occurred in the past.Researches show that groundwater in Beishan area is neither sourced from "palaeo-water"nor from local precipitation,but from the precipitation in Qilian Mountain through large deep fault zones.Artesian wells with the volumes of 106 m3 per year are found in Huahai area nearby the Beishan area.Moreover,deep groundwater in this region belongs to fresh water.Runoff velocity is fast.If Beishan area was chosen as the disposal location of high-level nuclear waste,ecological environment of the lower reach,namely,Ejina Basin,would be destroyed.In contrast,eastern Tarim Basin belongs to stable block.High-conductivity and low-velocity layers are not found in this area.Major earthquakes did not occur in geological period.Groundwater originates from infiltrated supply of rivers and lakes,with the total dissolved solids(TDS) values increase with depth.The circulation period of the groundwater is relative a long time.The runoff underneath eventually flows to the Lop Nur gobi area.In addition,there covers granite with the area larger than 3 000 km2 underneath the earth surface of military base in eastern Tarim Basin.As a result,it seems to be more secure and reliable if choosing the polluted nuclear tests base station in eastern Tarim Basin as permanent disposal location than Beishan area.The destroy degree to ecological environment could be dropped to lowness if the disadvantageous events happen in the future.
引文
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[17]郭永海,刘淑芬,苏锐,等.高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区水文地质特征方法学研究[J].中国核科技报告,2003,(1):145–164.(GUO Yonghai,LIU Shufen,SU Rui,et al.Study on the methodology of hydrogeological character in preselected site for high-level waste repository in Beishan area,Gansu Province[J].China Nuclear Science and Technology Report,2003,(1):145–164.(in Chinese))
[18]庞忠和,王驹,郭永海,等.双栓塞分层采样研究北山花岗岩体地下水–初步同位素分析[C]//中国岩石力学与工程学会废物地下处置专业委员会成立大会暨首届学术交流大会论文集.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006:21–25.(PANG Zhonghe,WANG Ju,GUO Yonghai,et al.Study on groundwater in Beishan granite body using downhole double-packer system-preliminary isotope results[C]//Workshop on Performance Assessment for Nuclear Waste Management and Disposal.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006:21–25.(in Chinese))
[19]International Atomic Energy Agency.Environmental isotope data:world survey of isotope concentration in precipitation[OL].[2005–12–16]http://isohis.iaea.org,2001.
[20]陈建生,赵霞,盛雪芬,等.巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊群与沙山形成机制研究[J].科学通报,2006,51(23):87–94.(CHEN Jiansheng,ZHAO Xia,SHENG Xuefen,et al.Formation mechanisms of megadunes and lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert,Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51(23):87–94.(in Chinese))
[21]武选民,史生胜,黎志恒,等.西北黑河下游额济纳盆地地下水系统研究(上)[J].水文地质工程地质,2002,29(1):16–20.(WU Xuanmin,SHI Shengsheng,LI Zhiheng,et al.Study on the groundwater flow system of Ejina Basin in lower reaches of the Heihe River in Northwest China(I)[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2002,29(1):16–20.(in Chinese))
[2]王驹,陈伟明,苏锐,等.高放废物地质处置及其若干关键科学问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(4):801–812.(WANG Ju,CHEN Weiming,SU Rui,et al.Geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste and its key scientific issues[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(4):801–812.(in Chinese))
[3]WANG J,SU R,CHEN W M,et al.Deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes in China[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(4):649–658.
[4]CHEN J S,LI L,WANG J Y,et al.Water resources:groundwater maintains dune landscape[J].Nature,2004,432(7 016):459–460.
[5]陈建生,汪集旸.阿尔金断裂中的地下河对北山修建核废物库的不利影响[J].水利经济,2005,23(1):9–13,19.(CHEN Jiansheng,WANG Jiyang.Adverse impact of Altun Fault′s strong water delivery on nuclear disposal field of Beishan Mount[J].Journal of Economics of Water Resources,2005,23(1):9–13,19.(in Chinese))
[6]李祥根.中国新构造运动概论[M].北京:地震出版社,2003.(LI Xianggen.An introduction to neotectonic movement in China[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2003.(in Chinese))
[7]郑联达.大地震规律研究[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,1996.(ZHENG Lianda.Research on law of large earthquake[M].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology Press,1996.(in Chinese))
[8]杨藩,叶素娟,曹春潮,等.新生代阿尔金断层中、东段右行走滑特征[J].地质科学,1994,29(4):346–354.(YANG Fan,YE Sujuan,CAO Chunchao,et al.Right lateral characteristics of the middle eastern segment of Altun Fault in Cenozoic Era[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,1994,29(4):346–354.(in Chinese))
[9]徐常芳.中国大陆地壳上地幔电性结构及地震分布规律(一)[J].地震学报,1996,18(2):254–261.(XU Changfang.Electrical conductivity structure of the upper mantle of crust and distribution law of earthquake in Chinese continent(I)[J].Acta Seimologic Sinica,1996,18(2):254–261.(in Chinese))
[10]张振法.论塔里木地台与华北地台的关系[J].物探与化探,1998,22(5):384–393.(ZHANG Zhenfa.The relationship between the Tarim platform and the North China platform[J].Geophysical and Geochemical Explorations.1998,22(5):384–393.(in Chinese))
[11]汤吉,詹艳,赵国泽,等.青藏高原东北缘玛沁—兰州—靖边剖面地壳上地幔电性结构研究[J].地球物理学报,2005,48(5):1 205–1 216.(TANG Ji,ZHAN Yan,ZHAO Guoze,et al.Electrical conductivity structure of the crust and upper mantle in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai—Tibet Plateau along the profile of Maqin—Lanzhou—Jingbian[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2005,48(5):1 205–1 216.(in Chinese))
[12]陈梦熊,马凤山.中国地下水资源与环境[M].北京:地震出版社,2002.(CHEN Mengxiong,MA Fengshan.Groundwater resources and environment in China[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2002.(in Chinese))
[13]蔡春芳,梅博文,马亭,等.塔里木盆地流体岩石相互作用研究[M].北京:地质出版社,1997.(CAI Chunfang,MEI Bowen,MA Ting,et al.Study on fluid-rock interaction in Tarim Basin[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1997.(in Chinese))
[14]李文鹏,郝爱兵,郑跃军,等.塔里木盆地区域地下水环境同位素特征及其意义[J].地学前缘,2006,13(1):191–198.(LI Wenpeng,HAO Aibing,ZHENG Yuejun,et al.Regional environmental isotopic features of groundwater and their hydrogeological explanation in the Tarim Basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(1):191–198.(in Chinese))
[15]赵运昌.中国西部地区地下水资源[M].北京:地震出版社,2002.(ZHAO Yunchang.Groundwater resource in Northwest China[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2002.(in Chinese))
[16]陈建生,汪集旸.试论阿尔金断裂中的地下河对西部水资源开发与经济发展的影响[J].水利经济,2004,22(4):1–7.(CHEN Jiansheng,TANG Jiyang.The impact of discovering underground river of Altun Fault on water resources and economic development in West China[J].Journal of Economics of Water Resources,2004,22(4):1–7.(in Chinese))
[17]郭永海,刘淑芬,苏锐,等.高放废物处置库甘肃北山预选区水文地质特征方法学研究[J].中国核科技报告,2003,(1):145–164.(GUO Yonghai,LIU Shufen,SU Rui,et al.Study on the methodology of hydrogeological character in preselected site for high-level waste repository in Beishan area,Gansu Province[J].China Nuclear Science and Technology Report,2003,(1):145–164.(in Chinese))
[18]庞忠和,王驹,郭永海,等.双栓塞分层采样研究北山花岗岩体地下水–初步同位素分析[C]//中国岩石力学与工程学会废物地下处置专业委员会成立大会暨首届学术交流大会论文集.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006:21–25.(PANG Zhonghe,WANG Ju,GUO Yonghai,et al.Study on groundwater in Beishan granite body using downhole double-packer system-preliminary isotope results[C]//Workshop on Performance Assessment for Nuclear Waste Management and Disposal.[S.l.]:[s.n.],2006:21–25.(in Chinese))
[19]International Atomic Energy Agency.Environmental isotope data:world survey of isotope concentration in precipitation[OL].[2005–12–16]http://isohis.iaea.org,2001.
[20]陈建生,赵霞,盛雪芬,等.巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊群与沙山形成机制研究[J].科学通报,2006,51(23):87–94.(CHEN Jiansheng,ZHAO Xia,SHENG Xuefen,et al.Formation mechanisms of megadunes and lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert,Inner Mongolia[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51(23):87–94.(in Chinese))
[21]武选民,史生胜,黎志恒,等.西北黑河下游额济纳盆地地下水系统研究(上)[J].水文地质工程地质,2002,29(1):16–20.(WU Xuanmin,SHI Shengsheng,LI Zhiheng,et al.Study on the groundwater flow system of Ejina Basin in lower reaches of the Heihe River in Northwest China(I)[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,2002,29(1):16–20.(in Chinese))
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