从非线性与统计物理多重角度探讨数值地震预测
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摘要
在科技文献中,地震常被比喻为非线性动力学过程或统计物理中的相变过程。文章探讨了如何从非线性力学中的分岔理论以及统计物理内的朗道相变理论出发,从势磊穿越,临界涨落与临界慢化等多个角度来分析和了解地震发生的全过程。文章作者试图在这些非线性力学与统计物理的基础上,综合地震过程中在时间与空间上应出现的前兆,解释如何可能做出具有普适性的数值地震预测。
In the scientific literature we frequently find earthquakes referred to as a bifurcation in nonlinear dynamics or a phase transition in statistical physics. In this article we examine how we can understand earthquake processes in terms of barrier crossing, critical fluctuations, and critical slowing down, starting from our understanding of bifurcation theory in nonlinear dynamics and Landau’s theory of phase transitions in statistical physics. We will then explain how quantitative earthquake prediction is possible, combining universal spatial and temporal signatures that must occur prior to a large earthquake.
In the scientific literature we frequently find earthquakes referred to as a bifurcation in nonlinear dynamics or a phase transition in statistical physics. In this article we examine how we can understand earthquake processes in terms of barrier crossing, critical fluctuations, and critical slowing down, starting from our understanding of bifurcation theory in nonlinear dynamics and Landau’s theory of phase transitions in statistical physics. We will then explain how quantitative earthquake prediction is possible, combining universal spatial and temporal signatures that must occur prior to a large earthquake.
引文
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[23]Cheong S A,Tan T L,Chen C C et al.In preparation
[24]Johnson N F,Ashkenazi J,Zhao Z et al.AIP Advances,2011,1:012114
[2]Gutenberg B,Richter C F.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1944,34:185
[3]Phillips J D.Geomorphology,1992,5:219
[4]Sornette D,Sammis C G.Journal de Physique I,1995,5:607
[5]Bowman D D,Ouillon G,Sammis C G et al.Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103:24359
[6]Murdock J.Normal forms and unfoldings for local dynamical systems.Springer,2002
[7]Hoffmann K H,Tang Q.Ginzburg-Landau phase transition theory and superconductivity.Birkhauser,2001
[8]Van der Pol B.The London,Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science,1927,2:978
[9]Scheffer M,Bascompte J,Brock W A et al.Nature,2009,461:53
[10]Hirota M,Holmgren M,Van Nes E H et al.Science,2011,334:232
[11]Veraart A J,Faassen E J,Dakos V et al.Nature,2012,481:357
[12]Scheffer M,Hirota M,Holmgren M et al.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012,109:21384
[13]Scheffer M,Carpenter S R,Lenton T M et al.Science,2012,338:344
[14]Bak P,Tang C,Wiesenfeld K.Physical Review Letters,1987,59:381
[15]Chen K,Bak P,Obukhov S P.Physical Review A,1991,43:625
[16]Feder H J S,Feder J.Physical Review Letters,1991,66:2669
[17]Olami Z,Feder H J S,Christensen K.Physical Review Letters,1992,68:1244
[18]Sornette A,Sornette D.Europhysics Letters,2007,9:197
[19]Huang Y,Saleur H,Sammis C et al.Europhysics Letters,2007,41:43
[20]Turcotte D L.Reports on Progress in Physics,1999,62:1377
[21]Yang X,Du S,Ma J.Physical Review Letters,2004,92:228501
[22]Bohorquez J C,Gourley S,Dixon A R et al.Na-ture,2009,462:911
[23]Cheong S A,Tan T L,Chen C C et al.In preparation
[24]Johnson N F,Ashkenazi J,Zhao Z et al.AIP Advances,2011,1:012114
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