应用单台垂向记录进行区域地震事件实时检测和直达P波初动自动识别
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摘要
提出一种基于直达P波信号和其它背景噪声在能量、非高斯性、非线性和偏振特性的不同而进行区域地震事件实时检测的新方法信噪综合差异特征量方法(简写为EFGLP方法),同时对比分析了应用信号的不同统计特性来精细识别震相初至的3种有效方法,其中的TOC-AIC方法是新提出的.应用山东数字地震波资料处理的结果表明:①与常规的STA/LTA地震事件触发算法相比,EFGLP方法能够有效降低地震事件的错误报警率和漏报率;②与人机交互震相识别结果相比,当信噪比比较低、震相初至比较模糊时,3种震相精细识别方法中的TOC-AIC方法识别精度最高;当信噪比比较高、震相初至比较清晰时,基于VAR-AIC和TOC-AIC方法所测量得到的震相初至识别基本一致.
In this paper,we present a new method for detecting and identifying regional seismic events in real time based on recognizing the different content between direct P-wave signal and background noise in energy,non-Gaussian characteristics,non-linearity and polarization of P-wave(we called as energy filter,Gauss linearity and polarization method,abbreviated to EFGLP method).We use AR-AIC,VAR-AIC and TOC-AIC methods to identify earthquake phases.Here TOC-AIC is a new algorithm.We have found that EFGLP method has lower misinformation ratio and error report ratio than conventional STA/LTA technique as a seismic event trigger.When signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)is low and the arrival is not from an event,the TOC-AIC method performs well and is the best one among the three methods for direct P-wave onset picking.When SNR is high,all three methods work well.
In this paper,we present a new method for detecting and identifying regional seismic events in real time based on recognizing the different content between direct P-wave signal and background noise in energy,non-Gaussian characteristics,non-linearity and polarization of P-wave(we called as energy filter,Gauss linearity and polarization method,abbreviated to EFGLP method).We use AR-AIC,VAR-AIC and TOC-AIC methods to identify earthquake phases.Here TOC-AIC is a new algorithm.We have found that EFGLP method has lower misinformation ratio and error report ratio than conventional STA/LTA technique as a seismic event trigger.When signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)is low and the arrival is not from an event,the TOC-AIC method performs well and is the best one among the three methods for direct P-wave onset picking.When SNR is high,all three methods work well.
引文
常旭,刘伊克.2002.地震记录的广义分维及其应用[J].地球物理学报,45(6):839--846.
李慧婷,黄文辉.2000.应用人工神经网络方法识别近震与远震[J].华南地震,20(4):71--75.
李宏伟,程乾生.2002.高阶统计量与随机信号分析[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社:1--27.
刘希强,周蕙兰,沈萍,杨选辉,马延路,李红.2000.用于三分向记录震相识别的小波变换方法[J].地震学报,22(2):125--131.
刘希强,周蕙兰,曹文海,李红,李永红,季爱东.2002.高斯线调频小波变换极其在地震震相识别中的应用[J].地震学报,24(6):607--616.
祁才君.2005.数字信号处理技术的算法分析与应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社:65--99.
王海军,靳平,刘贵忠,王晓明.2003.区域震相初至估计[J].西北地震学报,25(4):298--303.
王继,陈九辉,刘启元,李顺成,郭飚.2006.流动地震台阵观测初至震相的自动检测[J].地震学报,28(1):42--51.
王娟,刘俊民,范万春.2004.神经网络在震相识别中的应用[J].现代电子技术,27(8):35--37.
杨配新,邓存华,刘希强,任勇,颜其中.2004.数字化地震记录震相自动识别的方法研究[J].地震研究,27(4):308--313.
尹成,伍志明,邓怀群.2003.高阶统计量方法在地震勘探中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,18(3):546--550.
张范民,李清河.1998.利用人工神经网络理论对地震信号及地震震相进行识别[J].西北地震学报,20(4):43--49.
张贤达.1996.时间序列分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社:42--44.
朱元清,佟玉霞,于海英,宋俊高.2002.数字化台网的近震震相自动识别[J].西北地震学报,24(1):5--12.
Allen R.1978.Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from single trace[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,68:1521--1532.
Allen R V.1982.Automatic phase pickers:Their present use and future prospects[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,72:225--242.
Bear M,Kradolfer U.1987.An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,77(4):1437--1445.
Chael E P.1997.An automated Rayleigh-wave detection algorithm[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,87:157--163.
Cichowicz A.1993.An automatic S-phase picker[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,83:180--189.
Dai H,MacBeth C.1995.Automatic picking of seismic arrivals in local earthquake data using an artificial neural net-works[J].Geophys J Int,120:758--774.
Earle P,Shearer P.1994.Characterization of global seismogram using an automatic-picking algorithm[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,84(2):366--376.
Evans J R,Pitt A M.1995.Reliable automatic detection of long period volcanic earthquakes at Long-Valley Caldera,Cal-ifornia[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,85:1518--1522.
Haykin S.1996.Adaptive Filter Theory[M].NewJersey:Upper Saddle River:1--989.
Hinich MJ,Wilson G R.1990.Detection of non-Gaussian signals in non-Gaussian noise us the bispectrum[J].IEEETrans Acoust Speech Signals Processing,38:1126--1131.
Horiuchi S,Negishi H,Abe K,Kamimura A.2005.An automatic processing system for broadcasting earthquakealarms[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,95:708--718.
Kvaerna T.1994.Accurate determination of phase arrival times using autoregressive likelihood estimation[J].AnnGeofis,37(3):287--300.
Jurkevics A.1988.Polarization analysis of three-component array data[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,78(5):1725--1743.
Leonard M,Kennett B L N.1999.Multi-component autoregressive techniques for the analysis of seismograms[J].PhysEarth Planet Interi,113:247--264.
Leonard M.2000.Comparison of manual and automatic onset time picking[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,90:1384--1390.
Maeda N.1985.A methodfor reading and checking phase timesin autoprocessing systemof seismic wave data[J].Zisin,38:365--379.
Massa M,Ferretti G,Spallarossa D,Eva C.2006.Improving automatic location procedure by waveform similarityanalysis:An applicationin the South Western Alps(Italy)[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,154:18--29.
Morita Y,Hamaguchi H.1984.Automatic detection of onset time of seismic waves andits confidence interval using theautoregressive model fitting[J].Zisin,37:281--293.
Nakamura Y.1988.On the urgent earthquake detection and alarmsystem(UrEDAS)[C]∥Proceedings of9th WorldConference on Earthquake EngineeringⅦ.Tokyo,Japan:673--678.
Odaka T,Ashiya K,Tsukada S,Sato S,Ohtake K,Nozaka D.2003.Anew method of quickly estimating epicentral dis-tance and magnitude froma single seismic record[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,93:526--532.
Patane D,Ferrari F,Ferrucci F.1999.First application of ASDPsoftware:Acase study at Mt.Etna volcano andin theAcri region(Southern Italy)[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,113:75--88.
Ruud B,Husebye E.1992.A newthree-component detector and automatic single-station bulletin production[J].BullSeism Soc Amer,82:221--237.
Sleeman R,Van E T.1999.Robust automatic P-phase picking:An on-line implementationin the analysis of broadbandseismogramrecordings[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,113:265--275.
Takanami T,Kitagawa G.1991.Estimation of the arrival times of seismic waves by multivariate time series model[J].Ann Inst Stat Math,43:407--433.
Tarvainen M.1992.Automatic seismogram analysis:Statistical phase picking and locating methods using one-stationthreecomponent data[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,82:860--869.
Withers M,Aster R,Young C,Beiriger J,Harris M,Moore S,Trujillo J.1998.Acomparison of select trigger algo-rithms for automated global seismic phase and event detection[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88:95--106.
Wang J,Teng T L.1995.Artificial neural network-based seismic detector[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,85(1):308--319.
Wu Y M,Shin T C,Tsai Y B.1998.Quick and reliable determination of magnitude for seismic early warning[J].BullSeismSoc Amer,88:1254--1259.
Wu Y M,Teng T L.2002.Avirtual sub-network approach to earthquake early warning[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,92:2008--2018.
Wu Y M,Kanamori H,Allen R M,Hauksson E.2007.Determination of earthquake early warning parameters,τcandPd,for southern California[J].Geophys J Int,170:711--717.
Zhang HJ,Thurber C,Rowe C.2003.Automatic P-wave arrival detection and picking with multiscale wavelet analysisfor single-component recordings[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,93(5):1904--1912.
李慧婷,黄文辉.2000.应用人工神经网络方法识别近震与远震[J].华南地震,20(4):71--75.
李宏伟,程乾生.2002.高阶统计量与随机信号分析[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社:1--27.
刘希强,周蕙兰,沈萍,杨选辉,马延路,李红.2000.用于三分向记录震相识别的小波变换方法[J].地震学报,22(2):125--131.
刘希强,周蕙兰,曹文海,李红,李永红,季爱东.2002.高斯线调频小波变换极其在地震震相识别中的应用[J].地震学报,24(6):607--616.
祁才君.2005.数字信号处理技术的算法分析与应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社:65--99.
王海军,靳平,刘贵忠,王晓明.2003.区域震相初至估计[J].西北地震学报,25(4):298--303.
王继,陈九辉,刘启元,李顺成,郭飚.2006.流动地震台阵观测初至震相的自动检测[J].地震学报,28(1):42--51.
王娟,刘俊民,范万春.2004.神经网络在震相识别中的应用[J].现代电子技术,27(8):35--37.
杨配新,邓存华,刘希强,任勇,颜其中.2004.数字化地震记录震相自动识别的方法研究[J].地震研究,27(4):308--313.
尹成,伍志明,邓怀群.2003.高阶统计量方法在地震勘探中的应用[J].地球物理学进展,18(3):546--550.
张范民,李清河.1998.利用人工神经网络理论对地震信号及地震震相进行识别[J].西北地震学报,20(4):43--49.
张贤达.1996.时间序列分析[M].北京:清华大学出版社:42--44.
朱元清,佟玉霞,于海英,宋俊高.2002.数字化台网的近震震相自动识别[J].西北地震学报,24(1):5--12.
Allen R.1978.Automatic earthquake recognition and timing from single trace[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,68:1521--1532.
Allen R V.1982.Automatic phase pickers:Their present use and future prospects[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,72:225--242.
Bear M,Kradolfer U.1987.An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,77(4):1437--1445.
Chael E P.1997.An automated Rayleigh-wave detection algorithm[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,87:157--163.
Cichowicz A.1993.An automatic S-phase picker[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,83:180--189.
Dai H,MacBeth C.1995.Automatic picking of seismic arrivals in local earthquake data using an artificial neural net-works[J].Geophys J Int,120:758--774.
Earle P,Shearer P.1994.Characterization of global seismogram using an automatic-picking algorithm[J].Bull SeismSoc Amer,84(2):366--376.
Evans J R,Pitt A M.1995.Reliable automatic detection of long period volcanic earthquakes at Long-Valley Caldera,Cal-ifornia[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,85:1518--1522.
Haykin S.1996.Adaptive Filter Theory[M].NewJersey:Upper Saddle River:1--989.
Hinich MJ,Wilson G R.1990.Detection of non-Gaussian signals in non-Gaussian noise us the bispectrum[J].IEEETrans Acoust Speech Signals Processing,38:1126--1131.
Horiuchi S,Negishi H,Abe K,Kamimura A.2005.An automatic processing system for broadcasting earthquakealarms[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,95:708--718.
Kvaerna T.1994.Accurate determination of phase arrival times using autoregressive likelihood estimation[J].AnnGeofis,37(3):287--300.
Jurkevics A.1988.Polarization analysis of three-component array data[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,78(5):1725--1743.
Leonard M,Kennett B L N.1999.Multi-component autoregressive techniques for the analysis of seismograms[J].PhysEarth Planet Interi,113:247--264.
Leonard M.2000.Comparison of manual and automatic onset time picking[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,90:1384--1390.
Maeda N.1985.A methodfor reading and checking phase timesin autoprocessing systemof seismic wave data[J].Zisin,38:365--379.
Massa M,Ferretti G,Spallarossa D,Eva C.2006.Improving automatic location procedure by waveform similarityanalysis:An applicationin the South Western Alps(Italy)[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,154:18--29.
Morita Y,Hamaguchi H.1984.Automatic detection of onset time of seismic waves andits confidence interval using theautoregressive model fitting[J].Zisin,37:281--293.
Nakamura Y.1988.On the urgent earthquake detection and alarmsystem(UrEDAS)[C]∥Proceedings of9th WorldConference on Earthquake EngineeringⅦ.Tokyo,Japan:673--678.
Odaka T,Ashiya K,Tsukada S,Sato S,Ohtake K,Nozaka D.2003.Anew method of quickly estimating epicentral dis-tance and magnitude froma single seismic record[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,93:526--532.
Patane D,Ferrari F,Ferrucci F.1999.First application of ASDPsoftware:Acase study at Mt.Etna volcano andin theAcri region(Southern Italy)[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,113:75--88.
Ruud B,Husebye E.1992.A newthree-component detector and automatic single-station bulletin production[J].BullSeism Soc Amer,82:221--237.
Sleeman R,Van E T.1999.Robust automatic P-phase picking:An on-line implementationin the analysis of broadbandseismogramrecordings[J].Phys Earth Planet Interi,113:265--275.
Takanami T,Kitagawa G.1991.Estimation of the arrival times of seismic waves by multivariate time series model[J].Ann Inst Stat Math,43:407--433.
Tarvainen M.1992.Automatic seismogram analysis:Statistical phase picking and locating methods using one-stationthreecomponent data[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,82:860--869.
Withers M,Aster R,Young C,Beiriger J,Harris M,Moore S,Trujillo J.1998.Acomparison of select trigger algo-rithms for automated global seismic phase and event detection[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88:95--106.
Wang J,Teng T L.1995.Artificial neural network-based seismic detector[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,85(1):308--319.
Wu Y M,Shin T C,Tsai Y B.1998.Quick and reliable determination of magnitude for seismic early warning[J].BullSeismSoc Amer,88:1254--1259.
Wu Y M,Teng T L.2002.Avirtual sub-network approach to earthquake early warning[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,92:2008--2018.
Wu Y M,Kanamori H,Allen R M,Hauksson E.2007.Determination of earthquake early warning parameters,τcandPd,for southern California[J].Geophys J Int,170:711--717.
Zhang HJ,Thurber C,Rowe C.2003.Automatic P-wave arrival detection and picking with multiscale wavelet analysisfor single-component recordings[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,93(5):1904--1912.
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