汶川Ms8.0级地震的水系响应
摘要
2008年5月12日龙门山汶川8.0级地震导致了映秀—北川断裂、彭县—灌县断裂、小鱼洞断裂和擂鼓断裂发生了地表破裂,在平面上显示为两条近于平行的北东向逆冲—走滑型断层,在剖面上显示为叠瓦状。汶川地震的地震破裂和同震变形在瞬间就改变了地形坡度,并导致地貌和河流体系产生相应的变化和调整,记录了整个区域的位移情况,为探索地震与水系之间的关系提供了关键信息。在整合汶川地震所导致的地表破裂、地形和水系变化相关数据的基础上,描述了汶川地震驱动的逆冲作用和右旋走滑作用引发的河道垂向位错和水平位错,标定了汶川地震导致的河道坡折点和河道转折点,刻画了映秀—北川断裂和彭县—灌县断裂和小鱼洞断裂等活动断裂对河床剖面、河道走向、河道分段性和不规则水系样式等方面的控制作用,探讨了汶川地震驱动了隆升作用对河流剖面的影响与调整,建立了汶川地震的水系响应及其识别标志。研究结果表明:汶川地震驱动的构造作用对该区水系的河道走向、河道坡折点、河道流转折点和河床剖面具有明显的控制作用,为重塑龙门山晚新生代构造-地貌-水系演化提供一个范例和定量约束条件。
By comparing the initial analysis of the surface rupture on the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault,Pengxian-Guanxian fault,and Xiaoyudong fault caused by Wenchuan Earthquake,it was suggested that the plane fabric pattern of the surface rupture is consisting of two parallel thrust fault on the surface,linked by the Xiaoyudong fault,and the profile pattern of the rupture is consisting of two imbricated thrust fault in the profile.According to the features of the surface rupture of the Wenchuan earthquake and river response,the responses of channel vertical offsets to thrust faulting and the river lateral responses to the strike-slip faulting driven by the Wenchuan earthquake were described.The co-seismic tectonic effects on vertical channel offsets,lateral channel offsets,such as the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault,the Pengxian-Guanxian fault and the Xiaoyudong fault on the offsetting of river courses,river gradient,drainage pattern,river valley,river profile,strike of the river channel,tectonic diversion of the river channel,tectonic slope-break of the river channel on the Minjiang river,the Jianjiang River,Baishuihe river and Mianyuanhe river were stated.Based on the relationship between the faulting driven by the Wenchuan earthquake and river response,it was concluded that the active tectonic effects on river profile,strike of the river channel,diversion of the river channel,slope-break of the river channel are very obvious.
By comparing the initial analysis of the surface rupture on the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault,Pengxian-Guanxian fault,and Xiaoyudong fault caused by Wenchuan Earthquake,it was suggested that the plane fabric pattern of the surface rupture is consisting of two parallel thrust fault on the surface,linked by the Xiaoyudong fault,and the profile pattern of the rupture is consisting of two imbricated thrust fault in the profile.According to the features of the surface rupture of the Wenchuan earthquake and river response,the responses of channel vertical offsets to thrust faulting and the river lateral responses to the strike-slip faulting driven by the Wenchuan earthquake were described.The co-seismic tectonic effects on vertical channel offsets,lateral channel offsets,such as the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault,the Pengxian-Guanxian fault and the Xiaoyudong fault on the offsetting of river courses,river gradient,drainage pattern,river valley,river profile,strike of the river channel,tectonic diversion of the river channel,tectonic slope-break of the river channel on the Minjiang river,the Jianjiang River,Baishuihe river and Mianyuanhe river were stated.Based on the relationship between the faulting driven by the Wenchuan earthquake and river response,it was concluded that the active tectonic effects on river profile,strike of the river channel,diversion of the river channel,slope-break of the river channel are very obvious.
引文
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[20]Tang Rongchang,Wen Dehua,Huang Zuzhi,et al.The Quaternary activity characteristics of several major active faults in the Songpan—Longmenshan region[J].Earthquake Resaerch in China,1991,7(3):64-70.[唐荣昌,文德华,黄祖智,等.松潘—龙门山地区主要活动断裂带第四纪活动特征[J].中国地震,1991,7(3):64-70.]
[21]Ma Baoqi,Su Gang,Hou Zhihua,et al.Late quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang river[J].Seis-mology and Geology,2005,27(2):234-240.[马保起,苏刚,侯治华,等,利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率[J].地震地质,2005,27(2):234-240.]
[22]Song Hongbiao,Liu Shugeng.The relation of gravity and aeromagnetic field and deep structure in middle-northern Longmenshan Mountains[J].Journal of Chengdu College of Geology,1991,18(1):74-82.[宋鸿彪,刘树根.龙门山中北段重磁场特征与深部构造的关系[J].成都地质学院学报,1991,18(1):74-82.]
[23]Zhang Sixin,Zhang Xi,Wang Shuangxu,et al.Analysis of crustal vertical deformation before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2008,28(6):43-48.[张四新,张希,王双绪,等.汶川8.0级地震前后地壳垂直形变分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2008,28(6):43-48.]
[2]Densmore A L,Ellis M A,Li Yong,et al.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Tectonics,2007,80(8):113-127.
[3]Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Densmore A L,et al.The geology of the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tiben Plateau[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2006.
[4]李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L,等.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.
[5]Zhou Rongjun,Li Yong,Densmore A L,et al.Active tectonics of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Mineral Petrol,2006,26(2):40-51.[周荣军,李勇,Densmore A L,等.青藏高原东缘活动构造[J].矿物岩石,2006,26(2):40-51.]
[6]Zhou Rongjun,Li Yong,Densmore A L,et al.Active tectonics of the Longmen Shan region on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,82(4):801-812.
[7]陈运泰,许力生,张勇,等.2008年5月12日汶川特大地震震源特性分析报告[R].2008,http://www.csi.ac.cn.
[8]Li Haibing,Fu Xiaofang,Woerd J V D,et al.Co-seisimic surface rupture and dextral-slip oblique thrusting of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1623-1643.[李海兵,付小方,Woerd J V D,等.汶川地震(Ms8.0)地表破裂及其同震右旋斜向逆冲作用[J].地质学报,2008,82(12):1623-1643.]
[9]Fu Bihong,Shi Pilong,Zhang Zhiwu.Spatial characteristics of the surface rupture produced by the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake using high-resolution remote sensing imagery[J]Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1679-1687.[付碧宏,时丕龙,张之武,等.四川汶川Ms8.0大地震地表破裂的遥感影像解析[J].地质学报,2008,82(12):1679-1687.]
[10]Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Dong Shunli,et al.Surface rupture,thrusting and strike-slipping in the Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science and Technology Edition,2008,35(4):404-413.[李勇,周荣军,董顺利,等.汶川特大地震的地表破裂与逆冲-走滑作用[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2008,35(4):404-413.]
[11]Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Densmore A L,et al.Surface rupture and deformation of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault bythe Wenchuan earthquake[J].Acta Geologica.Sinica,2008,82(12):1688-1705.[李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L,等.映秀-北川断裂的地表破裂与变形特征[J].地质学报,2008,82(12):1688-1705.]
[12]Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Densmore A L,et al.Active tectonics and surface rupture of the Pengxian-Guanxian fault,Longmen Mountain,Sichuan,China[J].Quaternary Science,2009,29(3):387-402.[李勇,黄润秋,Densmore A L,等.龙门山彭县-灌县断裂的活动构造与地表破裂[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(3):387-402.]
[13]Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Densmore A L,et al.Surface rupture of Xiaoyudong fault caused by Wenchuan Earthquake and its geological significane[J].Quaternary Science,2009,9(3):502-512.[李勇,黄润秋,Densmore A L,等.龙门山小鱼洞断裂在汶川地震中的地表破裂及地质意义[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(3):502-512.]
[14]Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Densmore A L,et al.Basic features and research progress of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edttion,2009,41(3):7-25.[李勇,黄润秋,Densmore A L,等.汶川8.0级地震的基本特征及其研究进展[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):7-25]
[15]Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Zhou Rongjun,et al.Geological backgrong of Longmenshan seismic belt and surface ruptures in Wenchuan Warthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):3-16.[李勇,黄润秋,周荣军,等.龙门山地震带的地质背景与汶川地震的地表破裂[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):3-16.]
[16]Xu Zhiqin,Li Haibing,Wu Zhongliang.Wenchuan Earthquake and scientific drilling[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82(12):1613-1621.[许志琴,李海兵,吴忠良.汶川地震与科学钻探[J].地质学报,2008,82(12):1613-1621.]
[17]Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing,et al.The Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenicstructure[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597-629.[徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597-629.]
[18]Zhang Peizhen,Xu Xiwei,Wen Xuze,et al.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active faultzone and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake 2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(4):1066-1073.[张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1066-1073.]
[19]Cao Shuyou,Liu Xingnian,Huang Er,et al.Advances in studies of river sediment and fluvialprocesses of the upper-Yangtze river in earthquake background[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edttion,2009,41(3):7-25.[曹叔尤,刘兴年,黄尔,等.地震背景下的川江流域泥沙与河床演变问题研究进展[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):7-25.]
[20]Tang Rongchang,Wen Dehua,Huang Zuzhi,et al.The Quaternary activity characteristics of several major active faults in the Songpan—Longmenshan region[J].Earthquake Resaerch in China,1991,7(3):64-70.[唐荣昌,文德华,黄祖智,等.松潘—龙门山地区主要活动断裂带第四纪活动特征[J].中国地震,1991,7(3):64-70.]
[21]Ma Baoqi,Su Gang,Hou Zhihua,et al.Late quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang river[J].Seis-mology and Geology,2005,27(2):234-240.[马保起,苏刚,侯治华,等,利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率[J].地震地质,2005,27(2):234-240.]
[22]Song Hongbiao,Liu Shugeng.The relation of gravity and aeromagnetic field and deep structure in middle-northern Longmenshan Mountains[J].Journal of Chengdu College of Geology,1991,18(1):74-82.[宋鸿彪,刘树根.龙门山中北段重磁场特征与深部构造的关系[J].成都地质学院学报,1991,18(1):74-82.]
[23]Zhang Sixin,Zhang Xi,Wang Shuangxu,et al.Analysis of crustal vertical deformation before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2008,28(6):43-48.[张四新,张希,王双绪,等.汶川8.0级地震前后地壳垂直形变分析[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2008,28(6):43-48.]
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