风力机地震响应分析的研究现状与展望
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摘要
说明了我国风力机地震响应评估的重要性;对结构的抗震要求提出了建议;总结了风力机结构地震响应分析中需重点关注的因素;论述了国内外学者的研究历程,从理论分析、计算和试验等方面总结和评述了各国学者的研究成果,这些研究成果在结构的低阻尼、大型机高阶模态贡献、SSI效应和现有建筑结构规范的适用性等方面得到了一致的结论;分析了现有研究存在的不足,并从多维地震动下结构的响应、气动阻尼的识别、塔-叶片耦合振动、混凝土塔架的应用、弹塑性地震响应分析和近海风力机的特点等方面,提出了未来的研究趋势。
The significance of seismic response evaluation on wind turbines in China was investigated.The seismic requirements on wind turbines were suggested.Influence factors of structural seismic response were summarized.The history of research was reviewed from the aspect of theoretical analysis,calculation and experimental study.Domestic and foreign scholars' research results on low damping,high modes' contribution of high tower,SSI effects and applicability of building code are consistent.The authors' opinions on the shortcomings of existent practices were discussed.In seismic active regions,the research trends of seismic response analysis on wind turbines are likely to focus on structural response under multi-dimensional ground motion,identification of aerodynamic damping,tower-rotor coupled vibration,the application of concrete tower,elasto-plastic seismic response analysis,and characteristics of offshore wind turbines.
The significance of seismic response evaluation on wind turbines in China was investigated.The seismic requirements on wind turbines were suggested.Influence factors of structural seismic response were summarized.The history of research was reviewed from the aspect of theoretical analysis,calculation and experimental study.Domestic and foreign scholars' research results on low damping,high modes' contribution of high tower,SSI effects and applicability of building code are consistent.The authors' opinions on the shortcomings of existent practices were discussed.In seismic active regions,the research trends of seismic response analysis on wind turbines are likely to focus on structural response under multi-dimensional ground motion,identification of aerodynamic damping,tower-rotor coupled vibration,the application of concrete tower,elasto-plastic seismic response analysis,and characteristics of offshore wind turbines.
引文
[1]U Ritschel,I Warnke,J Kirchner.Wind Turbines andEarthquakes[C]∥Proceedings of 2nd Word WindEnergy Conference.Cape Town(South Africa),Word Wind Association,2003:1-8.
[2]I Prowell,M Veletzos,A Elgamal.Full Scale Testingfor Investigation of Wind Turbine Seismic Response[EB/OL].2008-9-6/2010-2-4.http:∥www.ontario-sea.org.
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[5]Manabu Tsuchiya,Takeshi Ishihara,Hiroshi Katsuchi,et al.A Design Code for Wind Turbine SupportStructures and Foundations PartⅡCalculation ofDesign Loads[EB/OL].2006-11-22/2010-2-8.http:∥windeng.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp.(in Japanese)
[6]土木学会構造工学委員会風力発電設備耐風設計小委員会.風力発電設備支持物構造設計指針.同解説(2007年版)[M].東京:土木学会,2007:117-141.JSCE.Guidelines for Design of Wind Turbine SupportStructures and Foundations[M].Tokyo:JSCE,2007:117-141.(in Japanese)
[7]Pengfei S.Booming Wind Power Market and Industryin China[C]∥Proceedings of the 7th World WindEnergy Conference.Kingston(Canada),Word WindAssociation,2008.
[8]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京:地震出版社,2006.Hu Y X.Earthquake Engineering[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2006.(in Chinese)
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[10]Wolf J P.Spring-dashpot-mass models for foundationvibrations[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering andStructural Dynamics,1997,26:931-949.
[11]Bazeos N,Hatzigeorgiou G D,Hondros I D,et al.Static,Seismic and Stability Analyses of a PrototypeWind Turbine Steel Tower[J].EngineeringStructures,2002,24:1015-1025.
[12]Prowell I,Veletzos M,Elgamal A,et al.Shake Table Testof a 65 kW Wind Turbine and Computational Simulation[C]∥The 14th World Conference on EarthquakeEngineering.Beijing(China),IAEE,2008.
[13]Prowell I,Veletzos M,Elgamal A,et al.Experimentaland Numerical Seismic Response of a 65 kW WindTurbine[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2009,13(8):1172-1190.
[14]Prowell I,Veers P.Assessment of Wind TurbineSeismic Risk:Existing Literature and Simple Study ofTower Moment Demand[R].Sandia NationalLaboratories,California,USA,2009.
[15]Kiyomiya O,Rikiji T,Pieter H A J M van Gelder.Dynamic Response Analysis of Onshore Wind EnergyPower Units During Earthquakes and Wind[C]∥Proceedings of 12thInternational Offshore and PolarEngineering Conference.Kitakyushu(Japan),TheInternational Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2002:520-526.
[16]I Lavassas,G Nikolaidis,P Zervas,et al.Analysis andDesign of the Prototype of a Steel 1-MW WindTurbine Tower[J].Engineering Structures,2003,25:1097-1106.
[17]Gassert J,Argyriadis K,Witcher D.Seismic Analysisof Wind Turbines Using a Time Domain Approach[C]∥Proceedings of European Wind EnergyConference&Exhibition.Madrid(Spain),WordWind Association,2003:CD2.
[18]Witcher D.Seismic Analysis of Wind Turbines in theTime Domain[J].Wind Energ,2005,8:81-91.
[19]Hanler M,Ritschel U,Warnke I.Systematic Modellingof Wind Turbine Dynamics and Earthquake Loads onWind Turbines[C]∥Proceedings of European WindEnergy Conference and Exhibition.Athens(Greece),European Wind Energy Association,2006:1-6.
[20]Zhao X,Maiβer P.Seismic Response Ananlysis ofWind Turbine Towers Including Soil-StructureInteraction[J].Proceedings of the Institution ofMechanical Engineers,2006.Part K,Journal ofMulti-body Dynamics:1464-4193;220(K1):51-63.
[21]Takashi Tanabe,Yasuhiko Iida,Hiroshi Masuda,etal.A Fundamental Study on Dynamic Characteristicsand the Seismic Design of Wind Turbine GeneratorSystems[J].NKK Technical Report,2002,6:64-69.(in Japanese)
[22]大胡賢一,石原孟.地盤との相互作用を考?した風力発電設備の地震?答に関する研究[A].土木学会第63回年次学術講演会[C].東北大学,2008.Kenichi O,Ishihara T.Seismic response of windturbine considering the interaction of soil and structure[C]∥63rd Annual Scientific Conference of JSCE.Tohoku University,2008.(in Japanese)
[23]Binh L V,Zhu L,Phuc P V,et al.Dynamic Analysisof Wind Turbine under Seismic and Wind Loading[C]∥Proceedings of Word Wind Energy Conference.Delhi(India),Word Wind Association,2006.
[24]石原孟,祝磊,ルゥンヴァンビン.風力発電設備停止?と発電?における地震?答予測に関する研究[C]∥第29回風力エネルギ?利用シンポジウム.東京:JWEA,2007:187-190.Ishihara T,Zhu L,Binh L V.Seismic ResponseAnalysis of Wind Turbine in the Parked and OperatingConditions[C]∥29th Wind Energy Symposium.Tokyo:JWEA,2007:187-190.(in Japanese)
[25]张斌.风力机塔架结构的抗风抗震特性研究[D].沈阳:沈阳工业大学,2008.Zhang B.Study on Characteristics of Wind TurbineTower Under Seismic Load and Wind Load[D].Shenyang:Shenyang University of Technology,2008.(in Chinese)
[26]李长凤.风力发电结构动力响应的一体化有限元模型分析[J].特种结构,2008,25(2):17-19.Li C F.Structural Dynamic Response Analysis ofWind Turbine Using a Integrated Finite ElementModel[J].Special Structures,2008,25(2):17-19.(in Chinese)
[27]贺广零,周勇,李杰.风力发电高塔系统地震动力响应分析[J].工程力学,2009,26(7):72-77.He G L,Zhou Y,Li J.Seismic Analysis of WindTurbine System[J].Engineering Mechanics,2009,26(7):72-77.(in Chinese)
[28]贺广零.考虑土-结构相互作用的风力发电高塔系统地震动力响应分析[J].机械工程学报,2009,45(7):87-94.He G L.Seismic Response Analysis of Wind TurbineTower Systems Considering Soil-structure Interaction[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2009,45(7):87-94.(in Chinese)
[29]范立础.桥梁抗震[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1997.Fan L C.Bridge Seismic Engineering[M].Shanghai:Tongji University Press,1997.(in Chinese)
[30]孙方涛,吴晓涵,吕西林.竖向地震作用下某大跨悬挑结构反应分析[J].结构工程师,2009,25(4):71-77.Sun F T,Wu X H,Lu X L.Research on EarthquakeResistance Behavior of a Long-Span and CantileveredStructure Subjected to Vertical Motion[J].StructuralEngineers,2009,25(4):71-77.(in Chinese)
[31]刘雄,张宪民,陈严,等.水平轴风力机结构动力响应分析[J].太阳能学报,2009,30(6):804-809.Liu X,Zhang X M,Chen Y,et al.Structure DynamicResponse Analysis of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines[J].Acta Energlae Solaris Sinica,2009,30(6):804-809.(in Chinese)
[32]李亮,陈军武.某钢结构气象塔在罕遇地震作用下考虑P-Δ效应的动力时程分析[J].结构工程师,2009,25(6):79-83.Li L,Chen J W.Dynamic Time-History Analysis of aSteel Meteorological Tower under Seldom OccurredEarthquake ConsideringP-ΔEffect[J].StructuralEngineers,2009,25(6):79-83.(in Chinese)
[2]I Prowell,M Veletzos,A Elgamal.Full Scale Testingfor Investigation of Wind Turbine Seismic Response[EB/OL].2008-9-6/2010-2-4.http:∥www.ontario-sea.org.
[3]Patel M P.风能与太阳能发电系统——设计、分析与运行[M].姜齐荣,张春朋,李虹,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2009.Patel M P.Wind and Solar Power Systems Design,Analysis,and Operation[M].Jiang QR,Zhang C P,Li H,Translation.Beijing:China Machine Press,2009.(in Chinese)
[4]TIshihara,M W Sarwar.Numerical and TheoreticalStudy on Seismic Response of Wind Turbines[C]∥Proceedings of European Wind Energy Conference.Brussels(Belgium),The European Wind EnergyAssociation,2008.
[5]Manabu Tsuchiya,Takeshi Ishihara,Hiroshi Katsuchi,et al.A Design Code for Wind Turbine SupportStructures and Foundations PartⅡCalculation ofDesign Loads[EB/OL].2006-11-22/2010-2-8.http:∥windeng.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp.(in Japanese)
[6]土木学会構造工学委員会風力発電設備耐風設計小委員会.風力発電設備支持物構造設計指針.同解説(2007年版)[M].東京:土木学会,2007:117-141.JSCE.Guidelines for Design of Wind Turbine SupportStructures and Foundations[M].Tokyo:JSCE,2007:117-141.(in Japanese)
[7]Pengfei S.Booming Wind Power Market and Industryin China[C]∥Proceedings of the 7th World WindEnergy Conference.Kingston(Canada),Word WindAssociation,2008.
[8]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京:地震出版社,2006.Hu Y X.Earthquake Engineering[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2006.(in Chinese)
[9]宫靖远,贺德馨,孙如林.等.风电场工程技术手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.Gong J U,He D X,Sun R L,et al.Wind EngineeringHandbook[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2004.(in Chinese)
[10]Wolf J P.Spring-dashpot-mass models for foundationvibrations[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering andStructural Dynamics,1997,26:931-949.
[11]Bazeos N,Hatzigeorgiou G D,Hondros I D,et al.Static,Seismic and Stability Analyses of a PrototypeWind Turbine Steel Tower[J].EngineeringStructures,2002,24:1015-1025.
[12]Prowell I,Veletzos M,Elgamal A,et al.Shake Table Testof a 65 kW Wind Turbine and Computational Simulation[C]∥The 14th World Conference on EarthquakeEngineering.Beijing(China),IAEE,2008.
[13]Prowell I,Veletzos M,Elgamal A,et al.Experimentaland Numerical Seismic Response of a 65 kW WindTurbine[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2009,13(8):1172-1190.
[14]Prowell I,Veers P.Assessment of Wind TurbineSeismic Risk:Existing Literature and Simple Study ofTower Moment Demand[R].Sandia NationalLaboratories,California,USA,2009.
[15]Kiyomiya O,Rikiji T,Pieter H A J M van Gelder.Dynamic Response Analysis of Onshore Wind EnergyPower Units During Earthquakes and Wind[C]∥Proceedings of 12thInternational Offshore and PolarEngineering Conference.Kitakyushu(Japan),TheInternational Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers,2002:520-526.
[16]I Lavassas,G Nikolaidis,P Zervas,et al.Analysis andDesign of the Prototype of a Steel 1-MW WindTurbine Tower[J].Engineering Structures,2003,25:1097-1106.
[17]Gassert J,Argyriadis K,Witcher D.Seismic Analysisof Wind Turbines Using a Time Domain Approach[C]∥Proceedings of European Wind EnergyConference&Exhibition.Madrid(Spain),WordWind Association,2003:CD2.
[18]Witcher D.Seismic Analysis of Wind Turbines in theTime Domain[J].Wind Energ,2005,8:81-91.
[19]Hanler M,Ritschel U,Warnke I.Systematic Modellingof Wind Turbine Dynamics and Earthquake Loads onWind Turbines[C]∥Proceedings of European WindEnergy Conference and Exhibition.Athens(Greece),European Wind Energy Association,2006:1-6.
[20]Zhao X,Maiβer P.Seismic Response Ananlysis ofWind Turbine Towers Including Soil-StructureInteraction[J].Proceedings of the Institution ofMechanical Engineers,2006.Part K,Journal ofMulti-body Dynamics:1464-4193;220(K1):51-63.
[21]Takashi Tanabe,Yasuhiko Iida,Hiroshi Masuda,etal.A Fundamental Study on Dynamic Characteristicsand the Seismic Design of Wind Turbine GeneratorSystems[J].NKK Technical Report,2002,6:64-69.(in Japanese)
[22]大胡賢一,石原孟.地盤との相互作用を考?した風力発電設備の地震?答に関する研究[A].土木学会第63回年次学術講演会[C].東北大学,2008.Kenichi O,Ishihara T.Seismic response of windturbine considering the interaction of soil and structure[C]∥63rd Annual Scientific Conference of JSCE.Tohoku University,2008.(in Japanese)
[23]Binh L V,Zhu L,Phuc P V,et al.Dynamic Analysisof Wind Turbine under Seismic and Wind Loading[C]∥Proceedings of Word Wind Energy Conference.Delhi(India),Word Wind Association,2006.
[24]石原孟,祝磊,ルゥンヴァンビン.風力発電設備停止?と発電?における地震?答予測に関する研究[C]∥第29回風力エネルギ?利用シンポジウム.東京:JWEA,2007:187-190.Ishihara T,Zhu L,Binh L V.Seismic ResponseAnalysis of Wind Turbine in the Parked and OperatingConditions[C]∥29th Wind Energy Symposium.Tokyo:JWEA,2007:187-190.(in Japanese)
[25]张斌.风力机塔架结构的抗风抗震特性研究[D].沈阳:沈阳工业大学,2008.Zhang B.Study on Characteristics of Wind TurbineTower Under Seismic Load and Wind Load[D].Shenyang:Shenyang University of Technology,2008.(in Chinese)
[26]李长凤.风力发电结构动力响应的一体化有限元模型分析[J].特种结构,2008,25(2):17-19.Li C F.Structural Dynamic Response Analysis ofWind Turbine Using a Integrated Finite ElementModel[J].Special Structures,2008,25(2):17-19.(in Chinese)
[27]贺广零,周勇,李杰.风力发电高塔系统地震动力响应分析[J].工程力学,2009,26(7):72-77.He G L,Zhou Y,Li J.Seismic Analysis of WindTurbine System[J].Engineering Mechanics,2009,26(7):72-77.(in Chinese)
[28]贺广零.考虑土-结构相互作用的风力发电高塔系统地震动力响应分析[J].机械工程学报,2009,45(7):87-94.He G L.Seismic Response Analysis of Wind TurbineTower Systems Considering Soil-structure Interaction[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2009,45(7):87-94.(in Chinese)
[29]范立础.桥梁抗震[M].上海:同济大学出版社,1997.Fan L C.Bridge Seismic Engineering[M].Shanghai:Tongji University Press,1997.(in Chinese)
[30]孙方涛,吴晓涵,吕西林.竖向地震作用下某大跨悬挑结构反应分析[J].结构工程师,2009,25(4):71-77.Sun F T,Wu X H,Lu X L.Research on EarthquakeResistance Behavior of a Long-Span and CantileveredStructure Subjected to Vertical Motion[J].StructuralEngineers,2009,25(4):71-77.(in Chinese)
[31]刘雄,张宪民,陈严,等.水平轴风力机结构动力响应分析[J].太阳能学报,2009,30(6):804-809.Liu X,Zhang X M,Chen Y,et al.Structure DynamicResponse Analysis of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines[J].Acta Energlae Solaris Sinica,2009,30(6):804-809.(in Chinese)
[32]李亮,陈军武.某钢结构气象塔在罕遇地震作用下考虑P-Δ效应的动力时程分析[J].结构工程师,2009,25(6):79-83.Li L,Chen J W.Dynamic Time-History Analysis of aSteel Meteorological Tower under Seldom OccurredEarthquake ConsideringP-ΔEffect[J].StructuralEngineers,2009,25(6):79-83.(in Chinese)
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