汶川地震次生泥石流形成模式与机理
|
摘要
以汶川地震灾区的典型的代表性泥石流案例为基础,分析了汶川地震次生泥石流的形成地形地貌、降水和土源条件特征,概括分析了汶川地震泥石流形成的5种模式,即:(1)沟床启动型;(2)坡面崩滑转化型;(3)震裂表土侵蚀启动型;(4)滑坡表面土体液化型和(5)松散坡积物冲切沟启动型。分析了这些形成模式的启动机理。地震次生泥石流的形成机理包括土力类和水力类。泥石流的形成需要一定的细颗粒含量,尤其是粘土颗粒含量;此外低密度干燥度较高的土体在降雨作用下易湿陷,体积收缩,从而有利于土体孔隙水压力的升高,而有利土体强度的降低,导致泥石流的启动。所以地震灾区的泥石流集中分布于干旱河谷松散固体物质大量存在且以花岗岩风化壳和碎屑岩及其变质岩为主的地区,降雨量特征与国内外众多泥石流的降雨特征可以比较,其模式多样。
This paper is based on combination study of the "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake-induced typical debris flow events.In the paper the debris flow landscape and landform,the precipitation and the earth condition were studied firstly.After that the Wenchuan earthquake debris flow-triggering models were revealed.These models include(1) valley triggering;(2)slope collapse and landslide triggering;(3)loose soil eroded by stream and rains;(4)landslide surface liquefied;(5) gully eroded.And the debris flow-triggering mechanism was explained at last.The debris flows of quake-stricken area distribute in the arid valley which abounds in weathered crust granite,clastic rock and metamorphic rock,and the precipitation nodes
This paper is based on combination study of the "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake-induced typical debris flow events.In the paper the debris flow landscape and landform,the precipitation and the earth condition were studied firstly.After that the Wenchuan earthquake debris flow-triggering models were revealed.These models include(1) valley triggering;(2)slope collapse and landslide triggering;(3)loose soil eroded by stream and rains;(4)landslide surface liquefied;(5) gully eroded.And the debris flow-triggering mechanism was explained at last.The debris flows of quake-stricken area distribute in the arid valley which abounds in weathered crust granite,clastic rock and metamorphic rock,and the precipitation nodes
引文
[1]马东涛,石玉成.试论地震在泥石流形成中的作用[J].西北地震学报,1996,18(4):38-42.
[2]李树德,任秀生,岳升阳,徐海鹏.地震与泥石流活动[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(2):26-27.
[3]吴积善,等.云南蒋家沟泥石流观测与研究[M].北京:科学出版社.1990:62-70.
[4]杜榕桓,等.云南小江泥石流[M].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1987:103-113.
[5]第宝锋,陈宁生,等.罗坝街沟泥石流特征分析[J].山地学报,2003,21(2):216-222.
[6]陈宁生,等.四川省山洪灾害防治规划[R].成都:中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,2003,1-140.
[7]陈宁生,等.不同粘粒含量土体失稳产生泥石流的机理研究[C]//第二十五届全国土工测试学术研讨会论文集.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2008.
[8]陈宁生,崔鹏,王晓颖,第宝锋.地震作用下泥石流源区砾石土体强度的衰减实验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(16):2743-2747.
[9]崔鹏.泥石流起动机理的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,1990.
[10]Chen N ingsheng,Cu i Peng,L iu Zhonggang,W ei Fangq iang,Calcu lation of the debris flow concentration based on clay content,Science in Ch inaSer[J].E Technological Sciences 2003(46)Supp:163-174.
[11]W ang FW,Kyoji Sassa,Gonghu iW ang.M echan ism of a long-runout landslide triggered by the August 1998 heavy rainfall in Fukush ima Prefec-ture[J].JapanEngineering Geology,V.63,2002,pp.169-185.
[12]康志成.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:15-45.
[13]陈晓清,等.泥石流起动原型试验及预报方法探索[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2006,17(4):73-77.
[14]W ang FW,Kyoji Sassa,Gonghu iW ang.M echan ism of a long-runout landslide triggered by the August 1998 heavy rainfall in Fukush ima Prefec-ture[J].JapanEngineering Geology,V.63,2002,169-185.
[15]Sassa K.The m echan ism starting L iquefied landslides and debris flows[A].Proc.4 th Int.Sypm Landslide,1984:345-354.
[16]汪闻韶.土的动力强度和液化特征[M].北京:中国电力出版社.1997:131-135.
[17]Flem ing R W.et,al.Landslide in Colluvium[J].U.S.Geological Survey Bu lletin.1994.2059-B,24.
[18]E llen S D,Flem ing R W.Mob ilization of debris flows from sou l slips,San Francisco Bay region,Californ ia[M]//Costa J.E.,W ieczorek,G.F.(Eds),D ebris Flows,Avalanchees:Process,Recogn ition,and M itigation.Geological Society ofAm erica Reviews in Engineering Geology,1987,vol.7,Geological Society ofAm erican Bou lder,CO,pp.31-40
[19]Vaughan P V.O ral Contribution and D iscussion[A]Trop ical’85.1985.3(3).pp.370-374.
[20]M shann N S et al.E ffects ofweathering on stab ility of natural slopes in northcentral Kumamoto[J].Soils and Foundations,1993,33(4):74-87.
[21]卢肇钧.非饱和土抗剪强度的探索研究[J].中国铁道科学,1999,20(2):10-15.
[22]戚国庆,黄润秋.泥石流成因机理的非饱和土力学理论研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2003,14(3):12-15.
[23]Ch ing R K.Increase in factor of safety due to soil suction for two HongKong Slopes[J]Proc.Int.Symp.Landslide,1998:617-623.
[24]Krahn J,et al.E ffects of soil suction on slope stab lity ar North H ill Can[J].Geotech.J.1989,26:617-623.
[25]N ieto A S,et al.Catastroph ic rain-indueed landslides in R io de Jan ier,B razil:M echan ism s and contributing factors[J].Geo.Soc.Am.Abstractsw ith Program ssbc.1988,20(7),PA.144.
[26]S itar N et al.Cond itions for in itation of rainfall induced debris flows[C]//Stab ility and Performanee of Slopes and Embankm ents II.Geotechn iealSpecial Pub lieation No.31,1992,1(2):834-849.
[2]李树德,任秀生,岳升阳,徐海鹏.地震与泥石流活动[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(2):26-27.
[3]吴积善,等.云南蒋家沟泥石流观测与研究[M].北京:科学出版社.1990:62-70.
[4]杜榕桓,等.云南小江泥石流[M].重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1987:103-113.
[5]第宝锋,陈宁生,等.罗坝街沟泥石流特征分析[J].山地学报,2003,21(2):216-222.
[6]陈宁生,等.四川省山洪灾害防治规划[R].成都:中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所,2003,1-140.
[7]陈宁生,等.不同粘粒含量土体失稳产生泥石流的机理研究[C]//第二十五届全国土工测试学术研讨会论文集.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2008.
[8]陈宁生,崔鹏,王晓颖,第宝锋.地震作用下泥石流源区砾石土体强度的衰减实验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(16):2743-2747.
[9]崔鹏.泥石流起动机理的研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,1990.
[10]Chen N ingsheng,Cu i Peng,L iu Zhonggang,W ei Fangq iang,Calcu lation of the debris flow concentration based on clay content,Science in Ch inaSer[J].E Technological Sciences 2003(46)Supp:163-174.
[11]W ang FW,Kyoji Sassa,Gonghu iW ang.M echan ism of a long-runout landslide triggered by the August 1998 heavy rainfall in Fukush ima Prefec-ture[J].JapanEngineering Geology,V.63,2002,pp.169-185.
[12]康志成.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:15-45.
[13]陈晓清,等.泥石流起动原型试验及预报方法探索[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2006,17(4):73-77.
[14]W ang FW,Kyoji Sassa,Gonghu iW ang.M echan ism of a long-runout landslide triggered by the August 1998 heavy rainfall in Fukush ima Prefec-ture[J].JapanEngineering Geology,V.63,2002,169-185.
[15]Sassa K.The m echan ism starting L iquefied landslides and debris flows[A].Proc.4 th Int.Sypm Landslide,1984:345-354.
[16]汪闻韶.土的动力强度和液化特征[M].北京:中国电力出版社.1997:131-135.
[17]Flem ing R W.et,al.Landslide in Colluvium[J].U.S.Geological Survey Bu lletin.1994.2059-B,24.
[18]E llen S D,Flem ing R W.Mob ilization of debris flows from sou l slips,San Francisco Bay region,Californ ia[M]//Costa J.E.,W ieczorek,G.F.(Eds),D ebris Flows,Avalanchees:Process,Recogn ition,and M itigation.Geological Society ofAm erica Reviews in Engineering Geology,1987,vol.7,Geological Society ofAm erican Bou lder,CO,pp.31-40
[19]Vaughan P V.O ral Contribution and D iscussion[A]Trop ical’85.1985.3(3).pp.370-374.
[20]M shann N S et al.E ffects ofweathering on stab ility of natural slopes in northcentral Kumamoto[J].Soils and Foundations,1993,33(4):74-87.
[21]卢肇钧.非饱和土抗剪强度的探索研究[J].中国铁道科学,1999,20(2):10-15.
[22]戚国庆,黄润秋.泥石流成因机理的非饱和土力学理论研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2003,14(3):12-15.
[23]Ch ing R K.Increase in factor of safety due to soil suction for two HongKong Slopes[J]Proc.Int.Symp.Landslide,1998:617-623.
[24]Krahn J,et al.E ffects of soil suction on slope stab lity ar North H ill Can[J].Geotech.J.1989,26:617-623.
[25]N ieto A S,et al.Catastroph ic rain-indueed landslides in R io de Jan ier,B razil:M echan ism s and contributing factors[J].Geo.Soc.Am.Abstractsw ith Program ssbc.1988,20(7),PA.144.
[26]S itar N et al.Cond itions for in itation of rainfall induced debris flows[C]//Stab ility and Performanee of Slopes and Embankm ents II.Geotechn iealSpecial Pub lieation No.31,1992,1(2):834-849.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心