一种简单的岩体地下洞室地震安全评价方法
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摘要
提出了动应力集中因子代表值的概念,以合理反映地震荷载作用下地下洞室围岩的动应力集中程度,并将动应力集中因子代表值,作为洞室地震响应的关键特征来衡量洞室地震响应的大小。应用显示有限差分法,讨论了地震动加速度幅值、洞室埋深、围岩岩体级别、衬砌混凝土厚度、衬砌混凝土强度等级与动应力集中因子代表值的相关关系。研究表明,动应力集中因子代表值与这5个因素均近似呈线性关系。在此基础上给出了有(无)衬砌支护结构两种情况的地震安全评价公式,提出了岩体地下洞室的地震安全评价方法。应用提出的评价方法,分别对唐山余震地震作用下溪洛渡水电站超大型地下洞室群的地震安全性进行了评价,所得结果与Dowding-Rozen及Sharma-Judd的评价方法结果一致。分析还表明,文中提出的岩体地下工程的地震安全评价方法的评价结果是偏于安全的。
The concept of representative value of the dynamic stress concentration factor is proposed to describe the degree of dynamic stress concentration of underground openings under seismic loading. And the representative factor is employed to reflect the seismic response characteristic of underground openings. Based on explicit finite difference method, the relationship between five key factors: (1)acceleration amplitude of seismic wave, (2) overburden depth, (3) rock grade, (4) liner thickness and (5) concrete grade, and the representative factor has been investigated. It is shown that all these five factors appear approximate linear relationship with dynamic stress concentration factor. Accordingly, formulas of seismic safety assessment have been developed for both lined and unlined underground openings and a safety assessment method for underground engineering in rock under seismic loading has been proposed. The proposed assessment method is therewith applied to evaluate the safety of Xiluodu underground cavern groups subjected to Tangshan aftershock. It is demonstrated that the proposed method draws similar conclusions to Dowding-Rozen and Sharma-Judd’s methods. It also reveals that this method gives a relatively conservative assessment results.
The concept of representative value of the dynamic stress concentration factor is proposed to describe the degree of dynamic stress concentration of underground openings under seismic loading. And the representative factor is employed to reflect the seismic response characteristic of underground openings. Based on explicit finite difference method, the relationship between five key factors: (1)acceleration amplitude of seismic wave, (2) overburden depth, (3) rock grade, (4) liner thickness and (5) concrete grade, and the representative factor has been investigated. It is shown that all these five factors appear approximate linear relationship with dynamic stress concentration factor. Accordingly, formulas of seismic safety assessment have been developed for both lined and unlined underground openings and a safety assessment method for underground engineering in rock under seismic loading has been proposed. The proposed assessment method is therewith applied to evaluate the safety of Xiluodu underground cavern groups subjected to Tangshan aftershock. It is demonstrated that the proposed method draws similar conclusions to Dowding-Rozen and Sharma-Judd’s methods. It also reveals that this method gives a relatively conservative assessment results.
引文
[1]DOWDING C H,ROZEN A.Damage to rock tunnels from earthquake shaking[J].J.Geotech.Eng.Div.,ASCE,1978,104(GT2):175-191.
[2]PRATT H R,STEPHENSON D E,ZANDT G,et al.Earthquake Damage to Underground Facilities[C]//Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference.CO,USA:Littleton,1980.
[3]SHARMA S,JUDD R J.Underground opening damage from earthquakes[J].Engineering Geology,1991,30:263-276.
[4]NAKAMURA S,YOSHIDA N,IWATATE T.Damage to daikai subway station during the1995hyogoken-nambu earthquake and its investigation[J].Japan Society of Civil Engineers,Committee of Earthquake Eng ineering,1996:287-295.
[5]HASHASH Y M A,HOOK J J,SCHMIDT B,et al.Seismic design and analysis of underground structures[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2001,16:247-293.
[6]李海波,蒋会军,赵坚,等.动荷载作用下岩体工程安全的几个问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(11):1887-1891.LI Hai-bo,JIANG Hui-jun,ZHAO Jian,et al.Some problems about safety analysis of rock engineering under dynamic load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(11):1887-1891.
[7]MOHAMMAD C,PAKBAZ,YAREEVAND A.2–D analysis of circular tunnel against earthquake loading[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2005,20:411-417.
[8]潘昌实.隧道地震灾害综述[J].隧道及地下工程,1990,11(2):1-9.PAO Chang-shi.Review on seismic hazard about tunnels[J].Tunnels and Underground Engineering,1990,11(2):1-9.
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[10]陈健云,胡志强,林皋.超大型地下洞室群的三维地震响应分析[J].岩土工程学报,2001,23(4):494-498.CHEN Jian-yun,HU Zhi-qiang,LIN Gao.3-D seismic response study on large scale underground group caverns[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2001,23(4):494-498.
[11]韦敏才.地下结构的动力特性及地震反应分析[J].昆明理工大学学报,1996,21(3):60-63.WEI Min-cai.Analysis of dynamic property and earthquake response of underground structure[J].Journal of Kunmin University of Science and Technology,1996,21(3):60-63.
[12]王志杰,高波,关宝树.围岩-隧道衬砌结构体系的减震研究[J].西南交通大学学报,1996,31(6):590-594.WANG Zhi-jie,GAO Bo,GUAN Bao-shu.Research of isolation of rock-linear structures systems[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,1996,31(6):590-594.
[13]于新杰,张鸿儒,王逢朝.南京长江沉管隧道竖井地震反应分析[J].北方交通大学学报,1998,23(4):61-64.YU Xin-jie,ZHANG Hong-ru,WANG Feng-chao.Seismic response analysis of shaft for Nanjing Changjiang immersed tube tunnel[J].Journal of Northern Jiaotong University,1998,23(4):61-64.
[14]黄润秋,王贤能,唐胜传.深埋隧道地震动力响应的复反应分析[J].工程地质学报,1997,5(1):1-7.HUANG Run-qiu,WANG Xian-neng,TANG Sheng chuan.Complex analysis of seismic response of a mountain tunnel[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,1997,5(1):1-7.
[15]刘晶波,李彬,谷音.地铁盾构隧道地震反应分析[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2005,45(6):757-760.LIU Jing-bo,LI Bin,GU Yin.Seismic response analysis of shield subway tunnels[J].Journaly of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2005,45(6):757-760.
[16]杨超,杨林德,季倩倩.软土地铁车站地震响应数值计算方法的研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2006,2(1):87-95.YANG Chao,YANG Lin-de,JI Qian-qian.Study of numerical method for anti-seismic design of subway station structure in soft soil[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2006,2(1):87-95.
[17]陶连金,常春.节理岩体的动力响应分析及工程应用[J].黑龙江矿业学院学报,2000,10(4):6-10.TAO Lian-jin,CHANG Chun.Dynamic response analysis of jointed rockmass and its application to engineering[J].Journal of Heilongjiang Mining Institute,2000,10(4):6-10.
[18]陶连金,张倬元,傅小敏.在地震载荷作用下的节理岩体地下洞室围岩稳定性分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(1):32-40.TAO Lian-jin,ZHANG Zhuo-yuan,FU Xiao-min.Stability analysis of surrounding rockmass of under ground excavation rock mass under seismic load[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard Control,1998,9(1):32-40.
[19]张丽华,陶连金,李晓霖.节理岩体地下洞室群的地震动力响应分析[J].世界地震工程,2002,18(2):158-162.ZHANG Li-hua,TAO Lian-jin,LI Xiao-lin.Dynamic response analysis of large underground excavations in jointed rock[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2002,18(2):158-162.
[20]WANG J N.Seismic design of tunnels:A state-of-the-art approach[M].New York:Parsons,Brinckerhoff,Ouade and Douglas Inc,1993.
[21]林皋.地下结构抗震分析综述(下)[J].世界地震工程,1990,(3):1-10.LIN Gao.Review on the seismic analysis of underground structures(II)[J].World Earthquake Engineering,1990,(3):1-10.
[22]严松宏,高峰,李德武,等.沉管隧道地震响应分析若干问题的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(5):846-850.YAN Song-hong,GAO Feng,LI De-wu,et al.Studies on some issues of seismic response analysis for submerged tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(5):846-850.
[23]PAO YIH-HSING,MAO Chao-Chow.Diffraction of elastic waves and dynamic stress concentrations[M].New York:Crane,Russak&Company.1972.
[24]ITASCA Consulting Group.FLAC(Fast iagrangian Analysis of Continua)user's guide[M](Version5.0).[S.l.]:Itasca consulting Group,2005.
[25]廖振鹏.工程波动理论导论[M](第二版).北京:科学出版社,2002.
[26]刘佑荣,唐辉明.岩体力学[M].北京:中国地质大学出版社,1999.
[27]中华人民共和国水利部.GB50218-94工程岩体分级标准[S].北京:中国计划出版社.1994.
[28]高谦,乔兰,吴顺川,等.地下工程系统分析与设计[M].北京:中国建材工业出版社,2005.
[29]中华人民共和国建设部.GB50010-2002混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[30]李仲奎,戴荣,姜逸明.FLAC3D分析中的初始应力场生成及在大型地下洞室群计算中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(增2):2387-2392.LI Jong-kui,DAI Rong,JIANG Yi-ming.Improvement of the generation of the initial stress field by using FLAC3D and application in a huge underground cavern group[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(Supp.2):2387-2392.
[31]国家电力公司成都勘测设计研究院.溪洛渡水电站工程地质报告[R].成都:国家电力公司成都勘察设计研究院,2001.
[32]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京:地震出版社,1988.
[2]PRATT H R,STEPHENSON D E,ZANDT G,et al.Earthquake Damage to Underground Facilities[C]//Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conference.CO,USA:Littleton,1980.
[3]SHARMA S,JUDD R J.Underground opening damage from earthquakes[J].Engineering Geology,1991,30:263-276.
[4]NAKAMURA S,YOSHIDA N,IWATATE T.Damage to daikai subway station during the1995hyogoken-nambu earthquake and its investigation[J].Japan Society of Civil Engineers,Committee of Earthquake Eng ineering,1996:287-295.
[5]HASHASH Y M A,HOOK J J,SCHMIDT B,et al.Seismic design and analysis of underground structures[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2001,16:247-293.
[6]李海波,蒋会军,赵坚,等.动荷载作用下岩体工程安全的几个问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(11):1887-1891.LI Hai-bo,JIANG Hui-jun,ZHAO Jian,et al.Some problems about safety analysis of rock engineering under dynamic load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(11):1887-1891.
[7]MOHAMMAD C,PAKBAZ,YAREEVAND A.2–D analysis of circular tunnel against earthquake loading[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2005,20:411-417.
[8]潘昌实.隧道地震灾害综述[J].隧道及地下工程,1990,11(2):1-9.PAO Chang-shi.Review on seismic hazard about tunnels[J].Tunnels and Underground Engineering,1990,11(2):1-9.
[9]林皋.地下结构抗震分析综述(上)[J].世界地震工程,1990,(2):1-10.LIN Gao.Review on the seismic analysis of underground structures(I)[J].World Earthquake Engineering,1990,(2):1-10.
[10]陈健云,胡志强,林皋.超大型地下洞室群的三维地震响应分析[J].岩土工程学报,2001,23(4):494-498.CHEN Jian-yun,HU Zhi-qiang,LIN Gao.3-D seismic response study on large scale underground group caverns[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2001,23(4):494-498.
[11]韦敏才.地下结构的动力特性及地震反应分析[J].昆明理工大学学报,1996,21(3):60-63.WEI Min-cai.Analysis of dynamic property and earthquake response of underground structure[J].Journal of Kunmin University of Science and Technology,1996,21(3):60-63.
[12]王志杰,高波,关宝树.围岩-隧道衬砌结构体系的减震研究[J].西南交通大学学报,1996,31(6):590-594.WANG Zhi-jie,GAO Bo,GUAN Bao-shu.Research of isolation of rock-linear structures systems[J].Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University,1996,31(6):590-594.
[13]于新杰,张鸿儒,王逢朝.南京长江沉管隧道竖井地震反应分析[J].北方交通大学学报,1998,23(4):61-64.YU Xin-jie,ZHANG Hong-ru,WANG Feng-chao.Seismic response analysis of shaft for Nanjing Changjiang immersed tube tunnel[J].Journal of Northern Jiaotong University,1998,23(4):61-64.
[14]黄润秋,王贤能,唐胜传.深埋隧道地震动力响应的复反应分析[J].工程地质学报,1997,5(1):1-7.HUANG Run-qiu,WANG Xian-neng,TANG Sheng chuan.Complex analysis of seismic response of a mountain tunnel[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,1997,5(1):1-7.
[15]刘晶波,李彬,谷音.地铁盾构隧道地震反应分析[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2005,45(6):757-760.LIU Jing-bo,LI Bin,GU Yin.Seismic response analysis of shield subway tunnels[J].Journaly of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology),2005,45(6):757-760.
[16]杨超,杨林德,季倩倩.软土地铁车站地震响应数值计算方法的研究[J].地下空间与工程学报,2006,2(1):87-95.YANG Chao,YANG Lin-de,JI Qian-qian.Study of numerical method for anti-seismic design of subway station structure in soft soil[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2006,2(1):87-95.
[17]陶连金,常春.节理岩体的动力响应分析及工程应用[J].黑龙江矿业学院学报,2000,10(4):6-10.TAO Lian-jin,CHANG Chun.Dynamic response analysis of jointed rockmass and its application to engineering[J].Journal of Heilongjiang Mining Institute,2000,10(4):6-10.
[18]陶连金,张倬元,傅小敏.在地震载荷作用下的节理岩体地下洞室围岩稳定性分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(1):32-40.TAO Lian-jin,ZHANG Zhuo-yuan,FU Xiao-min.Stability analysis of surrounding rockmass of under ground excavation rock mass under seismic load[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard Control,1998,9(1):32-40.
[19]张丽华,陶连金,李晓霖.节理岩体地下洞室群的地震动力响应分析[J].世界地震工程,2002,18(2):158-162.ZHANG Li-hua,TAO Lian-jin,LI Xiao-lin.Dynamic response analysis of large underground excavations in jointed rock[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2002,18(2):158-162.
[20]WANG J N.Seismic design of tunnels:A state-of-the-art approach[M].New York:Parsons,Brinckerhoff,Ouade and Douglas Inc,1993.
[21]林皋.地下结构抗震分析综述(下)[J].世界地震工程,1990,(3):1-10.LIN Gao.Review on the seismic analysis of underground structures(II)[J].World Earthquake Engineering,1990,(3):1-10.
[22]严松宏,高峰,李德武,等.沉管隧道地震响应分析若干问题的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(5):846-850.YAN Song-hong,GAO Feng,LI De-wu,et al.Studies on some issues of seismic response analysis for submerged tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(5):846-850.
[23]PAO YIH-HSING,MAO Chao-Chow.Diffraction of elastic waves and dynamic stress concentrations[M].New York:Crane,Russak&Company.1972.
[24]ITASCA Consulting Group.FLAC(Fast iagrangian Analysis of Continua)user's guide[M](Version5.0).[S.l.]:Itasca consulting Group,2005.
[25]廖振鹏.工程波动理论导论[M](第二版).北京:科学出版社,2002.
[26]刘佑荣,唐辉明.岩体力学[M].北京:中国地质大学出版社,1999.
[27]中华人民共和国水利部.GB50218-94工程岩体分级标准[S].北京:中国计划出版社.1994.
[28]高谦,乔兰,吴顺川,等.地下工程系统分析与设计[M].北京:中国建材工业出版社,2005.
[29]中华人民共和国建设部.GB50010-2002混凝土结构设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[30]李仲奎,戴荣,姜逸明.FLAC3D分析中的初始应力场生成及在大型地下洞室群计算中的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(增2):2387-2392.LI Jong-kui,DAI Rong,JIANG Yi-ming.Improvement of the generation of the initial stress field by using FLAC3D and application in a huge underground cavern group[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(Supp.2):2387-2392.
[31]国家电力公司成都勘测设计研究院.溪洛渡水电站工程地质报告[R].成都:国家电力公司成都勘察设计研究院,2001.
[32]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京:地震出版社,1988.
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