颗粒介质中探测地震前兆和前兆应力-应变传播模型
摘要
使用埋设于土层沙坑中的应变传感器,探测到地震前兆信息,确定其对应特定地震.通过模拟实验与实际探测进行对比,表明所探测的信息是地层中的应变.依据颗粒物质的特性和运动规律,分析了用此方法探测前兆应变信息敏感的原因,并提出了地震前兆应力-应变传播模型.地壳岩石层由板块、断层和其间的断层泥构成,在地震前兆应力-应变传播准静态力学问题中,地壳岩石层应作为大尺度的颗粒体系处理.孕育地震的作用力使附近岩石层块产生滞滑(stick-slip)移动,并渐次推动其他岩石层块滞滑位移,层块位移的切变作用导致土层挤压形变.沙坑中沙子的离散态特性使传感器对形变信号有良好响应,从而可探测这种地震前兆信息.通过对地层中应力-应变传播物理机制的分析,也解释了在岩石中难以测量到地震前兆应变信息的原因.所提出的原理和方法为浅源地震前兆信息探测提供了新途径.
引文
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2陈章立.浅论地震预报地震学方法基础.北京:地震出版社,2004
3陆坤权,刘寄星.软物质物理学导论.北京:北京大学出版社,2006.645
4de Gennes P G.Granular matter:A tentative view.Rev Mod Phys,1999,71:S374-S382
5Kadanoff L P.Built upon sand:Theoretical ideas inspired by granular flows.Rev Mod Phys,1999,71:S435-S444
6Johnson P A,Jia X P.Nonlinear dynamics,granular media and dynamic earthquake triggering.Nature,2005,437:871-874
7Johnson P A,Savage H,Knuth M,et al.Effects of acoustic waves on stick-slip in granular media and implications for earthquakes.Na-ture,2008,451:57-60
8孙威,佟晓辉,孙弘钧.地震前兆测量装置.中国专利,CN98250691.0
9王玉莹,佟晓辉,孙威.1999年岫岩Ms5.4级地震前震、主震、余震应变异常特征的研究.地学前缘,2003,10:501-502
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11孙威,孙晓明.印度洋8.7级与8.5级地震的物理前兆.中国工程科学,2008,10:14-25
12王玉莹,佟晓辉,孙晓明,等.汶川地震沙层应变的短临前兆.中国工程科学,2009,11:146-152
13Agnolin I,Roux J N.Internal states of model isotropic granular packings III.Elastic properties.Phys Rev E,2007,76:061304
14Jiang Y M,Liu M R.Incremental stress-strain relation from granular elasticity:Comparison to experiments.Phys Rev E,2008,77:021306
15Holtzman R,Silin D B,Patzek T W.Mechanical properties of granular materials:A variational approach to grain-scale simulations.Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech,2009,33:391-404
16Mehta A.Granular Physics.London:Cambridge University Press,2007.263
17陈运泰,李鸿吉,牟其铎,等.数字地震学.北京:地震出版社,2000
18Duran J.Sands,Powders and Grains:An Introduction to the Physics of Granular Materials.New York:Springer,1999
19陈章立.地震学引论.北京:地震出版社,2008
20王兰.鲜水河断裂带蠕变观测与地震.四川地震,2004,110:42-47
21Niu F L,Silver P G,Daley T M,et al.Preseismic velocity changes observed from active source monitoring at the Parkfield SAFOD drill site.Nature,2008,454:204-208
22Geng J F,Howell D,Longhi E,et al.Footprints in sand:The response of a granular material to local perturbations.Phys Rev Lett,2001,87:035506
23Mehta A.Granular Physics.London:Cambridge University Press,2007.266
24许绍燮.大尺度地层内的分层运动.中国工程科学,2006,8:14-22
25Mjachkin V I,Brace W F,Sobolev G A.Two models for earthquake forerunners.Pure Appl Geophys,1975,113:169-181
26宇津德治,编.李裕彻,卢振业,丁鉴海,等,译.地震事典.北京:地震出版社,1990
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