软土地震震陷研究现状综述
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摘要
软土地基在地震作用下,将会产生变形,包括周期性可恢复变形及不可恢复残余变形(永久变形),会造成土体震陷、构筑物失稳,特别是对于地下管道,常常引发灾害性事故,造成极大的经济损失。相对于周期性可恢复变形,残余变形对软土地基建筑物的使用和运营影响更大,加之由于软土本身具有高压缩性、低强度、高灵敏度等特性,软土地基的震陷问题也显得较为复杂。因此,如何预测软土地基在地震后产生的残余变形已成为地基及构筑物抗震设计分析中的一个重要方面。本文综述了软土震陷产生的原因、机理、影响因素、残余变形分析方法等,并对今后研究方向提出了初步设想。
The foundation instability is always a usual problem encountered by engineers.Under earthquake,soft soil foundation subsidence occurs,which induce hazards and economic loss,especially for underground pipelines.With high compressibility,low strength and high sensitivity of soft soil,earthquake subsidence is complicated.In this paper,research progress of soft soil earthquake subsidence about its reason,mechanism,influence factors and analysis methods is summarized.
The foundation instability is always a usual problem encountered by engineers.Under earthquake,soft soil foundation subsidence occurs,which induce hazards and economic loss,especially for underground pipelines.With high compressibility,low strength and high sensitivity of soft soil,earthquake subsidence is complicated.In this paper,research progress of soft soil earthquake subsidence about its reason,mechanism,influence factors and analysis methods is summarized.
引文
[1]GB50011-2001,建筑抗震设计规范[S]GB50011-2001,Code for Seismic Design of Buildings[S](in Chinese)
[2]GB50021-2001,岩土工程勘察规范[S]GB50021-2001,Code for Investigation of GeotechnicalEngineering[S](in Chinese)
[3]GB50191-93,构筑物抗震设计规范[S]GB50191-93,Design Code for Antiseismic of SpecialStructures[S](in Chinese)
[4]郁寿松,石兆吉.土壤震陷试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,1989,11(4):35～44Yu Shou-song,Shi Zhao-ji.Soil seismic subsidenceresearch[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,1989,11(4):35～44(in Chinese)
[5]张虎臣.淤泥地基地震触变研究[J].岩土工程学报,1989,11(3):78～85Zhang Hu-chen.The thixotropy research of clay soil[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1989,11(3):78～85(in Chinese)
[6]Thiers G R,Seed H B.Strength and Stress-StrainCharacteristics of Clays Subjected to Seismic LoadingConditions Vibration Effects of Earthquake on Soil andFoundation[J].ASTM,April,1969.
[7]于洪治,何广讷,杨斌.软土震陷特性的试验研究[J].大连理工大学学报,1996,36(1):76～82Yu Hong-zhi,He Guang-ne,Yang Bin.The seismicsubsidence research of soft soil[J].Journal of DalianUniversity of Technology,1996,36(1):76～82(inChinese)
[8]Seed H B,Chan C K.Clay Strength under EarthquakeLoading Condition[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanicsand Foundations Division,American Society of CivilEngineering,Vol92,SM2,March,1996,92
[9]于洪治.偏应力状态下粉土的动力特性及震陷分析模型的改进[D].大连:大连理工大学Yu Hong-zhi.The dynamic property and seismicsubsidence model improvement of silty soil[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,1990(in Chinese)
[10]石兆吉,郁寿松.软土震陷计算中若干问题的讨论[J].地震工程与工程振动,1989,9(4):92～97Shi Zhao-ji,Yu Shou-song.The discussion of soft soilseismic subsidence[J].Earthquake Engineering andEngineering Vibration,1989,9(4):92～97(in Chinese)
[11]Lee K L.Seismic Permanent Deformation in Earth Dams[R].School of Engineering and Applied Science,University of California,Los Angeles,California,December,1974
[12]Ishihara K,Koyamachi N,Kasuda K.Strength of acohesive soil in irregular loading[A].IAEE,1984,1:7～14
[13]孟上九.不规则动荷载下土的残余变形及建筑物不均匀震陷研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2002Meng Shang-jiu.Residual strain and unequal seismicsubsidence research under irregular dynamic loads[D].Habin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,ChinaEarthquake Administration,2002(in Chinese)
[14]孟上九,袁晓铭,孙锐.建筑物不均匀震陷机理的振动台实验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2002,24(6):747～751Meng Shang-jiu,Yuan Xiao-ming,Sun Rui.Study on mechanism of earthquake induced differential settlementof building by shaking table test[J].Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2002,24(6):747～751(inChinese)
[15]孟上九,袁晓铭.建筑物不均匀震陷简化分析方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(2):102～107Meng Shang-jiu,Yuan Xiao-ming.Simplified analyticalmethod for earthquake-induced differential settlement ofbuildings[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,2003,23(2):102～107(in Chinese)
[16]孟上九,袁晓铭.建筑物不均匀震陷影响因素研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2004,24(1):111～116Meng Shang-jiu,Yuan Xiao-ming.Analysis of influencefactors for earthquake-induceddifferential settlements ofbuildings[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,2004,24(1):111～116(in Chinese)
[17]袁晓铭,孙锐,孟上九.软弱地基土上建筑物不均匀震陷机理研究[J].土木工程学报,2004,37(2):67～77Yuan Xiao-ming,Sun Rui,Meng Shang-jiu.Researchon mechanism for earthquake induced differentialsettlement of buildings on soft subsoil[J].China CivilEngineering Journal,2004,37(2):67～77(in Chinese)
[18]孟上九,刘汉龙,袁晓铭,等.塘沽新港地区建筑物不均匀震陷分析[J].河海大学学报,2004,32(2):175～178Meng Shang-jiu,Liu Han-long,Yuan Xiao-ming,et al.Earthquake-induced differential settlement of buildingsin Tanggu area[J].Journal of Hohai University,2004,32(2):175～178(in Chinese)
[19]刘汉龙.土体地震永久变形分析评述[J].水利水电科技进展,1995,15(4):22～28Liu Han-long.The summarization of seismic PermanentDeformations[J].Advances in Science and Technologyof Water Resources,1995,15(4):22～28(in Chinese)
[20]王忆,张克绪,谢君斐.地震引起建筑物沉降的简化分析[J].土木工程学报,1992,25(5):63～70Wang Yi,Zhang Ke-xu,Xie Jun-fei.Simplified analysisof earthquake induced settlement of buildings[J].ChinaCivil Engineering Journal,1992,25(5):63～70(inChinese)
[21]周健,屠洪权,安原一哉.动力荷载作用下软粘土的残余变形计算模式[J].岩土力学,1996,17(1):54～60Zhou Jian,Tu Hong-quan,Yaswhara.A Model forPredicting the Cyclic Behaviour of Soft Clay[J].Rockand Soil Mechanics,1996,17(1):54～60(in Chinese)
[22]周健,蔡宏英,许朝阳.软粘土地基震陷分析[J].工程抗震,2000,1:40～43Zhou Jian,Cai Hong-ying,Xu Zhao-yang,Prediction ofSettlements of Soft Clay Caused by Earthquakes[J].Earthquake Resistant Engineering,2000,1:40～43(inChinese)
[23]Larew H G,Leonards G A.Strength Criterion forRepeated Loads[A].HRB Proc[C],1962,42:529～556
[24]谢君斐,石兆吉,等.神头电厂地基震陷的初步分析[R].中国科学院工程力学研究所,1981Xie Jun-fei,Shi Zhao-ji,et al.Preliminary analysis ofearthquake induced settlement of Shentou power station[R].Institute of Engineering Mechanics,ChinaEarthquake Administration,1981(in Chinese)
[25]郁寿松,石兆吉,等.上海地铁隧道振陷的计算分析[J].地震工程和工程振动,1986,6(1):51～60Yu Shou-song,Shi Zhao-ji,et al.Vibration inducedsettlement analysis of Shanghai subway tunnel[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1986,6(1):51～60(in Chinese)
[26]Zhou Jian,Yasuhara,Hirai.A model for predicting thecyclic-induced behavior of clay with initial static shearstress[A].Proc.Of 47th annual meeting of Japanesesociety of Civil Eng[C].Shanghai,Sept.1992
[27]王建华,要明伦,贾有权.软土地基震陷分析[J].天津大学学报,1993,4:67～72Wang Jian-hua,Yao Ming-lun,Jia You-quan.Earthquake induced settlement analysis of soft soil[J].Journal of Tianjin University,1993,4:67～72(in Chinese)
[28]王建华,要明伦.饱和软粘土振动弱化特性的研究[J].水力学报,1993,12:37～43Wang Jian-hua,Yao Min-lun.Degradation of SaturatedSoft Clay under Cyclic Loading[J].Journal of HydraulicEngineering,1993,12:37～43(in Chinese)
[2]GB50021-2001,岩土工程勘察规范[S]GB50021-2001,Code for Investigation of GeotechnicalEngineering[S](in Chinese)
[3]GB50191-93,构筑物抗震设计规范[S]GB50191-93,Design Code for Antiseismic of SpecialStructures[S](in Chinese)
[4]郁寿松,石兆吉.土壤震陷试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,1989,11(4):35～44Yu Shou-song,Shi Zhao-ji.Soil seismic subsidenceresearch[J].Chinese Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering,1989,11(4):35～44(in Chinese)
[5]张虎臣.淤泥地基地震触变研究[J].岩土工程学报,1989,11(3):78～85Zhang Hu-chen.The thixotropy research of clay soil[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1989,11(3):78～85(in Chinese)
[6]Thiers G R,Seed H B.Strength and Stress-StrainCharacteristics of Clays Subjected to Seismic LoadingConditions Vibration Effects of Earthquake on Soil andFoundation[J].ASTM,April,1969.
[7]于洪治,何广讷,杨斌.软土震陷特性的试验研究[J].大连理工大学学报,1996,36(1):76～82Yu Hong-zhi,He Guang-ne,Yang Bin.The seismicsubsidence research of soft soil[J].Journal of DalianUniversity of Technology,1996,36(1):76～82(inChinese)
[8]Seed H B,Chan C K.Clay Strength under EarthquakeLoading Condition[J].Journal of the Soil Mechanicsand Foundations Division,American Society of CivilEngineering,Vol92,SM2,March,1996,92
[9]于洪治.偏应力状态下粉土的动力特性及震陷分析模型的改进[D].大连:大连理工大学Yu Hong-zhi.The dynamic property and seismicsubsidence model improvement of silty soil[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,1990(in Chinese)
[10]石兆吉,郁寿松.软土震陷计算中若干问题的讨论[J].地震工程与工程振动,1989,9(4):92～97Shi Zhao-ji,Yu Shou-song.The discussion of soft soilseismic subsidence[J].Earthquake Engineering andEngineering Vibration,1989,9(4):92～97(in Chinese)
[11]Lee K L.Seismic Permanent Deformation in Earth Dams[R].School of Engineering and Applied Science,University of California,Los Angeles,California,December,1974
[12]Ishihara K,Koyamachi N,Kasuda K.Strength of acohesive soil in irregular loading[A].IAEE,1984,1:7～14
[13]孟上九.不规则动荷载下土的残余变形及建筑物不均匀震陷研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所,2002Meng Shang-jiu.Residual strain and unequal seismicsubsidence research under irregular dynamic loads[D].Habin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,ChinaEarthquake Administration,2002(in Chinese)
[14]孟上九,袁晓铭,孙锐.建筑物不均匀震陷机理的振动台实验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2002,24(6):747～751Meng Shang-jiu,Yuan Xiao-ming,Sun Rui.Study on mechanism of earthquake induced differential settlementof building by shaking table test[J].Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2002,24(6):747～751(inChinese)
[15]孟上九,袁晓铭.建筑物不均匀震陷简化分析方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(2):102～107Meng Shang-jiu,Yuan Xiao-ming.Simplified analyticalmethod for earthquake-induced differential settlement ofbuildings[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,2003,23(2):102～107(in Chinese)
[16]孟上九,袁晓铭.建筑物不均匀震陷影响因素研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2004,24(1):111～116Meng Shang-jiu,Yuan Xiao-ming.Analysis of influencefactors for earthquake-induceddifferential settlements ofbuildings[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,2004,24(1):111～116(in Chinese)
[17]袁晓铭,孙锐,孟上九.软弱地基土上建筑物不均匀震陷机理研究[J].土木工程学报,2004,37(2):67～77Yuan Xiao-ming,Sun Rui,Meng Shang-jiu.Researchon mechanism for earthquake induced differentialsettlement of buildings on soft subsoil[J].China CivilEngineering Journal,2004,37(2):67～77(in Chinese)
[18]孟上九,刘汉龙,袁晓铭,等.塘沽新港地区建筑物不均匀震陷分析[J].河海大学学报,2004,32(2):175～178Meng Shang-jiu,Liu Han-long,Yuan Xiao-ming,et al.Earthquake-induced differential settlement of buildingsin Tanggu area[J].Journal of Hohai University,2004,32(2):175～178(in Chinese)
[19]刘汉龙.土体地震永久变形分析评述[J].水利水电科技进展,1995,15(4):22～28Liu Han-long.The summarization of seismic PermanentDeformations[J].Advances in Science and Technologyof Water Resources,1995,15(4):22～28(in Chinese)
[20]王忆,张克绪,谢君斐.地震引起建筑物沉降的简化分析[J].土木工程学报,1992,25(5):63～70Wang Yi,Zhang Ke-xu,Xie Jun-fei.Simplified analysisof earthquake induced settlement of buildings[J].ChinaCivil Engineering Journal,1992,25(5):63～70(inChinese)
[21]周健,屠洪权,安原一哉.动力荷载作用下软粘土的残余变形计算模式[J].岩土力学,1996,17(1):54～60Zhou Jian,Tu Hong-quan,Yaswhara.A Model forPredicting the Cyclic Behaviour of Soft Clay[J].Rockand Soil Mechanics,1996,17(1):54～60(in Chinese)
[22]周健,蔡宏英,许朝阳.软粘土地基震陷分析[J].工程抗震,2000,1:40～43Zhou Jian,Cai Hong-ying,Xu Zhao-yang,Prediction ofSettlements of Soft Clay Caused by Earthquakes[J].Earthquake Resistant Engineering,2000,1:40～43(inChinese)
[23]Larew H G,Leonards G A.Strength Criterion forRepeated Loads[A].HRB Proc[C],1962,42:529～556
[24]谢君斐,石兆吉,等.神头电厂地基震陷的初步分析[R].中国科学院工程力学研究所,1981Xie Jun-fei,Shi Zhao-ji,et al.Preliminary analysis ofearthquake induced settlement of Shentou power station[R].Institute of Engineering Mechanics,ChinaEarthquake Administration,1981(in Chinese)
[25]郁寿松,石兆吉,等.上海地铁隧道振陷的计算分析[J].地震工程和工程振动,1986,6(1):51～60Yu Shou-song,Shi Zhao-ji,et al.Vibration inducedsettlement analysis of Shanghai subway tunnel[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,1986,6(1):51～60(in Chinese)
[26]Zhou Jian,Yasuhara,Hirai.A model for predicting thecyclic-induced behavior of clay with initial static shearstress[A].Proc.Of 47th annual meeting of Japanesesociety of Civil Eng[C].Shanghai,Sept.1992
[27]王建华,要明伦,贾有权.软土地基震陷分析[J].天津大学学报,1993,4:67～72Wang Jian-hua,Yao Ming-lun,Jia You-quan.Earthquake induced settlement analysis of soft soil[J].Journal of Tianjin University,1993,4:67～72(in Chinese)
[28]王建华,要明伦.饱和软粘土振动弱化特性的研究[J].水力学报,1993,12:37～43Wang Jian-hua,Yao Min-lun.Degradation of SaturatedSoft Clay under Cyclic Loading[J].Journal of HydraulicEngineering,1993,12:37～43(in Chinese)
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