建设系统在自然灾害管理中的作用——以汶川地震为例
摘要
近年自然灾害在世界各地多次发生,对人类生命财产造成重大损失,但现有研究缺乏基于建设系统视角的自然灾害影响系统分析。对此,提出了自然灾害影响整体理论分析框架,并以汶川地震为例,揭示了自然灾害、建设系统和社会间的作用机理,及建设系统在自然灾害管理中的重要作用。分析结果表明建设系统应注重灾害链综合影响,例如对于地震灾害,建设项目选址需以合理避开灾害易发区等方式断链减灾,通过提高抗震设计等级、优化房屋结构和采用优质材料等方法增强抗震能力,并建立完善的建设监管体系(特别是农村地区)以保障工程的建设质量,以指导我国自然灾害防治、应对和灾后重建。
引文
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[2]Adger W N,Hughes T P,Folke C,et al.Social-ecological resilience to coastal disaster[J].Science,2005,309(5737):1036-1039.
[3]Bilham R.Lessons from the Haiti earthquake[J].Nature,2010,463(7283):878-879.
[4]Day J W,et al.Restoration of the Mississippi delta:Lessons from hurricanes Katrina and Rita[J].Science,2007,315(5819):1679-1684.
[5]Kennedy J,Ashmore J,Babister E,et al.The meaning of‘build back better’:Evidence from post-tsunami Aceh and Sri Lanka[J].Journal of Contigencies and Crisis Management,2008,16(1):24-36.
[6]Arlikatti S,Andrew S A.Housing design and long-term recovery processes in the aftermath of the2004Indian ocean tsunami[J].Nat.Hazards Rev.,2012,13(1):34-44.
[7]陈肇元,钱稼茹.汶川地震建筑震害调查与灾后重建分析报告[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[8]王亚勇,黄卫.汶川地震建筑震害启示录[M].北京:地震出版社,2009.
[9]周庆.汶川地震次生灾害与地表破裂带调查[M].北京:地震出版社,2011.
[10]崔鹏,何思明,姚令侃.汶川地震山地灾害形成机理与风险控制[M].北京:科学出版社,2011.
[11]McEntire D A.Triggering agents,vulnerabilities and disaster reduction[J].Disaster Prevention Manage,2001,10(3):189-196.
[12]Chang S E.Evaluating disaster mitigations:Methodology for urban infrastructure systems[J].Nat.Hazards Rev.,2003,4(4):186-196.
[13]Russell J E.Post earthquake reconstruction regulation by local government[J].Earthquake Spectra,1994,10(1):209-233.
[14]于洋,雷震钟.“灾难斑块”型村落灾后重建的适宜规划途径研究[J].西安建筑科技大学学报:自然科学版,2010,42(5):696-700.
[15]Tobin G A,Whiteford L M.Community resilience and volcano hazard:the eruption of Tungurahua and evacuation of the faldas in Ecuador[J].Disasters,2002,26(1):28-48.
[16]肖盛燮等.灾变链式理论及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2006,2:18-19.
[17]Zhao H F,Zhang L.Identification of Hazardous loose landslide deposites and scars formed during the2008Wenchuan earthquake[C].Geo-Risk2011:460-467.
[18]Li Y,Ahuja A,Padgett J E.Review of methods to assess,design for,and mitigate multiple hazards[J].J.Perf.Constr.Facil.,2012,26(1):104-117.
[19]郭伟,王建华,罗振宇,等.汶川特大地震应急管理研究[M].成都:四川人民出版社,2009.
[20]尹卫霞,王静爱,余瀚,等.基于灾害系统理论的地震灾害链研究——中国汶川地震“5.12”地震和日本福岛“3.11”地震灾害链对比[J].防灾科技学院学报,2012,14(2):1-8.
[21]Chang D S,Zhang L,Xu Y.Testing and analysis of erodibility of Hongshihe landslide dam[C].Scour and Erosion,2010:338-347.
[22]清华大学土木工程结构组等.汶川地震建筑震害分析[J].建筑结构学报,2008,29(4):1-9.
[23]Li H N,Xiao S Y,Huo L S.Lessons learnt from building damages in the Wenchuan earthquake[C].Earth and Space2010:Engineering,Science,Construction,and Opeations in Challenging Environments,2010:3253-3261.
[24]周浪,黄青松.从5.12地震后什邡、都江堰村镇房屋受损调查引发的思考[J].工程抗震与加固改造,2010,2(32):122-125.
[25]李向民,许清风,邱文军.从地震震害谈居民自建房的监管[J].上海建设科技,2009(5):67-69.
[26]马玉宏,赵桂峰.地震灾害风险分析及管理[M].北京:科技出版社,2008.
[27]国家减灾委员会.中国减灾年鉴2008[R].北京:国家减灾委员会办公室,2009.
[28]赵振东,郑向远.唐山地震人员伤亡数值模拟与评估[J].地震工程与工程震动,2006,26(3):28-30.
[29]Stone R.Sichuan disaster-landslide,flooding pose threats as experts survey quake's impact[J].Sci.,2008,320(5879):996-997.
[30]王艳茹,王宝光,戴君武,等.“5.12”汶川大地震人员伤亡的时空分布特点[J].自然灾害学报,2009,18(6):52-56.
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