2001年11月14日昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震震源破裂过程研究
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摘要
根据IRIS全球地震台网 2 8个台的长周期地震仪记录的P波数字地震图 ,用直接由远场体波地震图反演震源破裂过程的一种新方法 ,研究了 2 0 0 1年 1 1月 1 4日昆仑山口西MS8.1地震的震源破裂过程 .结果表明 :这是一次极为复杂的地震破裂事件 .破裂从震源位置(3 5 .95°N ,90 .5 4°E ,h :1 0km)开始后 ,先向西扩展 ,后在有限断层的东端和中部的大尺度空间范围内接连出现了多个破裂生长点 .破裂在这些生长点先后扩展 ,最后在矩心位置(3 5 .80°N ,92 .91°E ,h :1 5km)以东 5 0km范围内结束 .整个破裂持续了约 1 42s.破裂过程可粗略地分为 3个阶段 :第一阶段 ,从第 0s开始至第 5 2s结束 ,持续了 5 2s,释放的地震矩约为总地震矩的 2 4.4% ;第二阶段 ,从第 5 5s开始至第 1 1 3s结束 ,持续了 5 8s,释放的地震矩约为总地震矩的 5 6.5 % ;第三阶段 ,从第 1 2 2s开始至第 1 42s结束 ,持续了 2 0s,释放的地震矩约为总地震矩的 1 9.1 % .地震破裂面长约 490km ,破裂面最大宽度达 45km .破裂主要发生在 3 0km深度范围内 .地下岩层的平均静态位错量约为 1 .2m ,最大静态位错量达 3 .6m ,平均静态应力降约为 5MPa ,最大静态应力降达 1 8MPa .静态位错量和静态应力降最大的区域位于矩心位置以东 5 0km范围内 .
Based on digital teleseismic P-wave seismograms recorded by 28 long-period seismograph stations of the global seismic network, source process of the November 14, 2001 western Kunlun Mountain M S=8.1 (M W=7.8) earthquake is estimated by a new inversion method. The result shows that the earthquake is a very complex rupture event. The source rupture initiated at the hypocenter (35.95°N, 90.54°E, focal depth 10 km, by USGS NEIC), and propagated to the west at first. Then, in several seconds to a hundred seconds and over a large spatial range, several rupture growth points emerged in succession at the eastern end and in the central part of the finite fault. And then the source rupture propagated from these rupture growth points successively and, finally, stopped in the area within 50 km to the east of the centroid position (35.80°N, 92.91°E, focal depth 15 km, by Harvard CMT). The entire rupture lasted for 142 s, and the source process could be roughly separated into three stages: The first stage started at the 0 s and ended at the 52 s, lasting for 52 s and releasing approximately 24.4% of the total moment; The second stage started at the 55 s and ended at the 113 s, lasting for 58 s and releasing approximately 56.5% of the total moment; The third stage started at the 122 s and ended at the 142 s, lasting for 20 s and releasing approximately 19.1% of the total moment. The length of the ruptured fault plane is about 490 km. The maximum width of the ruptured fault plane is about 45 km. The rupture mainly occurred within 30 km in depth under the surface of the Earth. The average static slip in the underground rocky crust is about 1.2 m with the maximum static slip 3.6 m. The average static stress drop is about 5 MPa with the maximum static stress drop 18 MPa. The maximum static slip and the maximum stress drop occurred in an area within 50 km to the east of the centroid position.
Based on digital teleseismic P-wave seismograms recorded by 28 long-period seismograph stations of the global seismic network, source process of the November 14, 2001 western Kunlun Mountain M S=8.1 (M W=7.8) earthquake is estimated by a new inversion method. The result shows that the earthquake is a very complex rupture event. The source rupture initiated at the hypocenter (35.95°N, 90.54°E, focal depth 10 km, by USGS NEIC), and propagated to the west at first. Then, in several seconds to a hundred seconds and over a large spatial range, several rupture growth points emerged in succession at the eastern end and in the central part of the finite fault. And then the source rupture propagated from these rupture growth points successively and, finally, stopped in the area within 50 km to the east of the centroid position (35.80°N, 92.91°E, focal depth 15 km, by Harvard CMT). The entire rupture lasted for 142 s, and the source process could be roughly separated into three stages: The first stage started at the 0 s and ended at the 52 s, lasting for 52 s and releasing approximately 24.4% of the total moment; The second stage started at the 55 s and ended at the 113 s, lasting for 58 s and releasing approximately 56.5% of the total moment; The third stage started at the 122 s and ended at the 142 s, lasting for 20 s and releasing approximately 19.1% of the total moment. The length of the ruptured fault plane is about 490 km. The maximum width of the ruptured fault plane is about 45 km. The rupture mainly occurred within 30 km in depth under the surface of the Earth. The average static slip in the underground rocky crust is about 1.2 m with the maximum static slip 3.6 m. The average static stress drop is about 5 MPa with the maximum static stress drop 18 MPa. The maximum static slip and the maximum stress drop occurred in an area within 50 km to the east of the centroid position.
引文
①,③www.eri.u tokyo.ac.jp
②杨建思,姜旭东,徐智强,等.2004.东昆仑山8.1级地震余震空间分布.
① www.eri.u tokyo.ac.jp
车用太,谷元珠,鱼金子,等.2002.昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地下流体的远场异常及其意义[J].地震,22(4):106～113
陈文斌,徐锡伟,张志坚,等.2001.2001年11月14日青新交界MS8.1地震地表破裂带的初步调查[J].西北地震学报,23(4):313～317
江在森,张希,祝意青,等.2003.昆仑山口西MS8.1地震前区域构造变形背景[J].中国科学,D辑,33(增刊):163～172
李世愚,尹祥础,李红,等.1989.闭合裂纹面相互作用过程中的多点破裂现象及其分析[J].地球物理学报,32(专辑Ⅰ):174～182
李世愚,陈运泰.1998.分形断层的隧道效应和平面内剪切断层的跨S波速破裂[J].地震学报,21(1):17～23
李世愚,滕春凯,刘绮亮,等.1998.三维破裂及其在震源和断层研究中的应用(综述)[J].地震地磁观测与研究,19(1):11～25
李世愚,和雪松,王健,等.2001.大样本岩石破裂声发射特征震级结构[J].地震地磁观测与研究,22(1A):92～106
刘蒲雄,郑大林,车时,等.2003.2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地震活动性异常及其思考[J].地震学报,25(2):205～210
陆鸣,徐锡伟,陈文斌,等.2002.昆仑山口西8.1级地震调查[J].中国地震,18(1):117～118
许力生,陈运泰.2004.从全球长周期波形资料反演2001年11月14日昆仑山口地震时空破裂过程[J].中国科学,D辑,34(3):256～264
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2002.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征[J].地震地质,24(1):1～13
周云好.2002.用远场体波反演震源破裂过程研究[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所,55～84
祝意青,王双绪,江在森,等.2003.昆仑山口西8.1级地震前重力变化[J].地震学报,25(3):291～297
AkiK ,RichardsPG .1980.QuantitativeSeismology:TheoryandMethods[M].SanFrancisco:WHFreemanandCo,28～119
BrighamEO .1974.TheFastFourierTransform[M].NewJersey:PrenticeHallInc,EnglewoodCliffs,110～122
BruneJN .1970.Tectonicstressandthespectraofseismicshearwavesfromearthquakes[J].JGeophysRes,75:4997～5009
ChenYT ,XuLS .2000.Atimedomaininversiontechniqueforthetempo spatialdistributionofsliponafinitefaultplanewithapplica tionstorecentlargeearthquakesinTibetanPlateau[J].GeophysJInt,143:407～416
ChristensenDH ,RuffLJ.1985.Analysisofthetrade offsbetweenhypocentraldepthandsourcetimefunction[J].BullSeismSocAmer,75:1637～1656
ChiWC ,DregerD ,KaverinaA .2001.Finite sourcemodelingofthe1999Taiwan(ChiChi)earthquakederivedfromadensestrong motionnetwork[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:1144～1157
DalguerLA ,IrikuraK ,RieraJD ,etal.2001.Theimportanceofthedynamicsourceeffectsonstronggroundmotionduringthe1999ChiChi,Taiwan,earthquake:Briefinterpretationofthedamagedistributiononbuildings[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:1112～1127
DregerDS .1994.EmpiricalGreen’sfunctionstudyoftheJanuary17,1994Northridge,Californiaearthquake[J].GeophysResLett,21:2633～2636
HartzellSH ,HeatonTH .1983.Inversionofstronggroundmotionandteleseismicwaveformdataforthefaultrupturehistoryofthe1979ImperialValley,California,earthquake[J].BullSeismSocAmer,73:1553～1583
HartzellSH ,HeatonTH .1985.Teleseismictimefunctionsforlarge,shallowsubductionzoneearthquakes[J].BullSeismSocAmer,75:965～1004
HuangWG ,WangJH ,HuangBS ,etal.2001.Estimatesofsourceparametersforthe1999ChiChi,Taiwan,earthquakebasedonbrune′ssourcemodel[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:1190～1198
JiC ,WaldDJ,HelmbergerDV .2002.Sourcedescriptionofthe1999HectorMine,California,earthquake;partⅡ:Complexityofsliphistory[J].BullSeismSocAmer,92:1208～1226
JiC ,HelmbergerDV ,WaldDJ,etal.2003.Sliphistoryanddynamicimplicationsofthe1999ChiChi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].JGeophysRes,108(B9):ESE 5,1～20
KennettBLN ,KerryNJ.1979.Seismicwavesinastratifiedhalfspace[J].GeophysJRastrSoc,57:557～583
KennettBLN .1980.SeismicwavesinastratifiedhalfspaceⅡ.Theoreticalseismograms[J].GeophysJRastrSoc,61:1～10
KennettBLN ,EngdahlER .1991.Traveltimesforglobalearthquakelocationandphaseidentification[J].GeophysJInt,105:429～465
KikuchiM ,KanamoriH .1991.InversionofcomplexbodywavesⅢ[J].BullSeismSocAmer,81:2335～2350
LangstonCA ,HelmbergerDV .1975.Aprocedureformodelingshallowdislocationsources[J].GeophysJRastrSoc,42:117～130
LinA ,FuB ,GuoJ,etal.2002.Co seismicstrike slipandrupturelengthproducedbythe2001MS8.1centralKunlunearthquake[J].Science,296:2015～2017
LinA ,KikuchiM ,FuB .2003.Rupturesegmentationandprocessofthe2001MW7.8CentralKunlun,China,earthquake[J].BullSeismSocAmer,93:2477～2492
MaKF ,MoriJ ,LeeSJ,etal.2001.Spatialandtemporaldistributionofslipforthe1999ChiChi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:1069～1087
OglesbyDD ,DaySM .2001.Faultgeometryandthedynamicsofthe1999ChiChi(Taiwan)earthquake[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:1099～1111
WardSN ,BarrientosSE .1986.Aninversionforslipdistributionandfaultshapefromgeodeticobservationsofthe1983,BorahPeak,Idaho,earthquake[J].JGeophysRes,91:4909～4919
XuX ,ChenW ,MaW ,etal.2002.SurfaceruptureoftheKunlunshanearthquake(MS8.1),northernTibetanplateau,China[J].SeismResLett,73:884～892
②杨建思,姜旭东,徐智强,等.2004.东昆仑山8.1级地震余震空间分布.
① www.eri.u tokyo.ac.jp
车用太,谷元珠,鱼金子,等.2002.昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地下流体的远场异常及其意义[J].地震,22(4):106～113
陈文斌,徐锡伟,张志坚,等.2001.2001年11月14日青新交界MS8.1地震地表破裂带的初步调查[J].西北地震学报,23(4):313～317
江在森,张希,祝意青,等.2003.昆仑山口西MS8.1地震前区域构造变形背景[J].中国科学,D辑,33(增刊):163～172
李世愚,尹祥础,李红,等.1989.闭合裂纹面相互作用过程中的多点破裂现象及其分析[J].地球物理学报,32(专辑Ⅰ):174～182
李世愚,陈运泰.1998.分形断层的隧道效应和平面内剪切断层的跨S波速破裂[J].地震学报,21(1):17～23
李世愚,滕春凯,刘绮亮,等.1998.三维破裂及其在震源和断层研究中的应用(综述)[J].地震地磁观测与研究,19(1):11～25
李世愚,和雪松,王健,等.2001.大样本岩石破裂声发射特征震级结构[J].地震地磁观测与研究,22(1A):92～106
刘蒲雄,郑大林,车时,等.2003.2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地震活动性异常及其思考[J].地震学报,25(2):205～210
陆鸣,徐锡伟,陈文斌,等.2002.昆仑山口西8.1级地震调查[J].中国地震,18(1):117～118
许力生,陈运泰.2004.从全球长周期波形资料反演2001年11月14日昆仑山口地震时空破裂过程[J].中国科学,D辑,34(3):256～264
徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2002.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(MS8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征[J].地震地质,24(1):1～13
周云好.2002.用远场体波反演震源破裂过程研究[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所,55～84
祝意青,王双绪,江在森,等.2003.昆仑山口西8.1级地震前重力变化[J].地震学报,25(3):291～297
AkiK ,RichardsPG .1980.QuantitativeSeismology:TheoryandMethods[M].SanFrancisco:WHFreemanandCo,28～119
BrighamEO .1974.TheFastFourierTransform[M].NewJersey:PrenticeHallInc,EnglewoodCliffs,110～122
BruneJN .1970.Tectonicstressandthespectraofseismicshearwavesfromearthquakes[J].JGeophysRes,75:4997～5009
ChenYT ,XuLS .2000.Atimedomaininversiontechniqueforthetempo spatialdistributionofsliponafinitefaultplanewithapplica tionstorecentlargeearthquakesinTibetanPlateau[J].GeophysJInt,143:407～416
ChristensenDH ,RuffLJ.1985.Analysisofthetrade offsbetweenhypocentraldepthandsourcetimefunction[J].BullSeismSocAmer,75:1637～1656
ChiWC ,DregerD ,KaverinaA .2001.Finite sourcemodelingofthe1999Taiwan(ChiChi)earthquakederivedfromadensestrong motionnetwork[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:1144～1157
DalguerLA ,IrikuraK ,RieraJD ,etal.2001.Theimportanceofthedynamicsourceeffectsonstronggroundmotionduringthe1999ChiChi,Taiwan,earthquake:Briefinterpretationofthedamagedistributiononbuildings[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:1112～1127
DregerDS .1994.EmpiricalGreen’sfunctionstudyoftheJanuary17,1994Northridge,Californiaearthquake[J].GeophysResLett,21:2633～2636
HartzellSH ,HeatonTH .1983.Inversionofstronggroundmotionandteleseismicwaveformdataforthefaultrupturehistoryofthe1979ImperialValley,California,earthquake[J].BullSeismSocAmer,73:1553～1583
HartzellSH ,HeatonTH .1985.Teleseismictimefunctionsforlarge,shallowsubductionzoneearthquakes[J].BullSeismSocAmer,75:965～1004
HuangWG ,WangJH ,HuangBS ,etal.2001.Estimatesofsourceparametersforthe1999ChiChi,Taiwan,earthquakebasedonbrune′ssourcemodel[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:1190～1198
JiC ,WaldDJ,HelmbergerDV .2002.Sourcedescriptionofthe1999HectorMine,California,earthquake;partⅡ:Complexityofsliphistory[J].BullSeismSocAmer,92:1208～1226
JiC ,HelmbergerDV ,WaldDJ,etal.2003.Sliphistoryanddynamicimplicationsofthe1999ChiChi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].JGeophysRes,108(B9):ESE 5,1～20
KennettBLN ,KerryNJ.1979.Seismicwavesinastratifiedhalfspace[J].GeophysJRastrSoc,57:557～583
KennettBLN .1980.SeismicwavesinastratifiedhalfspaceⅡ.Theoreticalseismograms[J].GeophysJRastrSoc,61:1～10
KennettBLN ,EngdahlER .1991.Traveltimesforglobalearthquakelocationandphaseidentification[J].GeophysJInt,105:429～465
KikuchiM ,KanamoriH .1991.InversionofcomplexbodywavesⅢ[J].BullSeismSocAmer,81:2335～2350
LangstonCA ,HelmbergerDV .1975.Aprocedureformodelingshallowdislocationsources[J].GeophysJRastrSoc,42:117～130
LinA ,FuB ,GuoJ,etal.2002.Co seismicstrike slipandrupturelengthproducedbythe2001MS8.1centralKunlunearthquake[J].Science,296:2015～2017
LinA ,KikuchiM ,FuB .2003.Rupturesegmentationandprocessofthe2001MW7.8CentralKunlun,China,earthquake[J].BullSeismSocAmer,93:2477～2492
MaKF ,MoriJ ,LeeSJ,etal.2001.Spatialandtemporaldistributionofslipforthe1999ChiChi,Taiwan,earthquake[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:1069～1087
OglesbyDD ,DaySM .2001.Faultgeometryandthedynamicsofthe1999ChiChi(Taiwan)earthquake[J].BullSeismSocAmer,91:1099～1111
WardSN ,BarrientosSE .1986.Aninversionforslipdistributionandfaultshapefromgeodeticobservationsofthe1983,BorahPeak,Idaho,earthquake[J].JGeophysRes,91:4909～4919
XuX ,ChenW ,MaW ,etal.2002.SurfaceruptureoftheKunlunshanearthquake(MS8.1),northernTibetanplateau,China[J].SeismResLett,73:884～892
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