核电站安全的地震威胁及对策分析
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摘要
核能是一种清洁高效的无碳能源,在人类文明进程及世界现代化发展中具有重要意义,但也存在核泄漏和核废料等问题。对世界核能利用情况及各国核电站建设与规划情况进行了回顾与展望,总结了历史上历次核电站事故发生的根本原因,着重探讨了地震对核电站的威胁。以2011年日本大地震造成的福岛核电站事故为例,分析了核电站事故对社会、经济及生态环境造成的影响,同时还提出了一些建议:对已建核电站进行抗震加固和延寿评估,做好未来核电站建设规划,改善管理机制,做好地震预警及核电站安全监测,优化应急处置机制,深化核能概率安全分析,普及群众安全教育,定期开展灾难演习,强化国际合作等举措,为人类在探索正确使用核能的进程中少受核能副作用的伤害而发挥重要作用。
Nuclear energy is a carbon-free,clean and efficient energy.It is very important in the progress of human civilization and modern development of the world.However,there are still some problems such as nuclear leak and nuclear waste.In this paper,the world’s nuclear energy utilization and nuclear power plant constructions are reviewed and plans are forecasted.The basic reason of previous nuclear power plant accidents in history is summarized.Taking 2011 Tohuku earthquake-fukushima nuclear power station accident as an example,threats to the nuclear power plant by earthquake are investigated and impacts on social,economic and ecological environment caused by nuclear power station accident are analyzed.This paper drew lessons from previous accidents and put forward a variety of countermeasures which are from both the technical and management aspects.This paper also put forward some suggestions.Security measures of the existing nuclear power plants should be assessed carefully.The long-term construction plan of the nuclear power plant should be improved.In addition,emergency management mechanism of the nuclear power plant can be enhanced in the future.The earthquake monitoring and earthquake early-warning system is critical and promoted to be established widely.The nuclear probability safety analysis(PSA)could be investigated in depth.The security education of the public should be continuously popularized and disaster drills be carried out regularly.International cooperation and communication are also advocated to be strengthened.All these measures can be significant in human process to explore nuclear energy correctly.We also appeal people all over the world to respect the nature,enjoy the nature,and to create and enjoy the new civilization of human beings.
Nuclear energy is a carbon-free,clean and efficient energy.It is very important in the progress of human civilization and modern development of the world.However,there are still some problems such as nuclear leak and nuclear waste.In this paper,the world’s nuclear energy utilization and nuclear power plant constructions are reviewed and plans are forecasted.The basic reason of previous nuclear power plant accidents in history is summarized.Taking 2011 Tohuku earthquake-fukushima nuclear power station accident as an example,threats to the nuclear power plant by earthquake are investigated and impacts on social,economic and ecological environment caused by nuclear power station accident are analyzed.This paper drew lessons from previous accidents and put forward a variety of countermeasures which are from both the technical and management aspects.This paper also put forward some suggestions.Security measures of the existing nuclear power plants should be assessed carefully.The long-term construction plan of the nuclear power plant should be improved.In addition,emergency management mechanism of the nuclear power plant can be enhanced in the future.The earthquake monitoring and earthquake early-warning system is critical and promoted to be established widely.The nuclear probability safety analysis(PSA)could be investigated in depth.The security education of the public should be continuously popularized and disaster drills be carried out regularly.International cooperation and communication are also advocated to be strengthened.All these measures can be significant in human process to explore nuclear energy correctly.We also appeal people all over the world to respect the nature,enjoy the nature,and to create and enjoy the new civilization of human beings.
引文
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[2]U.S.NRC.RG 1.165:Identification and characterization of seis-mic sources and determination safe shutdown earthquake groundmotion[S].U.S.NRC,1997.
[3]U.S.NRC.RG 1.208:A performance-based approach to definethe site-specific earthquake ground motion[S].U.S.NRC,2007.
[4]U.S.NRC.NUREG/CR-6241(1994):Technical guidelines forseismic design of nuclear power plants[S].Translation of JEAG4601-1987.
[5]Argonne National Laboratory.On the French nuclear industry experience in the design of Seismic isolation of nuclear power plants[R].U.S.Department of Energy,1989.
[6]Fujita T.Progress of applications,R&D and design guidelines for seismic isolation of civil buildings and industrial facilities in Japan[C]//International post-SMiRT conference seminar on seis-mic isolation,passive energy dissipation and active control of seismic vibrations of structures,Taormina Italy,1997.
[7]Clark P W,Aiken I D,Kelly J M,et al.Tests of reduced-scale seismic isolation bearings for the advanced liquid metal reactor(ALMR)program[C]//ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Confer-ence,Honolulu Hawaii USA,1995.
[8]US NRC.Use of seismic base isolation for nuclear structures[C]//NRC Public Meeting,Rockville MD USA,2004.
[9]Kageyama M,Iba T,Somaki T,et al.Development of cable re-inforced3-dimensional base isolation air spring[C]//Canada:ASME PVP,2002.
[10]Inoue K.Development of three-dimensional seismic isolation technology for next generation nuclear power plant in Japan[C]//U.S:ASME PVP,2004.
[11]Pentti Varpasuo.The development of the floor response spectra using large3D model[J].Nuclear Engineering and Design,1999,192:229-241.
[12]Huang Y N,Whittaker A S,Luco N.Performance assessment of conventional and base-isolated nuclear power plants for earth-quake and blast loadings[C]//MCEER-08-0029,Multidisci-plinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research,State Uni-versity of New York,Buffalo,NY,2008.
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