地震作用下土石坝坝顶沉降估算
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摘要
土石坝坝顶沉降量预测是土石坝抗震设计的重要内容之一。基于123个震害调查资料的整理分析,并结合48个土石坝地震永久变形计算分析结果,给出了地震作用下土石坝坝顶沉降估算的经验方法。分析结果表明,虽然基于应变势的整体变形分析结果较坝顶实测地震沉降量稍高,但基本能够反映土石坝地震沉降量规律。采用现代碾压施工技术修建的土石坝可以抵抗中等乃至较强地震的作用,坝顶地震沉降量不会超过坝高的1%。
Settlement of dam crest induced by earthquake is a control factor in aseismic design of earth and rock-fill dam.This paper presents two empirical fitting relationships that were obtained through an analysis on the performance of such dams due to earthquake reported in the publication for 123 case histories and also an analysis on numerical calculations of permanent deformation of 48 dams using an equivalent nodal force concept.The results show that the numerical method is an effective technique of simulating earthquake-induced permanent deformation,while its predictions are higher than those of the reported case histories.This paper concludes that the well-built dams based on the modern design rules can withstand moderate to strong earthquake shaking and that the crest settlement is less than one percent of the dam height.
Settlement of dam crest induced by earthquake is a control factor in aseismic design of earth and rock-fill dam.This paper presents two empirical fitting relationships that were obtained through an analysis on the performance of such dams due to earthquake reported in the publication for 123 case histories and also an analysis on numerical calculations of permanent deformation of 48 dams using an equivalent nodal force concept.The results show that the numerical method is an effective technique of simulating earthquake-induced permanent deformation,while its predictions are higher than those of the reported case histories.This paper concludes that the well-built dams based on the modern design rules can withstand moderate to strong earthquake shaking and that the crest settlement is less than one percent of the dam height.
引文
[1]Swaisgood J R.Embankment dam deformations caused by earthquakes[C]//Proceedings of 2003 Pacific Conference on EarthquakeEngineering.New Zealand:NZSEE,2003:Paper No.14
[2]Bureau G,Volpe R L,Roth W H,et al.Seismic analysis of concrete face rockfill dams[C]//Cooke B J,Sherard J L.Concreteface rockfill dams-design,construction and performance.New York:ASCE,1985:479-508.
[3]Harder L H.Performance of earth dams during Loma Prieta earthquake[C]//Holzer T L.The Lorna Prieta,California,Earthquakeof October 17,1989-Earth Structures and Engineering Characterization of Ground Motion.Washington:United States GovernmentPrinting Office,1998:3-26.
[4]Yasuda N,Kondo M,Sano T,et al.Effect of the mid Niigata prefecture earthquake in 2004 on dams[C]//US-Japan NaturalResources Development Program,Technical Report,2005.
[5]Liu Lingyao.Earthquake damage of Baihe earth dam and liquefaction characteristics of sand and gravel materials[C]//Proceeding ofthe 7th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Istanbul,1980:171-178.
[6]密云水库抗震防汛指挥部设计处,清华设计组.白河主坝地震滑坡的震害分析及抗震加固[J].清华大学学报,1979,2:18-34.Qinghua Design Section,Design Department of Earthquake Resistant and Flood Control Command of Miyun Reservoir.An Analysis ofthe Damage of Slope Sliding by Earthquake of the Baihe Main Dam and its Earthquake Resistant Strengthening[J].Journal ofTsinghua University,1979,2:18-34.(in Chinese)
[7]沈珠江,徐志英.1976年7月28日唐山地震时密云水库白河主坝有效应力动力分析[J].水利水运科学研究,1981,3:46-63.SHEN Zhujiang,XU Zhiying.Effective Stress Dynamic Analysis of Baihe Earth Dam at Miyun Reservoir during the TangshanEarthquake on July 28,1976[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,1981,3:46-63.(in Chinese)
[8]Seed H B,Makdisi I F,De Alba P.Performance of earthen dams during earthquakes[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1978,104:967-994.
[9]Makdisi F I,Seed H B.Simplified procedure for estimating dam and embankment earthquake-induced deformations[J].Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,1978,104:849-867.
[10]Arrau L,Ibarra I,Noguera G.Performance of Cogoti Dam Under seismic Loading[C]//Cooke B J,Sherard J L.Concrete FaceRockfill Dams-Design,Construction and Performance.New York:ASCE,1985:1-14.
[11]Boulanger R W,Bray J D,Merry S M,et al.Three-dimensional dynamic response analysis of Cogswell dam[J].CanadianGeotechnical Journal,1995,32:452-464.
[12]Boulanger R W,Bray J D,Merry S M,et al.Dynamic response analyses of Cogswell dam during the 1991 Sierra Madre and 1987Whittier Narrows earthquake[C]//Proceedings of Seminar on seismological and engineering implications of recent strong-motiondata.California,1993:91-104.
[13]Krinitzsky E L,Hynes M E.The Bhuj,India,earthquake:Lessons learned for earthquake safety of dams on alluvium[J].Engineering Geology,200,266:163-196.
[14]Yan L.Seismic deformation analysis of earth dams:a simplified method[R].California:Report of California Institute ofTechnology,Report SML,1991,91-01.
[15]Resendiz D,Romo M P,Moreno E.El Infiernillo and La Villita dams:Seismic behavior[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,198,2108:109-131.
[16]Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.Preliminary observation on the Al Hoceima,Morocco,earthquake of 24 February,2004[R].EERI.Special Earthquake Report.Oakland,2004.
[17]Nagayama I,Yamaguchi Y,Sasaki T,et al.Damage to dams due to three large earthquake occurred in 2003 in Japan[C]//US-Japan Natural Resources Development Program,Japan.2004.
[18]Rai D C,Murty C V R.North Andaman(Diglipur)earthquake of 14 September 2002[R].India:Indian Institute of TechnologyKanpur,2003.
[19]Elgamal A W,Scott R F,Succarieh M F.La Villita dam response during five earthquakes including permanent deformation[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1990,114:1443-1462.
[20]Bardet J P,Davis C A.Performance of San Fernando dams during 1994 Northridge earthquake[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,1996,122:554-563.
[21]Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.Some observation on engineering aspects of the Jabalpur earthquake of 22 May,1997[R].EERI Special Earthquake Report,EERI Newsletter,1997,32(2):1-17.
[22]Pender M J,Robertson T W.Edgecumbe earthquake:Reconnaissance report[R].Earthquake Spectra,1987,3(4):659-745.
[23]Iwashita T,Yasuda N,Nakamura A,et al.Dynamic analysis of rockfill dams considering frequency dependent characteristics ofradiation damping ratio[C]//Ishihara.Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering.Rotterdam:Balkema,1995:511-516.
[24]Stroitel G.Design and investigation of seismically stable dams in Japan[J].Power Technology Engineering,1969,3:946-955.
[25]Abdel-Ghaffar A M,Scott R F.Analysis of earth dam response to earthquakes[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1979,105:1379-1404.
[26]Ozkan M Y,Erdik M,Tuncer M A,et al.An evaluation of Surgu dam response during 5 May 1986 earthquake[J].Soil Dynamicsand Earthquake Engineering,1996,15:1-10.
[27]Singh R,Roy D,Jain S K.Analysis of earth dams affected by the 2001 Bhuj earthquake[J].Engineering Geology,2005,80:282-291.
[28]顾淦臣,沈长松,岑威钧.土石坝地震工程学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009,12.GU Ganchen,SHEN Changsong,CEN Weijun.Earthquake Engineering for Earthrock Dams[M].Beijing:China WaterpowerPress.(in Chinese)
[29]晏志勇,王斌,周建平,等.汶川地震灾区大中型水电工程震损调查与分析[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009,10.YAN Zhiyong,WANG Bin,ZHOU Jianping,et al.Investigation and analysis on Inter-medium hydropower engineering in Wenchuan[M].Beijing:China Waterpower Press.(in Chinese)
[30]孔宪京.双江口心墙堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2009.KONG Xianjing.Report of Shuangjiangkou core wall rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2009.(inChinese)
[31]孔宪京.两河口心墙堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2009.KONG Xianjing.Report of Lianghekou core wall rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2009.(in Chinese)
[32]赵剑明,刘小生,陈宁,等.高心墙堆石坝的极限抗震能力研究[J].水力发电学报,2009,28(5):97-102.ZHAO Jianming,LIU Xiaosheng,CHEN Ning,et al.Research on the maximum anti-seismic capability of high earth core rockfilldam[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2009,28(5):97-102.(in Chinese)
[33]孔宪京.龙盘心墙堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2009.KONG Xianjing.Report of Longpan core wall rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2009.(in Chinese)
[34]孔宪京.猴子岩面板堆石坝静动力坝计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2008.KONG Xianjing.Report of Houziyan concrete faced rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2008.(inChinese)
[35]孔宪京.凉风台面板堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2010.KONG Xianjing.Report of Liangfengtai concrete rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2010.(in Chinese)
[36]孔宪京.温泉面板堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2010.KONG Xianjing.Report of Wenquan concrete faced rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2010.(inChinese)
[37]赵剑明,常亚屏,陈宁.高心墙堆石坝地震变形与稳定分析[J].岩土力学,2004(增):423-427.ZHAO Jianming,CHANG Yaping,CHEN Ning.Study on earthquake-induced permanent deformation and dynamic stability of highcore rockfill dam[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2004(Suppl.),423-427.(in Chinese)
[38]迟世春.糯扎渡心墙堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2008.CHI Shichun.Report of numerical analysis of Nuozhadu core wall rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2008.(in Chinese)
[39]赵剑明,常亚屏,陈宁.强震区高混凝土面板堆石坝地震残余变形与动力稳定分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004(增):4547-4553.ZHAO Jianming,CHANG Yaping,CHEN Ning.Study on earthquake-induced permanent deformation and Dynamic stability of highconcrete-faced rockfill dam[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004(Suppl.),4547-4553.(in Chinese)
[40]邹德高,孟凡伟,孔宪京,等.堆石料残余变形特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):807-812.ZOU Degao,MENG Fanwei,KONG Xianjing,et al.Residual deformation behavior of rock-fill materials[J].Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):807-812.(in Chinese)
[41]赵剑明,陈宁,常亚屏,等.龙首二级面板堆石坝地震永久变形分析[J].世界地震工程,2003,19(4):57-62.ZHAO Jianming,CHEN Ning,CHANG Yaping,et al.Study on earthquake-induced permanent deformation of Longshou CFRD[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2003,19(4):57-62.(in Chinese)
[42]孔宪京,邹德高,周扬,等.汶川地震中紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝震害分析[J].大连理工大学学报,2009,49(5):667-674.KONG Xianjing,ZOU Degao,ZHOU Yang,et al.Earthquake damage analysis of Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam duringWenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,20094,9(5):667-674.(in Chinese)
[43]杜士斌.土石坝坝顶震陷率与地震烈度的统计关系[J].人民黄河,1983,5:15-19.DU Shibin.Statistical relationship of earthquake-induced settlement of earth dam and earthquake intensity[J].Yellow River,1983,5:15-19.(in Chinese)
[44]汪闻韶,黄锦德.中国水利工程震害资料汇编(1961-1985)[M].水利水电科学研究院抗震防护研究所,1990.WANG Wenshao,HUANG Jinde.Collection of case histories of China hydraulic engineering(1961-1985)[M].China Institute ofWater Resources and Hydropower Research,1990.(in Chinese)
[45]陈生水,霍家平,章为民.汶川“5.12”地震对紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝的影响及原因分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):795-801.CHEN Shengshui,HUO Jiaping,ZHANG Weimin.Analysis of effects of“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake on Zipingpu Concrete FaceRock-fill Dam[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):795-801.(in Chinese)
[46]Liu Jun,Xu Chunlei.Parameter Statistic and Reliability Analysis of Rock-fill Dam's Slope Stability[C]//The 3rd InternationalGeotechnical Engineering Symposium on Disaster Prevention and Reduction.IGS2009,Harbin,China,PN23,2July 22-25,2009.
[2]Bureau G,Volpe R L,Roth W H,et al.Seismic analysis of concrete face rockfill dams[C]//Cooke B J,Sherard J L.Concreteface rockfill dams-design,construction and performance.New York:ASCE,1985:479-508.
[3]Harder L H.Performance of earth dams during Loma Prieta earthquake[C]//Holzer T L.The Lorna Prieta,California,Earthquakeof October 17,1989-Earth Structures and Engineering Characterization of Ground Motion.Washington:United States GovernmentPrinting Office,1998:3-26.
[4]Yasuda N,Kondo M,Sano T,et al.Effect of the mid Niigata prefecture earthquake in 2004 on dams[C]//US-Japan NaturalResources Development Program,Technical Report,2005.
[5]Liu Lingyao.Earthquake damage of Baihe earth dam and liquefaction characteristics of sand and gravel materials[C]//Proceeding ofthe 7th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.Istanbul,1980:171-178.
[6]密云水库抗震防汛指挥部设计处,清华设计组.白河主坝地震滑坡的震害分析及抗震加固[J].清华大学学报,1979,2:18-34.Qinghua Design Section,Design Department of Earthquake Resistant and Flood Control Command of Miyun Reservoir.An Analysis ofthe Damage of Slope Sliding by Earthquake of the Baihe Main Dam and its Earthquake Resistant Strengthening[J].Journal ofTsinghua University,1979,2:18-34.(in Chinese)
[7]沈珠江,徐志英.1976年7月28日唐山地震时密云水库白河主坝有效应力动力分析[J].水利水运科学研究,1981,3:46-63.SHEN Zhujiang,XU Zhiying.Effective Stress Dynamic Analysis of Baihe Earth Dam at Miyun Reservoir during the TangshanEarthquake on July 28,1976[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,1981,3:46-63.(in Chinese)
[8]Seed H B,Makdisi I F,De Alba P.Performance of earthen dams during earthquakes[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1978,104:967-994.
[9]Makdisi F I,Seed H B.Simplified procedure for estimating dam and embankment earthquake-induced deformations[J].Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,1978,104:849-867.
[10]Arrau L,Ibarra I,Noguera G.Performance of Cogoti Dam Under seismic Loading[C]//Cooke B J,Sherard J L.Concrete FaceRockfill Dams-Design,Construction and Performance.New York:ASCE,1985:1-14.
[11]Boulanger R W,Bray J D,Merry S M,et al.Three-dimensional dynamic response analysis of Cogswell dam[J].CanadianGeotechnical Journal,1995,32:452-464.
[12]Boulanger R W,Bray J D,Merry S M,et al.Dynamic response analyses of Cogswell dam during the 1991 Sierra Madre and 1987Whittier Narrows earthquake[C]//Proceedings of Seminar on seismological and engineering implications of recent strong-motiondata.California,1993:91-104.
[13]Krinitzsky E L,Hynes M E.The Bhuj,India,earthquake:Lessons learned for earthquake safety of dams on alluvium[J].Engineering Geology,200,266:163-196.
[14]Yan L.Seismic deformation analysis of earth dams:a simplified method[R].California:Report of California Institute ofTechnology,Report SML,1991,91-01.
[15]Resendiz D,Romo M P,Moreno E.El Infiernillo and La Villita dams:Seismic behavior[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,198,2108:109-131.
[16]Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.Preliminary observation on the Al Hoceima,Morocco,earthquake of 24 February,2004[R].EERI.Special Earthquake Report.Oakland,2004.
[17]Nagayama I,Yamaguchi Y,Sasaki T,et al.Damage to dams due to three large earthquake occurred in 2003 in Japan[C]//US-Japan Natural Resources Development Program,Japan.2004.
[18]Rai D C,Murty C V R.North Andaman(Diglipur)earthquake of 14 September 2002[R].India:Indian Institute of TechnologyKanpur,2003.
[19]Elgamal A W,Scott R F,Succarieh M F.La Villita dam response during five earthquakes including permanent deformation[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1990,114:1443-1462.
[20]Bardet J P,Davis C A.Performance of San Fernando dams during 1994 Northridge earthquake[J].Journal of Geotechnical andGeoenvironmental Engineering,1996,122:554-563.
[21]Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.Some observation on engineering aspects of the Jabalpur earthquake of 22 May,1997[R].EERI Special Earthquake Report,EERI Newsletter,1997,32(2):1-17.
[22]Pender M J,Robertson T W.Edgecumbe earthquake:Reconnaissance report[R].Earthquake Spectra,1987,3(4):659-745.
[23]Iwashita T,Yasuda N,Nakamura A,et al.Dynamic analysis of rockfill dams considering frequency dependent characteristics ofradiation damping ratio[C]//Ishihara.Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering.Rotterdam:Balkema,1995:511-516.
[24]Stroitel G.Design and investigation of seismically stable dams in Japan[J].Power Technology Engineering,1969,3:946-955.
[25]Abdel-Ghaffar A M,Scott R F.Analysis of earth dam response to earthquakes[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1979,105:1379-1404.
[26]Ozkan M Y,Erdik M,Tuncer M A,et al.An evaluation of Surgu dam response during 5 May 1986 earthquake[J].Soil Dynamicsand Earthquake Engineering,1996,15:1-10.
[27]Singh R,Roy D,Jain S K.Analysis of earth dams affected by the 2001 Bhuj earthquake[J].Engineering Geology,2005,80:282-291.
[28]顾淦臣,沈长松,岑威钧.土石坝地震工程学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009,12.GU Ganchen,SHEN Changsong,CEN Weijun.Earthquake Engineering for Earthrock Dams[M].Beijing:China WaterpowerPress.(in Chinese)
[29]晏志勇,王斌,周建平,等.汶川地震灾区大中型水电工程震损调查与分析[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009,10.YAN Zhiyong,WANG Bin,ZHOU Jianping,et al.Investigation and analysis on Inter-medium hydropower engineering in Wenchuan[M].Beijing:China Waterpower Press.(in Chinese)
[30]孔宪京.双江口心墙堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2009.KONG Xianjing.Report of Shuangjiangkou core wall rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2009.(inChinese)
[31]孔宪京.两河口心墙堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2009.KONG Xianjing.Report of Lianghekou core wall rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2009.(in Chinese)
[32]赵剑明,刘小生,陈宁,等.高心墙堆石坝的极限抗震能力研究[J].水力发电学报,2009,28(5):97-102.ZHAO Jianming,LIU Xiaosheng,CHEN Ning,et al.Research on the maximum anti-seismic capability of high earth core rockfilldam[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2009,28(5):97-102.(in Chinese)
[33]孔宪京.龙盘心墙堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2009.KONG Xianjing.Report of Longpan core wall rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2009.(in Chinese)
[34]孔宪京.猴子岩面板堆石坝静动力坝计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2008.KONG Xianjing.Report of Houziyan concrete faced rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2008.(inChinese)
[35]孔宪京.凉风台面板堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2010.KONG Xianjing.Report of Liangfengtai concrete rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2010.(in Chinese)
[36]孔宪京.温泉面板堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2010.KONG Xianjing.Report of Wenquan concrete faced rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2010.(inChinese)
[37]赵剑明,常亚屏,陈宁.高心墙堆石坝地震变形与稳定分析[J].岩土力学,2004(增):423-427.ZHAO Jianming,CHANG Yaping,CHEN Ning.Study on earthquake-induced permanent deformation and dynamic stability of highcore rockfill dam[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2004(Suppl.),423-427.(in Chinese)
[38]迟世春.糯扎渡心墙堆石坝静动力计算报告[R].大连:大连理工大学,2008.CHI Shichun.Report of numerical analysis of Nuozhadu core wall rockfill dam[R].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2008.(in Chinese)
[39]赵剑明,常亚屏,陈宁.强震区高混凝土面板堆石坝地震残余变形与动力稳定分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004(增):4547-4553.ZHAO Jianming,CHANG Yaping,CHEN Ning.Study on earthquake-induced permanent deformation and Dynamic stability of highconcrete-faced rockfill dam[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004(Suppl.),4547-4553.(in Chinese)
[40]邹德高,孟凡伟,孔宪京,等.堆石料残余变形特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):807-812.ZOU Degao,MENG Fanwei,KONG Xianjing,et al.Residual deformation behavior of rock-fill materials[J].Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):807-812.(in Chinese)
[41]赵剑明,陈宁,常亚屏,等.龙首二级面板堆石坝地震永久变形分析[J].世界地震工程,2003,19(4):57-62.ZHAO Jianming,CHEN Ning,CHANG Yaping,et al.Study on earthquake-induced permanent deformation of Longshou CFRD[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2003,19(4):57-62.(in Chinese)
[42]孔宪京,邹德高,周扬,等.汶川地震中紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝震害分析[J].大连理工大学学报,2009,49(5):667-674.KONG Xianjing,ZOU Degao,ZHOU Yang,et al.Earthquake damage analysis of Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam duringWenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Dalian University of Technology,20094,9(5):667-674.(in Chinese)
[43]杜士斌.土石坝坝顶震陷率与地震烈度的统计关系[J].人民黄河,1983,5:15-19.DU Shibin.Statistical relationship of earthquake-induced settlement of earth dam and earthquake intensity[J].Yellow River,1983,5:15-19.(in Chinese)
[44]汪闻韶,黄锦德.中国水利工程震害资料汇编(1961-1985)[M].水利水电科学研究院抗震防护研究所,1990.WANG Wenshao,HUANG Jinde.Collection of case histories of China hydraulic engineering(1961-1985)[M].China Institute ofWater Resources and Hydropower Research,1990.(in Chinese)
[45]陈生水,霍家平,章为民.汶川“5.12”地震对紫坪铺混凝土面板堆石坝的影响及原因分析[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):795-801.CHEN Shengshui,HUO Jiaping,ZHANG Weimin.Analysis of effects of“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake on Zipingpu Concrete FaceRock-fill Dam[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):795-801.(in Chinese)
[46]Liu Jun,Xu Chunlei.Parameter Statistic and Reliability Analysis of Rock-fill Dam's Slope Stability[C]//The 3rd InternationalGeotechnical Engineering Symposium on Disaster Prevention and Reduction.IGS2009,Harbin,China,PN23,2July 22-25,2009.
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