2010年玉树Ms7.1地震前后大气物理化学遥感信息
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摘要
利用高分辨率卫星遥感数据反演了地表温度、水汽、CO总量和CH4体积分数的时空变化,讨论了这种变化与2010年4月14日青海玉树Ms 7.1地震以及地震断裂带的关系。利用MODIS L1B数据反演的玉树地震前后的温度数据表明,在主震前亮温和地表温度出现高值,高值异常高于震前几年的同期平均温度并沿NW向断裂带分布;这与测量的玉树地区气温在3~4月高于震前10年的同期平均温度的现象一致。利用AIRS数据提取的水汽总量、CO总量和CH4体积分数数据表明,水汽总量在主震后高于前2年平均值,CO总量在地震前后也有升高变化。反演结果和地震地质资料表明在大地震前后的这些参数异常变化可能是地球深部物质运动和地下气体沿断裂带逸散引起的。研究结果表明利用高分辨率卫星遥感数据获取地表温度、湿度和大气微量组分含量的时空变化信息在地震监测、预测方面有很好的应用前景。
The temporal and spatial variations of surface temperature,vapor total column,CO total column and CH4 volume mixing ratio were retrieved by high-resolution satellite remote sensing data.The relationships between these variations and 14 April 2010 Yushu Ms 7.1 earthquake in Qinghai Province,Northwestern China and seismic ruptures were discussed.Brightness and surface temperature retrieved using MODIS L1B data associated with Yushu Earthquake shows that the values of brightness and surface temperature were higher along the NW fault zones than in the un-faulted areas before the main shock;the higher values of surface temperature were larger than the corresponding daily mean values of ten years before,which is similar to the phenomena that measured values of air temperature before the Yushu Earthquake were higher than the corresponding daily average of last ten years.Vapor total column,CO total column and CH4 volume mixing ratio retrieved using AIRS shows that the values of vapor total column were higher than the average of last two years after the main event and CO total column also increased before and after the earthquake.Our results indicated that the variations associated with large earthquake maybe caused by the movement of deeper-earth material and degassing along faults during earthquake generation,which can be applied into monitoring and prediction of earthquake.
The temporal and spatial variations of surface temperature,vapor total column,CO total column and CH4 volume mixing ratio were retrieved by high-resolution satellite remote sensing data.The relationships between these variations and 14 April 2010 Yushu Ms 7.1 earthquake in Qinghai Province,Northwestern China and seismic ruptures were discussed.Brightness and surface temperature retrieved using MODIS L1B data associated with Yushu Earthquake shows that the values of brightness and surface temperature were higher along the NW fault zones than in the un-faulted areas before the main shock;the higher values of surface temperature were larger than the corresponding daily mean values of ten years before,which is similar to the phenomena that measured values of air temperature before the Yushu Earthquake were higher than the corresponding daily average of last ten years.Vapor total column,CO total column and CH4 volume mixing ratio retrieved using AIRS shows that the values of vapor total column were higher than the average of last two years after the main event and CO total column also increased before and after the earthquake.Our results indicated that the variations associated with large earthquake maybe caused by the movement of deeper-earth material and degassing along faults during earthquake generation,which can be applied into monitoring and prediction of earthquake.
引文
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[2]Chen Zhengwei,Yang Panxin,Li Zhimin,et al.Characteristics ofMs7.1 Yushu earthquake fault and surface rupture[J].Quaterna-ry Sciences,2010,30(3):625-629.[陈正位,杨攀新,李智敏,等.玉树7.1级地震断裂特征与地震地表破裂带[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(3):625-629.]
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[4]Qiang Zuji,Du Letian.Earth degassing,forest fire and seismicactivities[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2001,8(2):236-245.[强祖基,杜乐天.地球排气与森林火灾和地震活动[J].地学前缘,2001,8(2):236-245.]
[5]Weinlich F H,Faber E,Bous~kov A,et al.Seismically inducedvariations in MarinskLznfault gas composition in the NW Bo-hemian swarm quake region,Czech Republic—A continuous gasmonitoring[J].Tectonophysics,2006,421(1/2):89-110.
[6]Dogan T,Mori T,Tsunomori,et al.Soil H2and CO2surveys atseveral active faults in Japan[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2007,164:2 449-2 463.
[7]Du J,Si X,Chen Y,et al.Geochemical anomalies connectedwith great earthquakes in China[C]∥Stefnsson ed.Geochem-istry Research Advances.New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc.,2008:57-92.
[8]Walia V,Yang T F,Hong W L,et al.Geochemical variation ofsoil-gas composition for fault trace and earthquake precursory stud-ies along the Hsincheng fault in NW Taiwan[J].Applied Radia-tion and Isotopes,2009,67:1 855-1 863.
[9]Li Ying,Du Jianguo,Wang Fukuan,et al.Geochemical charac-teristics of soil gas in Yanqing-Huaillai Basin,North China[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2009,31(1):82-91.[李营,杜建国,王富宽,等.延怀盆地土壤气体地球化学特征[J].地震学报,2009,31(1):82-91.]
[10]Zhou X,Du J,Chen Z,et al.Geochemistry of soil gas in theseismic fault zone produced by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earth-quake,southwestern China[J].Geochemical Transactions,2010,11(5),doi:10.1186/1467-4866-11-5.
[11]Tronin A A.Satellite thermal survey—A new tool for the studiesof seismoactive regions[J].International Journal ofRemote Sens-ing,1996,17(8):1 439-1 455.
[12]Tronin AA,Biagi P F,Molchanov O A,et al.Temperature var-iations related to earthquakes fromsimultaneous observation at theground stations and by satellites in Kamchatka area[J].Physicsand Chemistry ofthe Earth,2004,29(4/9):501-506.
[13]Tronin A A.Remote sensing and earthquakes:A review[J].Physics and Chemistry ofthe Earth,2006,31(4/9):138-142.
[14]Qiang Z,Xu X,Dian C.Thermal infrared anomaly precursors ofimpending earthquakes[J].Pure Applied Geophysics,1997,149:159-171.
[15]Qiang Z,Lin C,Li L,et al.Atellitic thermal infrared brightnesstemperature anomaly image—Short-term and impending earth-quake precursors[J].Science in China(Series D),1999,42(3):313-324.
[16]Liu Defu,Kang Chunli.Radiation anomalism before Sumatra Is-land M8.7 earthquake[J].Recent Developments in World Seis-molog,2005,313(1):37-39.[刘德富,康春丽.苏门答腊岛8.7级大地震前的辐射异常现象[J].国际地震动态,2005,313(1):37-39.]
[17]Singh R P,Mehdi W,Gautam R,et al.Precursory signals usingsatellite and ground data associated with the Wenchuan earth-quake of12 May2008[J].International Journal ofRemote Sens-ing,2010,31(13):3 341-3 354.
[18]Dey S,Sarkar S,Singh R P.Anomalous changes in column wa-ter vapor after Gujarat earthquake[J].Advances in Space Re-search,2004,33(3):274-278.
[19]Pulinets S,Dunajecka M.Specific variations of air temperatureand relative humidity around the time of Michoacan earthquake M8.1 Sept.19,1985 as a possible indicator of interaction betweentectonic plates[J].Tectonophysics,2007,431(1/4):221-230.
[20]Tronin A A,Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Thermal IR satellitedata application for earthquake research in Japan and China[J].Journal ofGeodynamics,2002,33:519-534.
[21]Ouzounov D,Liu D F,Kang C L,et al.Outgoing long wave ra-diation variability from IR satellite data prior to major earthquakes[J].Tectonophysics,2007,431:211-220.
[22]Yao Qinglin,Qiang Zuji,Wang Yiping.CO release from the Ti-betan Plateau before earthquake and increasing temperature a-nomaly showing in thermal infrared images of satellite[J].Ad-vances in Earth Science,2005,20(5):505-510.[姚清林,强祖基,王弋平.青藏高原地震前CO的排放与卫星热红外增温异常[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(5):505-510.]
[23]Singh R P,Kumar S J,Zlotnicki J,et al.Satellite detection ofcarbon monoxide emission prior to the Gujarat earthquake of 26January 2001[J].Applied Geochemistry,2010,25:580-585.
[24]Guo Guangmeng,Cao Yungang,Gong Jianming.Monitoring a-nomaly before earthquake with MODIS and MOPITT data[J].Advances in Earth Science,2006,2(7):695-698.[郭广猛,曹云刚,龚建明.使用MODIS和MOPITT卫星数据监测震前异常[J].地球科学进展,2006,2(7):695-698.]
[25]Zhou Rongjun,Wen Xueze,Cai Changxing,et al.Recent earth-quakes and assessment of seism tendency on the Ganzi-Yushufault zone[J].Seismology and Geology,1997,19(2):115-124.[周荣军,闻学泽,蔡长星,等.甘孜—玉树断裂带的近代地震与未来地震趋势估计[J].地震地质,1997,19(2):115-124.]
[26]Liu Fang,Cheng Wanzheng,Ran Maonong.A new data sourceof satellite thermal infrared remote sensing information:EOS/MO-DIS data[J].Recent Developments in World Seismolog,2003,8:1-6.[刘放,程万正,冉茂农.一种新的卫星热红外遥感信息数据源:EOS/MODIS数据[J].国际地震动态,2003,8:1-6.]
[27]Kaufman Y J,Gao B C.Remote sensing of water vapor in thenear IR from EOS/MODIS[J].IEEE Transactions Remote Sens-ing,1992,30(5):871-884.
[28]Mao Kebiao.A Study of Methods for Land Surface TemperatureRetrieval from MODIS Data[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2004.[毛克彪.用于MODIS数据的地表温度反演方法研究[D].南京:南京大学,2004.]
[29]Aumann H H,Chahine M T,Gautier C,et al.AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the Aqua mission:Design,science objectives,dataproducts and processing system[J].IEEE Transactions on Geosci-ence and Remote Sensing,2003,41:253-264.
[30]Won Y-I.README Document for AIRS Level-3 Version 5Standard Products:Daily(AIRH3STD,AIRX3STD,AIRS3STD)8-days(AIRH3ST8,AIRX3ST8,AIRS3ST8)&Monthly(AIRH3STM,AIRX3STM,AIRS3STM)[R].GeorgiosBritaolakis,2008.
[31]Cui Lihua.Study on Anomaly of Remote Sensing Information andMechanism before the Wenchuan Earthquake[D].Tangshan:Hebei Polytechnic University,2009.[崔丽华.汶川地震前的遥感信息异常及其机理研究[D].唐山:河北理工大学,2009.]
[32]Kang Chunli,Chen Zhengwei,Chen Lize,et al.Analysis on thesatellite infrared anomaly feature before west to Kunlun Mountainpass M8.1 earthquake[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2003,25(1):12-15.[康春丽,陈正位,陈立泽,等.昆仑山口西8.1级地震的卫星热红外前兆特征分析[J].西北地震学报,2003,25(1):12-15.]
[33]Chen H,Parnell J,Gong Z.Large-scale seismic thermal anomalylinked to hot fluid expulsion from a deep aquifer[J].Journal Ge-ochemical Exploration,2006,89(1/3):53-56.
[34]Lu Zhenquan,Qiang Zuji,Wu Bihao.A tentative interpretationof the formation of high temperature anomaly in Satellite-basedThermal Infrared Scanning Images(STISI)of the South ChinaSea before earthquake[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2002,23(1):42-46.[卢振权,强祖基,吴必豪.南海临震前卫星热红外增温异常原因初探[J].地球学报,2002,23(1):42-46.]
[2]Chen Zhengwei,Yang Panxin,Li Zhimin,et al.Characteristics ofMs7.1 Yushu earthquake fault and surface rupture[J].Quaterna-ry Sciences,2010,30(3):625-629.[陈正位,杨攀新,李智敏,等.玉树7.1级地震断裂特征与地震地表破裂带[J].第四纪研究,2010,30(3):625-629.]
[3]Wang Chengmin,Li Xuanhu.Applications of fracture-gas meas-urement to the earthquake studies in China[J].Earthquake Re-search in China,1991,7(2):19-30.[汪成民,李宣瑚.我国断层气测量在地震科学研究中的应用现状[J].中国地震,1991,7(2):19-30.]
[4]Qiang Zuji,Du Letian.Earth degassing,forest fire and seismicactivities[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2001,8(2):236-245.[强祖基,杜乐天.地球排气与森林火灾和地震活动[J].地学前缘,2001,8(2):236-245.]
[5]Weinlich F H,Faber E,Bous~kov A,et al.Seismically inducedvariations in MarinskLznfault gas composition in the NW Bo-hemian swarm quake region,Czech Republic—A continuous gasmonitoring[J].Tectonophysics,2006,421(1/2):89-110.
[6]Dogan T,Mori T,Tsunomori,et al.Soil H2and CO2surveys atseveral active faults in Japan[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2007,164:2 449-2 463.
[7]Du J,Si X,Chen Y,et al.Geochemical anomalies connectedwith great earthquakes in China[C]∥Stefnsson ed.Geochem-istry Research Advances.New York:Nova Science Publishers,Inc.,2008:57-92.
[8]Walia V,Yang T F,Hong W L,et al.Geochemical variation ofsoil-gas composition for fault trace and earthquake precursory stud-ies along the Hsincheng fault in NW Taiwan[J].Applied Radia-tion and Isotopes,2009,67:1 855-1 863.
[9]Li Ying,Du Jianguo,Wang Fukuan,et al.Geochemical charac-teristics of soil gas in Yanqing-Huaillai Basin,North China[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2009,31(1):82-91.[李营,杜建国,王富宽,等.延怀盆地土壤气体地球化学特征[J].地震学报,2009,31(1):82-91.]
[10]Zhou X,Du J,Chen Z,et al.Geochemistry of soil gas in theseismic fault zone produced by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earth-quake,southwestern China[J].Geochemical Transactions,2010,11(5),doi:10.1186/1467-4866-11-5.
[11]Tronin A A.Satellite thermal survey—A new tool for the studiesof seismoactive regions[J].International Journal ofRemote Sens-ing,1996,17(8):1 439-1 455.
[12]Tronin AA,Biagi P F,Molchanov O A,et al.Temperature var-iations related to earthquakes fromsimultaneous observation at theground stations and by satellites in Kamchatka area[J].Physicsand Chemistry ofthe Earth,2004,29(4/9):501-506.
[13]Tronin A A.Remote sensing and earthquakes:A review[J].Physics and Chemistry ofthe Earth,2006,31(4/9):138-142.
[14]Qiang Z,Xu X,Dian C.Thermal infrared anomaly precursors ofimpending earthquakes[J].Pure Applied Geophysics,1997,149:159-171.
[15]Qiang Z,Lin C,Li L,et al.Atellitic thermal infrared brightnesstemperature anomaly image—Short-term and impending earth-quake precursors[J].Science in China(Series D),1999,42(3):313-324.
[16]Liu Defu,Kang Chunli.Radiation anomalism before Sumatra Is-land M8.7 earthquake[J].Recent Developments in World Seis-molog,2005,313(1):37-39.[刘德富,康春丽.苏门答腊岛8.7级大地震前的辐射异常现象[J].国际地震动态,2005,313(1):37-39.]
[17]Singh R P,Mehdi W,Gautam R,et al.Precursory signals usingsatellite and ground data associated with the Wenchuan earth-quake of12 May2008[J].International Journal ofRemote Sens-ing,2010,31(13):3 341-3 354.
[18]Dey S,Sarkar S,Singh R P.Anomalous changes in column wa-ter vapor after Gujarat earthquake[J].Advances in Space Re-search,2004,33(3):274-278.
[19]Pulinets S,Dunajecka M.Specific variations of air temperatureand relative humidity around the time of Michoacan earthquake M8.1 Sept.19,1985 as a possible indicator of interaction betweentectonic plates[J].Tectonophysics,2007,431(1/4):221-230.
[20]Tronin A A,Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Thermal IR satellitedata application for earthquake research in Japan and China[J].Journal ofGeodynamics,2002,33:519-534.
[21]Ouzounov D,Liu D F,Kang C L,et al.Outgoing long wave ra-diation variability from IR satellite data prior to major earthquakes[J].Tectonophysics,2007,431:211-220.
[22]Yao Qinglin,Qiang Zuji,Wang Yiping.CO release from the Ti-betan Plateau before earthquake and increasing temperature a-nomaly showing in thermal infrared images of satellite[J].Ad-vances in Earth Science,2005,20(5):505-510.[姚清林,强祖基,王弋平.青藏高原地震前CO的排放与卫星热红外增温异常[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(5):505-510.]
[23]Singh R P,Kumar S J,Zlotnicki J,et al.Satellite detection ofcarbon monoxide emission prior to the Gujarat earthquake of 26January 2001[J].Applied Geochemistry,2010,25:580-585.
[24]Guo Guangmeng,Cao Yungang,Gong Jianming.Monitoring a-nomaly before earthquake with MODIS and MOPITT data[J].Advances in Earth Science,2006,2(7):695-698.[郭广猛,曹云刚,龚建明.使用MODIS和MOPITT卫星数据监测震前异常[J].地球科学进展,2006,2(7):695-698.]
[25]Zhou Rongjun,Wen Xueze,Cai Changxing,et al.Recent earth-quakes and assessment of seism tendency on the Ganzi-Yushufault zone[J].Seismology and Geology,1997,19(2):115-124.[周荣军,闻学泽,蔡长星,等.甘孜—玉树断裂带的近代地震与未来地震趋势估计[J].地震地质,1997,19(2):115-124.]
[26]Liu Fang,Cheng Wanzheng,Ran Maonong.A new data sourceof satellite thermal infrared remote sensing information:EOS/MO-DIS data[J].Recent Developments in World Seismolog,2003,8:1-6.[刘放,程万正,冉茂农.一种新的卫星热红外遥感信息数据源:EOS/MODIS数据[J].国际地震动态,2003,8:1-6.]
[27]Kaufman Y J,Gao B C.Remote sensing of water vapor in thenear IR from EOS/MODIS[J].IEEE Transactions Remote Sens-ing,1992,30(5):871-884.
[28]Mao Kebiao.A Study of Methods for Land Surface TemperatureRetrieval from MODIS Data[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2004.[毛克彪.用于MODIS数据的地表温度反演方法研究[D].南京:南京大学,2004.]
[29]Aumann H H,Chahine M T,Gautier C,et al.AIRS/AMSU/HSB on the Aqua mission:Design,science objectives,dataproducts and processing system[J].IEEE Transactions on Geosci-ence and Remote Sensing,2003,41:253-264.
[30]Won Y-I.README Document for AIRS Level-3 Version 5Standard Products:Daily(AIRH3STD,AIRX3STD,AIRS3STD)8-days(AIRH3ST8,AIRX3ST8,AIRS3ST8)&Monthly(AIRH3STM,AIRX3STM,AIRS3STM)[R].GeorgiosBritaolakis,2008.
[31]Cui Lihua.Study on Anomaly of Remote Sensing Information andMechanism before the Wenchuan Earthquake[D].Tangshan:Hebei Polytechnic University,2009.[崔丽华.汶川地震前的遥感信息异常及其机理研究[D].唐山:河北理工大学,2009.]
[32]Kang Chunli,Chen Zhengwei,Chen Lize,et al.Analysis on thesatellite infrared anomaly feature before west to Kunlun Mountainpass M8.1 earthquake[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2003,25(1):12-15.[康春丽,陈正位,陈立泽,等.昆仑山口西8.1级地震的卫星热红外前兆特征分析[J].西北地震学报,2003,25(1):12-15.]
[33]Chen H,Parnell J,Gong Z.Large-scale seismic thermal anomalylinked to hot fluid expulsion from a deep aquifer[J].Journal Ge-ochemical Exploration,2006,89(1/3):53-56.
[34]Lu Zhenquan,Qiang Zuji,Wu Bihao.A tentative interpretationof the formation of high temperature anomaly in Satellite-basedThermal Infrared Scanning Images(STISI)of the South ChinaSea before earthquake[J].Acta Geoscientia Sinica,2002,23(1):42-46.[卢振权,强祖基,吴必豪.南海临震前卫星热红外增温异常原因初探[J].地球学报,2002,23(1):42-46.]
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