地震作用下节理岩质边坡稳定性影响因素研究
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摘要
汶川地震灾害调查表明,在基岩山区地震滑塌主要发育在局部强度相对较大、节理较发育的厚层或块状岩体中。以岩石中含两组节理的岩质边坡为例,输入实际的地震记录,采用离散单元法进行数值模拟,分别探讨坡高、地震烈度、坡角及节理倾角组合对节理岩质边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:地震作用下坡体中质点的加速度、速度具有高程放大效应;节理岩质边坡稳定性随着坡高、坡角和地震烈度的增加而降低;两组节理不同组合的岩质边坡,其稳定性变化较为复杂,受节理倾角与坡角的关系、节理的倾向、两组节理之间夹角等因素的影响。节理岩质边坡在地震作用下是受拉区逐渐向受剪区扩展而最终导致边坡失稳破坏,是受拉和受剪的复合破坏。上述初步结论为评价山区节理较发育的岩质边坡在地震作用下的稳定性提供一定的依据。
Disaster survey results of the Wenchuan earthquake show that seismic landslides mainly develop within thick-bedded or massive rock,in which local intensity is relatively large and joints are obvious.Although seismic landslides differ markedly from those induced by rainfall and other factors,this topic has not drawn sufficient attention.Moreover,numerical analysis methods of finite element and finite difference,both based on the assumption of continuous media and small deformation,are used in previous studies of slope stability.However,some limitations exist in dynamic analysis of large deformations of rock slope due to a large number of interfaces of discontinuity. To overcome those problems,the dynamic response of joint rock slope in this thesis is simulated by means of the discrete element numerical simulation,particularly deformation characteristics,failure mechanism,and influencing factors of slope stability.Here,a rock slope containing two groups of joints is used as the research object.In addition,discrete element numerical simulation is conducted,and actual earthquake records are input to simulate a large number of cases.The influencing factors of the joint rock slope stability are respectively explored under various conditions of slope height,seismic intensity,slope angle,and joint angle.Topographic amplification effects are observed from both acceleration and velocity of the monitoring points of the slope.Joint rock slope stability is reduced with slope height,slope angle,and seismic intensity.In addition,the stability of the rock slope that contains two groups of joints is complex and is influenced by other factors including joint inclination,slope angle,the tendency of joints,and the angle between two group joints.The regions of tension failure are gradually extended to the shear zone and eventually lead to slope instability and failure,compounded by tensile and shear failure.This study provides a reference for evaluation of the rock slope and joints stability under seismic loading in mountainous areas.
Disaster survey results of the Wenchuan earthquake show that seismic landslides mainly develop within thick-bedded or massive rock,in which local intensity is relatively large and joints are obvious.Although seismic landslides differ markedly from those induced by rainfall and other factors,this topic has not drawn sufficient attention.Moreover,numerical analysis methods of finite element and finite difference,both based on the assumption of continuous media and small deformation,are used in previous studies of slope stability.However,some limitations exist in dynamic analysis of large deformations of rock slope due to a large number of interfaces of discontinuity. To overcome those problems,the dynamic response of joint rock slope in this thesis is simulated by means of the discrete element numerical simulation,particularly deformation characteristics,failure mechanism,and influencing factors of slope stability.Here,a rock slope containing two groups of joints is used as the research object.In addition,discrete element numerical simulation is conducted,and actual earthquake records are input to simulate a large number of cases.The influencing factors of the joint rock slope stability are respectively explored under various conditions of slope height,seismic intensity,slope angle,and joint angle.Topographic amplification effects are observed from both acceleration and velocity of the monitoring points of the slope.Joint rock slope stability is reduced with slope height,slope angle,and seismic intensity.In addition,the stability of the rock slope that contains two groups of joints is complex and is influenced by other factors including joint inclination,slope angle,the tendency of joints,and the angle between two group joints.The regions of tension failure are gradually extended to the shear zone and eventually lead to slope instability and failure,compounded by tensile and shear failure.This study provides a reference for evaluation of the rock slope and joints stability under seismic loading in mountainous areas.
引文
[1]郑颖人,叶海林,黄润秋.地震边坡破坏机制及其破裂面的分析探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(8):1714-1723.ZHENG Ying-ren,YE Hai-lin,HUANG Run-qiu.Analysisand Discussion of Failure Mechanism and Fracture Surface ofSlope Under Earthquakw[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Me-chanics and Engineering,2009,28(8):1714-1723.
[2]郑颖人,叶海林,黄润秋,等.边坡地震稳定性分析探讨[J].地震工程与工程振动,2010,30(2):173-180.ZHENG Ying-ren,YE Hai-lin,HUANG Run-qiu,et al.Study on the Seismic Stability Analysis of A Slope[J].Journalof Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2010,30(2):173-180.
[3]郭明伟,葛修润,王水林,等.基于矢量和方法的边坡动力稳定性分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(3):572-579.GUO Ming-wei,GE Xiu-run,WANG Shui-lin,et al.DynamicStability Analysis of Slope Based on Vector Sum AnalysisMethod[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineer-ing,2011,30(3):572-579.
[4]冯文凯,许强,黄润秋.斜坡震裂变形力学机制初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(增1):3124-3130.FENG Wen-kai,XU Qiang,HUANG Run-qiu.PreliminaryStudy on Mechanical Mechanism of Slope[J].Earthquake-Induced Deformation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanicsand Engineering,2009,28(Supp.1):3124-3130.
[5]毕忠伟,张明,金峰等.地震作用下边坡的动态响应规律研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(增1):180-183.BI Zhong-wei,ZHANG Ming,JIN Feng,et al.Dynamic Re-sponse of Slopes under Earthquakes[J].Rock and Soil Me-chanics,2009,30(Supp.1):180-183.
[6]言志信,张森,张学东,等.地震边坡失稳机理及稳定性分析[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):844-850.YAN Zhi-xin,ZHANG Sen,ZHANG Xue-dong,et al.Fail-ure Mechanism and Stability Analysis of Slope under Earth-quake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):844-850.
[7]刘建军,李跃明,车爱兰.地震载荷下岩质边坡动安全系数评价[J].应用力学学报,2011,28(6):595-601.LIU Jian-jun,LI Yue-ming,CHE Ai-lan.The Evaluation forDynamic Safety Coefficient of Rock Slope under Seismic Load-ing[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics,2011,28(6):595-601.
[8]李海波,肖克强,刘亚群.地震荷载作用下顺层岩质边坡安全系数分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(12):2385-2394.LI Hai-bo,XIAO Ke-qiang,LIU Ya-qun.Factor of Safety A-nalysis of Bedding Rock Slope under Seismic Load[J].ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(12):2385-2394.
[9]曹琰波,戴福初,许冲,等.唐家山滑坡变形运动机制的离散元模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(增1):2878-2887.CAO Yan-bo,DAI Fu-chu,XU Chong,et al.Discrete Ele-ment Simulation of Deformation and Movement Mechanism forTangjiashan Landslide[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanicsand Engineering,2011,30(Supp.1):2878-2887.
[10]陈永明,滕光亮.汶川地震中甘肃滑塌灾害特征及减轻对策刍议[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(增):451-455.CHEN Yong-ming,TENG Guang-liang.A Preliminary Dis-cussion on the Characteristics of Landslide-collapse DisasterInduced by Wenchuan Earthquake in Gansu and Counter-measures for Disaster Mitigation[J].Northwestern Seismo-logical Journal,2011,33(Supp.):451-455.
[11]杨庆华,姚令侃,邱燕玲,等.高烈度地震区岩土体边坡崩塌动力学特性研究[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(1):33-39.YANG Qing-hua,YAO Ling-kan,QIU Yan-ling et al.Re-search on Dynamical Characteristics of Collapse of Rock andSoil Slope in High Seismic Intensity Areas[J].NorthwesternSeismological Journal,2011,33(1):33-39.
[12]倪振强,孔纪名,阿发友,等.地震作用下非贯通节理岩体斜坡破坏的物理模型试验研究[J].西北地震学报,2011,34(1):209-214.NI Zhen-qiang,KONG Ji-ming,A Fa-you.Physical ModelTest of Rocky Slope Failure Containing Intermittent Jointsunder Earthquake Action[J].Northwestern SeismologicalJournal,2011,34(1):209-214.
[13]Cundall P A.The Measurement and Analysis of Accelerationin Rock Slopes[D].London:University of London Imperial,College of Science and Technology,1971.
[14]Sung O Choi,So-Keul Chung.Stability Analysis of JointedRock Slopes with the Barton-Bandis Constitutive Model inUdec[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,41(3):1-6.
[15]R Bhasin,A Kaynia,L H Blikra,et al.Insights into the De-formation Mechanisms of A Jointed Rock Slope Subjected toDynamis Loading[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,41(3):1-6.
[16]C Wang,D D Tannant,P A Lilly.Numerical Analysis of theStability of Heavily Jointed Rock Slopes Using PFC2D[J].In-ternational Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,40(2003):415-424.
[17]Universal Distinct Element Code,ITASCA Consulting GroupInc.Version 4.0User's manual[S].USA:[s.n.],2010.
[2]郑颖人,叶海林,黄润秋,等.边坡地震稳定性分析探讨[J].地震工程与工程振动,2010,30(2):173-180.ZHENG Ying-ren,YE Hai-lin,HUANG Run-qiu,et al.Study on the Seismic Stability Analysis of A Slope[J].Journalof Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2010,30(2):173-180.
[3]郭明伟,葛修润,王水林,等.基于矢量和方法的边坡动力稳定性分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(3):572-579.GUO Ming-wei,GE Xiu-run,WANG Shui-lin,et al.DynamicStability Analysis of Slope Based on Vector Sum AnalysisMethod[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineer-ing,2011,30(3):572-579.
[4]冯文凯,许强,黄润秋.斜坡震裂变形力学机制初探[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(增1):3124-3130.FENG Wen-kai,XU Qiang,HUANG Run-qiu.PreliminaryStudy on Mechanical Mechanism of Slope[J].Earthquake-Induced Deformation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanicsand Engineering,2009,28(Supp.1):3124-3130.
[5]毕忠伟,张明,金峰等.地震作用下边坡的动态响应规律研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(增1):180-183.BI Zhong-wei,ZHANG Ming,JIN Feng,et al.Dynamic Re-sponse of Slopes under Earthquakes[J].Rock and Soil Me-chanics,2009,30(Supp.1):180-183.
[6]言志信,张森,张学东,等.地震边坡失稳机理及稳定性分析[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):844-850.YAN Zhi-xin,ZHANG Sen,ZHANG Xue-dong,et al.Fail-ure Mechanism and Stability Analysis of Slope under Earth-quake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):844-850.
[7]刘建军,李跃明,车爱兰.地震载荷下岩质边坡动安全系数评价[J].应用力学学报,2011,28(6):595-601.LIU Jian-jun,LI Yue-ming,CHE Ai-lan.The Evaluation forDynamic Safety Coefficient of Rock Slope under Seismic Load-ing[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics,2011,28(6):595-601.
[8]李海波,肖克强,刘亚群.地震荷载作用下顺层岩质边坡安全系数分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(12):2385-2394.LI Hai-bo,XIAO Ke-qiang,LIU Ya-qun.Factor of Safety A-nalysis of Bedding Rock Slope under Seismic Load[J].ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(12):2385-2394.
[9]曹琰波,戴福初,许冲,等.唐家山滑坡变形运动机制的离散元模拟[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2011,30(增1):2878-2887.CAO Yan-bo,DAI Fu-chu,XU Chong,et al.Discrete Ele-ment Simulation of Deformation and Movement Mechanism forTangjiashan Landslide[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanicsand Engineering,2011,30(Supp.1):2878-2887.
[10]陈永明,滕光亮.汶川地震中甘肃滑塌灾害特征及减轻对策刍议[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(增):451-455.CHEN Yong-ming,TENG Guang-liang.A Preliminary Dis-cussion on the Characteristics of Landslide-collapse DisasterInduced by Wenchuan Earthquake in Gansu and Counter-measures for Disaster Mitigation[J].Northwestern Seismo-logical Journal,2011,33(Supp.):451-455.
[11]杨庆华,姚令侃,邱燕玲,等.高烈度地震区岩土体边坡崩塌动力学特性研究[J].西北地震学报,2011,33(1):33-39.YANG Qing-hua,YAO Ling-kan,QIU Yan-ling et al.Re-search on Dynamical Characteristics of Collapse of Rock andSoil Slope in High Seismic Intensity Areas[J].NorthwesternSeismological Journal,2011,33(1):33-39.
[12]倪振强,孔纪名,阿发友,等.地震作用下非贯通节理岩体斜坡破坏的物理模型试验研究[J].西北地震学报,2011,34(1):209-214.NI Zhen-qiang,KONG Ji-ming,A Fa-you.Physical ModelTest of Rocky Slope Failure Containing Intermittent Jointsunder Earthquake Action[J].Northwestern SeismologicalJournal,2011,34(1):209-214.
[13]Cundall P A.The Measurement and Analysis of Accelerationin Rock Slopes[D].London:University of London Imperial,College of Science and Technology,1971.
[14]Sung O Choi,So-Keul Chung.Stability Analysis of JointedRock Slopes with the Barton-Bandis Constitutive Model inUdec[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,41(3):1-6.
[15]R Bhasin,A Kaynia,L H Blikra,et al.Insights into the De-formation Mechanisms of A Jointed Rock Slope Subjected toDynamis Loading[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,41(3):1-6.
[16]C Wang,D D Tannant,P A Lilly.Numerical Analysis of theStability of Heavily Jointed Rock Slopes Using PFC2D[J].In-ternational Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,40(2003):415-424.
[17]Universal Distinct Element Code,ITASCA Consulting GroupInc.Version 4.0User's manual[S].USA:[s.n.],2010.
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