1976年唐山大地震的孕震环境:密集地震台阵观测得到的结果
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摘要
1976-07-28唐山地区发生了震惊中外的7.8级大地震。为什么在华北古老克拉通内部的唐山地区能够发生如此的大地震一直是一个令人费解的问题。是否会在唐山地区再次出现同样的破坏性地震值得认真研究。利用流动地震观测台阵数据和接收函数反演方法,我们研究了唐山地区60 km深度范围内的三维地壳上地幔速度结构。结果表明:(1)由活动断裂切割的唐山断块与周围介质存在明显差异,围限唐山断块的断裂均为超壳的活动断裂;(2)唐山大震区中上地壳具有明显的非均匀壳内低速体;(3)该地区壳幔界面表现为明显的断块式隆升,与两侧相比,唐山菱形地块下方的上地幔顶部异常隆起的高度达到10 km左右,下伏的上地幔具有异常的非均匀结构;(4)唐山大震区可能有幔源物质较大规模的侵入,形成了中、上地壳内的低速体。由于较已往的研究结果有更高的空间分辨率,我们得到了一些以往尚未发现的有关唐山地区深部结构的异常特征;(5)首都圈地区内破坏性地震发生的地点绝非偶然,它们均与其相应的深部构造背景密切有关,这为强震发生地点的预测提供了可能。根据本文结果,我们认为,1976年唐山大地震的主因源于上地幔的垂向运动变形及壳幔之间物质及能量的交换,区域水平向应力场为次要作用。这有助于解释为什么能够在我国华北古老克拉通地区发生7级以上强震,在唐山地区再次发生7级以上大地震的可能性值得给予进一步的研究和关注。
In July 28,1976,the great Tangshan earthquake shocked the whole world and occurred in the Tangshan area of Hebei Province.An important question is why such a large earthquake occurred within the ancient North China craton.It is worth considering whether a similar event will reoccur in the Tangshan region.In this study,using the receiver-function inversion technique and teleseismic P waveform data recorded at the Capital Circle Seismic Network and our movable seismic array,we investigated the 3D S-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle down to 60 km beneath the Tangshan area.Our results show that(1) the media beneath the Tangshan block cut by active faults are very different from the adjacent areas and all of the active faults surrounding the Tangshan block was through the whole crust;(2) in the upper and middle crust,there exist obvious heterogeneous low-velocity media beneath the Tangshan earthquake region;(3) the crust-mantle boundary has an obvious block uplift and,in comparison with both sides,the top anomalous uplift of the upper mantle beneath the Tangshan block reaches to 10 km,and the upper mantle beneath has an anomalous heterogeneous structure;(4) beneath the Tangshan earthquake region,there are probably massive intrusions derived from the upper mantle,which form the low-velocity body in the upper and middle crust.Because of our results having much higher resolution than previous results,some new features of the crust and upper mantle velocity structure could be shown in this study;(5) The locations of destructive earthquakes are not random and are related closely to their deep structure of the crust and upper mantle.This provides a possibility of correctly estimating the location of destructive earthquakes.Based on our results,we discuss the genesis of the Tangshan earthquake.We consider that the main dynamic source for the Tangshan earthquake is the vertical movement of the upper mantle,which leads to material and energy exchange between the crust and upper mantle.The horizontal stress field plays a subordinate role.This observation facilitates our understanding of why the Tangshan earthquake with the magnitude larger than 7.0 occurred within the North China craton.A problem worth-considering is whether there is a possibility that same magnitude events will reoccur in the Tangshan region.
In July 28,1976,the great Tangshan earthquake shocked the whole world and occurred in the Tangshan area of Hebei Province.An important question is why such a large earthquake occurred within the ancient North China craton.It is worth considering whether a similar event will reoccur in the Tangshan region.In this study,using the receiver-function inversion technique and teleseismic P waveform data recorded at the Capital Circle Seismic Network and our movable seismic array,we investigated the 3D S-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle down to 60 km beneath the Tangshan area.Our results show that(1) the media beneath the Tangshan block cut by active faults are very different from the adjacent areas and all of the active faults surrounding the Tangshan block was through the whole crust;(2) in the upper and middle crust,there exist obvious heterogeneous low-velocity media beneath the Tangshan earthquake region;(3) the crust-mantle boundary has an obvious block uplift and,in comparison with both sides,the top anomalous uplift of the upper mantle beneath the Tangshan block reaches to 10 km,and the upper mantle beneath has an anomalous heterogeneous structure;(4) beneath the Tangshan earthquake region,there are probably massive intrusions derived from the upper mantle,which form the low-velocity body in the upper and middle crust.Because of our results having much higher resolution than previous results,some new features of the crust and upper mantle velocity structure could be shown in this study;(5) The locations of destructive earthquakes are not random and are related closely to their deep structure of the crust and upper mantle.This provides a possibility of correctly estimating the location of destructive earthquakes.Based on our results,we discuss the genesis of the Tangshan earthquake.We consider that the main dynamic source for the Tangshan earthquake is the vertical movement of the upper mantle,which leads to material and energy exchange between the crust and upper mantle.The horizontal stress field plays a subordinate role.This observation facilitates our understanding of why the Tangshan earthquake with the magnitude larger than 7.0 occurred within the North China craton.A problem worth-considering is whether there is a possibility that same magnitude events will reoccur in the Tangshan region.
引文
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[2]State Seismological Bureau of China.1976 Great TangshanEarthquake[M].Beijing:Seismological Publishing House,1982(in Chinese).
[3]Chen Y T,Lin B H,Wang X H,et al.Adislocation model ofthe Tangshan earthquake of 1976 fromthe inversion of geo-detic data[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1979,22(3):201-217(in Chinese).
[4]Li Q Z,Zhang Z L,Jin Y M,et al.Focal mechanisms of Tan-gshan earthquakes[J].Seismology and Geology,1980,2(4):59-66(in Chinese).
[5]Guo S M,Li Z Y,Cheng S P,et al.Discussion onthe region-al structural background and the seismogenic model of theTangshan earthquake[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica,1977(4):305-321(in Chinese).
[6]Li S B.A discussion of the seismo-tectonic and the cause ofthe Tangshan earthquake[J].North China Earthquake Sci-ences,1986,4(2):56-62(in Chinese).
[7]Zheng Z Z,Liu Y Z,Hu Z C.The numerical si mulation ofpreparatory process of Tangshan earthquake(2):a numericalsi mulation of preparatory process of earthquake[J].J Seis-mological Research,1984,7(3):263-274(in Chinese).
[8]Wang J C,Xu C R.Fault failure by Tangshan earthquakeand numerical analogue of its mechanical process[J].Seis-mology and Geology,1989,11(4):71-76(in Chinese).
[9]Mei S R,Liang B Y.A mathematical si mulation for seis-mogenetic process of the Tangshan earthquake[J].Earth-quake Researchin China,1989,5(3):9-17(in Chinese).
[10]Molnar P,Taponnier P.Cenozoic tectonics of Asia:effects ofa continental collision[J].Science,1975,189:419-426.
[11]Yang G H,Li Y X,Bo WJ,et al.Study on the horizontalcrust movement and emphasized seismic surveillance of NorthChina by using of GPS data[J].Earthquake Research in Chi-na,1998,14(1):40-46(in Chinese).
[12]Yang G H,Han Y P,Wang M.Characteristics of the hori-zontal crustal movement of North China in the last decade[J].Earthquake Researchin China,2003,19(4):324-333(inChinese).
[13]Zhang Z S.Study of the horizontal crustal deformations in1976 Tangshan earthquake area[J].Crustal Deformation andEarthquake,1983(1):1-9(in Chinese).
[14]Zhang YZ.Onthe anomalous crustal bulge and aseismic creepprior to the 1976 Tangshan earthquake[J].Acta Seismologi-ca,1981,3(1):11-22(in Chinese).
[15]Zhang Z S.Vertical deformations associated with the 1976TangshanM=7.8 earthquake[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1981,24(2):182-191(in Chinese).
[16]Lin B H,Wang X H,Mei S R,et al.Three-di mensional con-stitutive relationship for rock dilatancy and si mulation of ver-tical displacements before the 1976 Tangshan earthquake byusing finite element method[J].Earthquake Researchin Chi-na,1986,2(1):18-27(in Chinese).
[17]Zeng R S,Zhang S Q,Zhou H N,et al.Crustal structure ofTangshan epicentral region andits relation to the seismogenicprocess of a continental earthquake[J].Acta Seismologica,1985,7(2):125-142(in Chinese).
[18]Shao X Z,Zhang J R,Liu Q Y,et al.The common featuresof deep structuresin somelarge earthquake areas of the northChina plain and their i mplication for earthquake site predic-tion[J].J Phys Earth,1986,34(Suppl):223-239.
[19]Song H Z,Gao W A,Sun J X,et al.Numerical analysis ofstress field of Tangshan area—applying three di mensional fi-nite element method to compute focal stress field[J].North-western Seismological Journal,1982,4(3):49-55(in Chi-nese).
[20]Xu C F.The cause of formation of the upper mantle and crusthigh conductive layers in Chinese mainland and the study ofthe Tangshan earthquake[J].Earth Science Frontier,2003,10(Suppl):101-111(in Chinese).
[21]Zeng R S,Lu H X,Ding Z F.Seismic refraction and reflec-tion profilings across Tangshan epicentral region andtheir ap-plication to seismogenic processes[J].Acta Geophysica Sini-ca,1988,31(6):383-398(in Chinese).
[22]Zh L P,Zeng R S,Liu F T.Three di mensional P-wave ve-locity structure under the Beijing network area[J].Acta Geo-physica Sinica,1990,33(3):267-277(in Chinese).
[23]Sun R M,Liu F T.Crustal structure and strong earthquakesin Beijing,Tianjin,Tangshan area:I.P wave velocity struc-ture[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1995,38(5):563-572(inChinese).
[24]Sun R M,Zhao Y L,Wu D.Crustal structure and strongearthquakes in Beijing,Tianjin,Tangshan area:II.S wavevelocity structure[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1996,39(3):347-355(in Chinese).
[25]Yu X W,Chen Y T,Wang P D.Three di mensional P wavevelocity structurein Beijing,Tianjin,Tangshan area[J].Ac-ta Seismologica,2003,25(1):1-14(in Chinese).
[26]Huang J L,Zhao D P.Three-di mension P-wave velocitystructure of the crust beneath the capital circle and the deeptectonic environment of strong earthquake[J].Chinese Sci-ence Bulletin,2005,50(4):348-355(in Chinese).
[27]Jia S X,Qi C,Wang F Y,et al.Three-di mensional crustalgrided structure of the capital area[J].Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,2005,48(6):1317-1328(in Chinese).
[28]Liu Q Y,Kind R,Li S C.Maxi mal likelihood esti mation andnonlinear inversion of the complex receiver function spectrumratio[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,1996,39(4):500-511(in Chinese).
[29]Liu Q Y,Li S C,Shen Y,et al.Broadband seismic arraystudy of the crust and upper mantle velocity structure be-neath Yanhuai basin and its neighboring region[J].ChineseJournal of Geophysics,1997,40(6):763-772(in Chinese).
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