2010年高雄地震震源参数的近远震波形联合反演
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摘要
本文改进了传统基于近震波形数据的点源震源参数反演的Cut And Paste(CAP)方法,实现了近震Pnl波、面波和远震P波、SH波的联合反演的CAPjoint算法.对2010年3月高雄地震,分别进行单独反演以及联合反演,获得各自的震源机制解及深度,其中联合反演所得的最佳双力偶机制解参数为,节面1:走向317°,倾角36°,滑移角52°,节面2:走向181°,倾角62°,滑移角114°,深度为21km.并对不同震中距波形对本次地震以及几种典型机制解断层几何参数的敏感性进行测试.为验证联合反演方法的可靠性,本文采用重抽样思想发展而来的Bootstrap方法,对近震数据的子集及其与远震数据的联合反演所得的参数进行统计,验证了在稀疏近台条件下联合反演中添加远震数据对地震震源参数约束的作用.
We improved the traditional Cut and Paste(CAP) method in inverting point source parameters by combining local Pnl,surface waveforms and teleseismic P and SH waveforms,and then applied the method(CAPjoint)to study the source parameters of the 2010 Kaohsiung earthquake.The result shows that the best double-couple solution of the event is: 317°,36°,52° for strike,dip and rake,respectively.The other nodal plane is 181°,62°,114° with 21km focal depth.We tested the sensitivities of several parameters for data at different distances with typical mechanisms.Then we applied the bootstrap method to make statistics and verified that the joint inversion method is effective for constraining source parameters of moderate earthquakes,and the effect is especially good when the distribution of local seismic stations is sparse.
We improved the traditional Cut and Paste(CAP) method in inverting point source parameters by combining local Pnl,surface waveforms and teleseismic P and SH waveforms,and then applied the method(CAPjoint)to study the source parameters of the 2010 Kaohsiung earthquake.The result shows that the best double-couple solution of the event is: 317°,36°,52° for strike,dip and rake,respectively.The other nodal plane is 181°,62°,114° with 21km focal depth.We tested the sensitivities of several parameters for data at different distances with typical mechanisms.Then we applied the bootstrap method to make statistics and verified that the joint inversion method is effective for constraining source parameters of moderate earthquakes,and the effect is especially good when the distribution of local seismic stations is sparse.
引文
[1]Chen P,Jordan T H,Zhao L.Finite-Moment Tensor of the3September 2002 Yorba Linda Earthquake.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2005,95(3):1170-1180.
[2]Wallace T,Helmberger D.Determining source parameters ofmoderate-size earthquakes from regional waveforms.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1982,30(2-3):185-196.
[3]许忠淮,汪素云,黄雨蕊等.由大量的地震资料推断的我国大陆构造应力场.地球物理学报,1989,32(6):636-647.Xu Z H,Wang S Y,Huang Y R,et al.The tectonic stressfield of Chinese continent deduced from a great number ofearthquakes.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1989,32(6):636-647.
[4]郑勇,马宏生吕坚等.汶川地震强余震(Ms≥5.6)的震源机制解及其与发震构造的关系.中国科学(D辑),2009,39(4):413-426.Zheng Y,Ma H S,LüJ,et al.Relations between sourcemechanisms and seismogenic structures of Wenchuan earthquake′sstrong aftershocks.Sci.China Ser.D-Earth Sci.,(in Chinese),2009,53(1):54-63.
[5]Nakano H.Notes on the nature of the forces which give riseto the earthquake motions.Seismol.Bull.Centr.Meteorol.Obs.Japan,1923,1:92.
[6]Hardebeck J L,Shearer P M.A new method for determiningfirstmotion focal mechanisms.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2002,92(6):2264-2276.
[7]胡幸平,俞春泉,陶开等.利用P波初动资料求解汶川地震及其强余震震源机制解.地球物理学报,2008,51(6):1711-1718.Hu X P,Yu C Q,Tao K,et al.Focal mechanism solutionsof Wenchuan earthquake and its strong aftershocks obtainedfrom initial P wave polarity analysis.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(6):1711-1718.
[8]Hardebeck J L,Shearer P M.Using S/P amplitude ratios toconstrain the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2003,93(6):2434-2444.
[9]Julian B R,Foulger G R.Earthquake mechanisms fromlinear-programming inversion of seismic-wave amplitude.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1996,86(4):972-980.
[10]Dreger D,Helmberger D.Determination of source parameters atregional distances with three-component sparse network data.J.Geophys.Res,1993,98(B5):8107-8125.
[11]吴建平,明跃红,张恒荣等.2002年夏季长白山天池火山区的地震活动研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(3):621-628.Wu J P,Ming Y H,Zhang H R,et al.Seismic activity at theChangbaishan Tianchi volcano in the summer of 2002.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(3):621-628.
[12]Nábělek J,Xia G.Moment-tensor analysis using regionaldata:Application to the 25 March,Scotts Mills,Oregon,Earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1993,22(1):13-16.
[13]Dziewonski A M,Chou T A,Woodhouse J H.Determinationof earthquake source parameters from waveform data forstudies of global and regional seismicity.J.Geophys.Res.,1981,86(B4):2825-2852.
[14]Kanamori H,Given J W.Use of long-period surface wavesfor rapid determination of earthquake-source parameters.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1981,27(1):8-31.
[15]Kanamori H,Rivera L.Source inversion of W phase:speeding up seismic tsunami warning.Geophys.J.Int.,2008,175(1):222-238.
[16]Zhao L S,Helmberger D.Source estimation from broadbandregional seismograms.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1994,84:91-104.
[17]Geiger L.Probability method for the determination ofearthquake epicenters from the arrival time only.Bull.St.Louis Univ.,1912,8:60-71.
[18]Douglas A.Joint epicenter determination.Nature,1967,215(5096):47-48.
[19]Spence W.Relative epicenter determination using P-wavearrival-time differences.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1980,70(1):171-183.
[20]Zhan Z,Wei S,Ni S,et al.Earthquake centroid locationsusing calibration from ambient seismic noise.Bull.Seisml.Soc.Am.,2011,101(3):1438-1445.
[21]Xie J,Zeng X F,Chen W W,et al.Comparison of groundtruth location of earthquake from InSAR and from ambientseismic noise:A case study of the 1998Zhangbei earthquake.Earthq.Sci.,2011,24(2):239-247.
[22]Uski M,Hyvonena T,Korjaa A,et al.Focal mechanisms ofthree earthquakes in Finland and their relation to surfacefaults.Tectonophysics,2003,363(1-2):141-157.
[23]Saikia C K.A method for path calibration using regional andteleseismic broadband seismograms:application to the 21May 1997Jabalpur,India earthquake(Mw5 8).Curr.Sci.,2000,79(9-10):1301-1315.
[24]Bent A L,Perry H K C.Depths of eastern Canadianearthquakes from regional data.Seism.Res.Lett.,2002,73(2):273-284.
[25]Bock G,Grfinthal G,Wylegalla K.The 1985/86 WesternBohemia earthquakes:Modelling source parameters withsynthetic seismograms.Tectonophysics,1996,261(1-3):139-146.
[26]高立新,刘芳,赵蒙生等.用sPn震相计算震源深度的初步分析与应用.西北地震学报,2007,29(3):213-244.Gao L X,Liu F,Zhao M S,et al.Primary analysis on theseismic source depth determination using sPn phase and itsapplication.Northwestern Seismological Journal(in Chinese),2007,29(3):213-244.
[27]房明山,杜安陆,董孝平等.用sPn震相测定近震震源深度.地震地磁观测与研究,1995,16(5):13-18.Fang M S,Du A L,Dong X P,et al.Determination of focaldepth with the sPn phase(in Chinese).Seismol GeomagObser Res.(in Chinese),1995,16(5):13-18.
[28]Engdahl E R,van der Hilst R,Buland R.Global teleseismicearthquake relocation with improved travel times andprocedures for depth determination.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(3):722-743.
[29]Keilis-Borok V I,Yanovskaya T B.Dependence of thespectrum of surface waves on the depth of the focus withinthe Earth′S crust.Bull.Acad.Sci.USSR.Geophys.Set.,(English Transl.),1962,11:1532-1539.
[30]Tsai Y B,Aki K.Simultaneous determination of the seismicmoment and attenuation of seismic surface waves.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1969,59(1):275-287.
[31]陈纬苍.2010-03-04高雄甲仙地震灾情评估报告.https://conf.ncree.org.tw/download%5CA0990322-高雄甲仙地震_災情評估-Mr.Chen.pdf.Chen W C.Condition of disaster reporting of 2010-03-04Kaohsiung Earthquake[R/OL](in Chinese).https://conf.ncree.org.tw/download%5CA0990322-高雄甲仙地震_災情評估-Mr.Chen.pdf.
[32]Zhu L,Helmberger D V.Advancement in source estimationtechniques using broadband regional seismograms.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1996,86(5):1634-1641.
[33]Zhu L,Rivera L A.A note on the dynamic and staticdisplacements from a point source in multilayered media.Geophysical Journal International,2002,148(3):619-627.
[34]Kikuchi M,Kanamori H.Inversion of complex body waves.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1982,72(2):491-506.
[35]Langston C A.Structure under Mount rainier,Washington,Inferred From Teleseismic Body Waves.J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84(B9):4749-4762.
[36]Baag C E,Langston C A.A WKBJ spectral method forcomputation of SV synthetic seismograms in a cylindricallysymmetric medium.Geophysical Journal of the RoyalAstronomical Society,1985,80(2):387-417.
[37]http://igppweb.ucsd.edu/-gabi/rem.html
[38]http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/prem.html
[39]Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationshipsamong magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupturearea,and surface displacement.Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,1994,84(4):974-1002.
[40]Langston C A.Depth of faulting during the 1968Meckering,Australia,earthquake sequence determined from waveformanalysis of local seismograms.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1987,92(B11):11561-11 574.
[41]Fan G,Wallace T.The determination of source parametersfor small earthquakes from a single,very broadband seismicstation.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1991,18(8):1385-1388.
[42]Fan G,Wallace T.Focal mechanism of a recent event in SouthAfrica:a study using a sparse very broadband network.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and MiningSciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1996,33(7):295A-295A.
[43]Bowers D.The October 30,1994,Seismic disturbance inSouth Africa:Earthquake or large rock burst?J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B5):9843-9857.
[44]韦生吉,倪四道,崇加军等.2003年8月16日赤峰地震:一个可能发生在下地壳的地震?地球物理学报,2009,52(1):111-119.Wei S J,Ni S D,Chong J J,et al.The 16 August 2003Chifeng earthquake:Is it a lower crust earthquake?ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(1):111-119.
[45]Efron B.Bootstrap methods:Another look at the jackknife.The Annals of Statistics,1979,7(1):1-26.
[46]Wang S Y,Xu Z H,Pei S P.Velocity structure ofuppermost mantle beneath North China from Pn tomographyand its implications.Science in China Series D:EarthSciences.,2003,46(2):130-140.
[47]裴顺平,刘杰,马宏生等.川滇地区横波Q值动态变化.地球物理学报,2010,53(7):1639-1652.Pei S P,Liu J,Ma H S,et al.Dynamic variation of S-waveQvalue beneath Sichuan-Yunnan,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(7):1639-1652.
[2]Wallace T,Helmberger D.Determining source parameters ofmoderate-size earthquakes from regional waveforms.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1982,30(2-3):185-196.
[3]许忠淮,汪素云,黄雨蕊等.由大量的地震资料推断的我国大陆构造应力场.地球物理学报,1989,32(6):636-647.Xu Z H,Wang S Y,Huang Y R,et al.The tectonic stressfield of Chinese continent deduced from a great number ofearthquakes.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1989,32(6):636-647.
[4]郑勇,马宏生吕坚等.汶川地震强余震(Ms≥5.6)的震源机制解及其与发震构造的关系.中国科学(D辑),2009,39(4):413-426.Zheng Y,Ma H S,LüJ,et al.Relations between sourcemechanisms and seismogenic structures of Wenchuan earthquake′sstrong aftershocks.Sci.China Ser.D-Earth Sci.,(in Chinese),2009,53(1):54-63.
[5]Nakano H.Notes on the nature of the forces which give riseto the earthquake motions.Seismol.Bull.Centr.Meteorol.Obs.Japan,1923,1:92.
[6]Hardebeck J L,Shearer P M.A new method for determiningfirstmotion focal mechanisms.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2002,92(6):2264-2276.
[7]胡幸平,俞春泉,陶开等.利用P波初动资料求解汶川地震及其强余震震源机制解.地球物理学报,2008,51(6):1711-1718.Hu X P,Yu C Q,Tao K,et al.Focal mechanism solutionsof Wenchuan earthquake and its strong aftershocks obtainedfrom initial P wave polarity analysis.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(6):1711-1718.
[8]Hardebeck J L,Shearer P M.Using S/P amplitude ratios toconstrain the focal mechanisms of small earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,2003,93(6):2434-2444.
[9]Julian B R,Foulger G R.Earthquake mechanisms fromlinear-programming inversion of seismic-wave amplitude.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1996,86(4):972-980.
[10]Dreger D,Helmberger D.Determination of source parameters atregional distances with three-component sparse network data.J.Geophys.Res,1993,98(B5):8107-8125.
[11]吴建平,明跃红,张恒荣等.2002年夏季长白山天池火山区的地震活动研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(3):621-628.Wu J P,Ming Y H,Zhang H R,et al.Seismic activity at theChangbaishan Tianchi volcano in the summer of 2002.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(3):621-628.
[12]Nábělek J,Xia G.Moment-tensor analysis using regionaldata:Application to the 25 March,Scotts Mills,Oregon,Earthquake.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1993,22(1):13-16.
[13]Dziewonski A M,Chou T A,Woodhouse J H.Determinationof earthquake source parameters from waveform data forstudies of global and regional seismicity.J.Geophys.Res.,1981,86(B4):2825-2852.
[14]Kanamori H,Given J W.Use of long-period surface wavesfor rapid determination of earthquake-source parameters.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1981,27(1):8-31.
[15]Kanamori H,Rivera L.Source inversion of W phase:speeding up seismic tsunami warning.Geophys.J.Int.,2008,175(1):222-238.
[16]Zhao L S,Helmberger D.Source estimation from broadbandregional seismograms.Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1994,84:91-104.
[17]Geiger L.Probability method for the determination ofearthquake epicenters from the arrival time only.Bull.St.Louis Univ.,1912,8:60-71.
[18]Douglas A.Joint epicenter determination.Nature,1967,215(5096):47-48.
[19]Spence W.Relative epicenter determination using P-wavearrival-time differences.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1980,70(1):171-183.
[20]Zhan Z,Wei S,Ni S,et al.Earthquake centroid locationsusing calibration from ambient seismic noise.Bull.Seisml.Soc.Am.,2011,101(3):1438-1445.
[21]Xie J,Zeng X F,Chen W W,et al.Comparison of groundtruth location of earthquake from InSAR and from ambientseismic noise:A case study of the 1998Zhangbei earthquake.Earthq.Sci.,2011,24(2):239-247.
[22]Uski M,Hyvonena T,Korjaa A,et al.Focal mechanisms ofthree earthquakes in Finland and their relation to surfacefaults.Tectonophysics,2003,363(1-2):141-157.
[23]Saikia C K.A method for path calibration using regional andteleseismic broadband seismograms:application to the 21May 1997Jabalpur,India earthquake(Mw5 8).Curr.Sci.,2000,79(9-10):1301-1315.
[24]Bent A L,Perry H K C.Depths of eastern Canadianearthquakes from regional data.Seism.Res.Lett.,2002,73(2):273-284.
[25]Bock G,Grfinthal G,Wylegalla K.The 1985/86 WesternBohemia earthquakes:Modelling source parameters withsynthetic seismograms.Tectonophysics,1996,261(1-3):139-146.
[26]高立新,刘芳,赵蒙生等.用sPn震相计算震源深度的初步分析与应用.西北地震学报,2007,29(3):213-244.Gao L X,Liu F,Zhao M S,et al.Primary analysis on theseismic source depth determination using sPn phase and itsapplication.Northwestern Seismological Journal(in Chinese),2007,29(3):213-244.
[27]房明山,杜安陆,董孝平等.用sPn震相测定近震震源深度.地震地磁观测与研究,1995,16(5):13-18.Fang M S,Du A L,Dong X P,et al.Determination of focaldepth with the sPn phase(in Chinese).Seismol GeomagObser Res.(in Chinese),1995,16(5):13-18.
[28]Engdahl E R,van der Hilst R,Buland R.Global teleseismicearthquake relocation with improved travel times andprocedures for depth determination.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88(3):722-743.
[29]Keilis-Borok V I,Yanovskaya T B.Dependence of thespectrum of surface waves on the depth of the focus withinthe Earth′S crust.Bull.Acad.Sci.USSR.Geophys.Set.,(English Transl.),1962,11:1532-1539.
[30]Tsai Y B,Aki K.Simultaneous determination of the seismicmoment and attenuation of seismic surface waves.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1969,59(1):275-287.
[31]陈纬苍.2010-03-04高雄甲仙地震灾情评估报告.https://conf.ncree.org.tw/download%5CA0990322-高雄甲仙地震_災情評估-Mr.Chen.pdf.Chen W C.Condition of disaster reporting of 2010-03-04Kaohsiung Earthquake[R/OL](in Chinese).https://conf.ncree.org.tw/download%5CA0990322-高雄甲仙地震_災情評估-Mr.Chen.pdf.
[32]Zhu L,Helmberger D V.Advancement in source estimationtechniques using broadband regional seismograms.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1996,86(5):1634-1641.
[33]Zhu L,Rivera L A.A note on the dynamic and staticdisplacements from a point source in multilayered media.Geophysical Journal International,2002,148(3):619-627.
[34]Kikuchi M,Kanamori H.Inversion of complex body waves.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1982,72(2):491-506.
[35]Langston C A.Structure under Mount rainier,Washington,Inferred From Teleseismic Body Waves.J.Geophys.Res.,1979,84(B9):4749-4762.
[36]Baag C E,Langston C A.A WKBJ spectral method forcomputation of SV synthetic seismograms in a cylindricallysymmetric medium.Geophysical Journal of the RoyalAstronomical Society,1985,80(2):387-417.
[37]http://igppweb.ucsd.edu/-gabi/rem.html
[38]http://geophysics.ou.edu/solid_earth/prem.html
[39]Wells D L,Coppersmith K J.New empirical relationshipsamong magnitude,rupture length,rupture width,rupturearea,and surface displacement.Bulletin of the SeismologicalSociety of America,1994,84(4):974-1002.
[40]Langston C A.Depth of faulting during the 1968Meckering,Australia,earthquake sequence determined from waveformanalysis of local seismograms.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1987,92(B11):11561-11 574.
[41]Fan G,Wallace T.The determination of source parametersfor small earthquakes from a single,very broadband seismicstation.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1991,18(8):1385-1388.
[42]Fan G,Wallace T.Focal mechanism of a recent event in SouthAfrica:a study using a sparse very broadband network.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and MiningSciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1996,33(7):295A-295A.
[43]Bowers D.The October 30,1994,Seismic disturbance inSouth Africa:Earthquake or large rock burst?J.Geophys.Res.,1997,102(B5):9843-9857.
[44]韦生吉,倪四道,崇加军等.2003年8月16日赤峰地震:一个可能发生在下地壳的地震?地球物理学报,2009,52(1):111-119.Wei S J,Ni S D,Chong J J,et al.The 16 August 2003Chifeng earthquake:Is it a lower crust earthquake?ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(1):111-119.
[45]Efron B.Bootstrap methods:Another look at the jackknife.The Annals of Statistics,1979,7(1):1-26.
[46]Wang S Y,Xu Z H,Pei S P.Velocity structure ofuppermost mantle beneath North China from Pn tomographyand its implications.Science in China Series D:EarthSciences.,2003,46(2):130-140.
[47]裴顺平,刘杰,马宏生等.川滇地区横波Q值动态变化.地球物理学报,2010,53(7):1639-1652.Pei S P,Liu J,Ma H S,et al.Dynamic variation of S-waveQvalue beneath Sichuan-Yunnan,China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(7):1639-1652.
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