汶川映秀镇地震后各种临时水源水的有机物污染调查
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摘要
目的:明确汶川映秀地震后各种生活用水水源有机物污染状况,为选择安全、永久性饮用水水源提供科学依据。方法:收集映秀镇地震后32～37d各灾民居住点附近山泉水(6处)、山涧水(4处)、地面水(岷江、皮条河、岷江与皮条河汇合)、降水(雨水18处)、军车净化水(7处)水源为研究对象,以瓶装饮用矿泉水作为对照,利用85-型检水箱对上述水源中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、pH值、浑浊度(肉眼观察)、异臭味和余氯等指标进行快速检测,通过各类水样均数和χ2检验分析。结果:有2/4处山涧水和全部江河水的氨氮含量在0.10～0.18mg/L之间。其他山泉水、山涧水、地面水、军车净化水与饮用矿泉水相比,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮含量间均无显著区别。但是下雨12h后暴露雨水和帐篷落下雨水的平均氨氮含量分别为0.625mg/L和0.913mg/L,显著高于瓶装矿泉水(0mg/ml)和安全标准(<0.05mg/L)。部分帐篷落下雨水中可检出亚硝酸盐氮。暴露雨水pH值(平均6.07)显著低于泉水(平均6.55)、山涧水(平均6.60)和地面水(平均6.63)。消毒饮用水余氯4/7个点未检出。结论:映秀镇震后所有居民点的山泉水无有机物的新、旧污染。山涧水以及岷江或皮条河水经过净化、消毒处理后同样可以作为生活饮用水水源。雨水氨氮超标说明空气生物污染严重,主要是新近污染。目前军民饮用水氯化消毒不规范。
Objective:To investigate the organism pollution of various water resources in Yingxiu Town after earthquake,so as to provide evidence for safe and permanent drinking water resources.Methods:From the 32nd to the 37th day after Wenchuan Earthquake,the water samples were collected from different water resources around the camping areas of the disaster refugees and military rescuers in Yingxiu Town;the resources included the mountain spring(6 sites),valley water(4 sites),surface water(Min river,Pitiao river and the junction of the former 2 rivers),rain water(18 sites),water purified by military vehicles(7 sites)and chlorine-disinfected water(7 sites).The 85-type water examination kits were used to examine ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen contents,pH value,turbidity(observation with naked eye),smelling,and residual chlorine of the water samples.Bottled drinking water served as control.Average values and chi-square test were used for analysis of difference.Results:Two of the 4 valley water samples and all the surface water samples had a ammonia nitrogen content of 0.10-0.18 mg/L;the contents of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen were similar between other water resources except for the above mentioned 2 valley water samples and the surface water samples.However,the average ammonia nitrogen contents in the directly harvested rain samples and rain samples dropped from the tents were 0.625 mg/L and 0.913 mg/L,respectively,both significantly higher than that in the control(0 mg/mL)and exceeding the safe standard(<0.05 mg/L).Nitrite nitrogen was detectable in some water samples dropped from the tents.The average pH value in direct rain water samples(6.07)was significantly lower than those in the springs(6.55),the valley water(6.60)and the surface water(6.63).Residual chlorine was not found in 4 of the 7 disinfected water sites.Conclusion:No recent or past organism pollution is found in the spring.The valley water and river water can be used as sources of drinking water after purification and disinfection.High ammonia nitrogen content in the direct rain samples suggests serious air pollution,mainly recent pollution.It is also indicated that the disinfection of drinking water is not up to the standard.
Objective:To investigate the organism pollution of various water resources in Yingxiu Town after earthquake,so as to provide evidence for safe and permanent drinking water resources.Methods:From the 32nd to the 37th day after Wenchuan Earthquake,the water samples were collected from different water resources around the camping areas of the disaster refugees and military rescuers in Yingxiu Town;the resources included the mountain spring(6 sites),valley water(4 sites),surface water(Min river,Pitiao river and the junction of the former 2 rivers),rain water(18 sites),water purified by military vehicles(7 sites)and chlorine-disinfected water(7 sites).The 85-type water examination kits were used to examine ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen contents,pH value,turbidity(observation with naked eye),smelling,and residual chlorine of the water samples.Bottled drinking water served as control.Average values and chi-square test were used for analysis of difference.Results:Two of the 4 valley water samples and all the surface water samples had a ammonia nitrogen content of 0.10-0.18 mg/L;the contents of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen were similar between other water resources except for the above mentioned 2 valley water samples and the surface water samples.However,the average ammonia nitrogen contents in the directly harvested rain samples and rain samples dropped from the tents were 0.625 mg/L and 0.913 mg/L,respectively,both significantly higher than that in the control(0 mg/mL)and exceeding the safe standard(<0.05 mg/L).Nitrite nitrogen was detectable in some water samples dropped from the tents.The average pH value in direct rain water samples(6.07)was significantly lower than those in the springs(6.55),the valley water(6.60)and the surface water(6.63).Residual chlorine was not found in 4 of the 7 disinfected water sites.Conclusion:No recent or past organism pollution is found in the spring.The valley water and river water can be used as sources of drinking water after purification and disinfection.High ammonia nitrogen content in the direct rain samples suggests serious air pollution,mainly recent pollution.It is also indicated that the disinfection of drinking water is not up to the standard.
引文
[1]郭俊生.军队卫生学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2007:30-70.
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