张衡地动仪与公元134年陇西地震
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摘要
陇西地震是张衡地动仪的惟一测震实例,亦是检验地动仪复原模型是否合理的一个关键性判据.但长期以来,一直被误作公元138年2月28日的金城—陇西地震,因与史料矛盾而被国内外的研究所否定.本文通过对史料的详细考证,特别分析了《后汉书》对陇西地震的描写、各种史料揭示的当时历史背景、张衡的生平、张衡的诗文、汉代地名考,对比了清朝5次历史地震,估算了其烈度衰减,得出结论:这次陇西地震的时间应为公元134年12月13日(阳嘉三年十一月壬寅).作为一个粗估,其震中在天水一带,震级约7级.张衡晚年的悲剧也与这次地震有关.本文还利用近年3次陇西地震在洛阳台的宽频带地震记录,从震级定义、数字宽频带地震记录和小震记录合成大震记录等3个方面进行了数值模拟.得到洛阳灵台处的水平向最大地动位移应为6~8mm,最大加速度则不大于10-2m/s2.这些结果对新完成的张衡地动仪的科学复原模型起到了重要的定量检测作用.
Longxi earthquake was the only earthquake example, which Zhang Heng′s Seismometer had detected. Therefore this event attracted the attention of the academic circle and also served as crucial evidence, examining the rationality of the reconstructed model of the seismometer. But for a long time, owing to the fact that the Jincheng-Longxi earthquake of February 28 of 138 AD was mistakenly taken as the said earthquake and that it went against the historical records and was refuted by the researches of both in China and abroad. By making careful textual research of historical records, especially by analyzing the description of Longxi earthquake of "Houhan Shu", by studying the historical background exposed by historical records at that time, Zhang Heng′s biography, his poems and place names of Han Dynasty, by comparing 5 earthquakes occurred in Ming-Qing dynasties and their attenuation of seismic intensity, the authors have come to the conclusion that the Longxi Earthquake should take place on December 13, 134 AD (Yangjia 3 year). Rough assessment was that the epicenter should be in Tianshui area and the magnitude was about 7. Due to the political corruption and inability to scientifically explain earthquake phenomenon at the end of Eastern Han Dynasty, a tragedy occurred during the later years of Zhang Heng's life that he had direct relations with the earthquake 134 AD. In order to analyze the ground motion at Lingtai caused by Longxi earthquake in 134 AD, the digital broad-band seismic records of 3 Longxi earthquakes in recent years recorded by Luoyang Seismic Station are used. The numerical modelings are made from three aspects of seismic magnitude definition, digital broad-band seismic records and synthetic seismograms from small earthquake to big one. The results have shown that the maximum horizontal displacement at Lingtai, Luoyang, should be between 6~8 mm, and the maximum acceleration should be less than 10~ -2 m/s~2. These results have played an important role in quantitative test of the scientific reconstruction model of Zhang Heng′s seismometer.
Longxi earthquake was the only earthquake example, which Zhang Heng′s Seismometer had detected. Therefore this event attracted the attention of the academic circle and also served as crucial evidence, examining the rationality of the reconstructed model of the seismometer. But for a long time, owing to the fact that the Jincheng-Longxi earthquake of February 28 of 138 AD was mistakenly taken as the said earthquake and that it went against the historical records and was refuted by the researches of both in China and abroad. By making careful textual research of historical records, especially by analyzing the description of Longxi earthquake of "Houhan Shu", by studying the historical background exposed by historical records at that time, Zhang Heng′s biography, his poems and place names of Han Dynasty, by comparing 5 earthquakes occurred in Ming-Qing dynasties and their attenuation of seismic intensity, the authors have come to the conclusion that the Longxi Earthquake should take place on December 13, 134 AD (Yangjia 3 year). Rough assessment was that the epicenter should be in Tianshui area and the magnitude was about 7. Due to the political corruption and inability to scientifically explain earthquake phenomenon at the end of Eastern Han Dynasty, a tragedy occurred during the later years of Zhang Heng's life that he had direct relations with the earthquake 134 AD. In order to analyze the ground motion at Lingtai caused by Longxi earthquake in 134 AD, the digital broad-band seismic records of 3 Longxi earthquakes in recent years recorded by Luoyang Seismic Station are used. The numerical modelings are made from three aspects of seismic magnitude definition, digital broad-band seismic records and synthetic seismograms from small earthquake to big one. The results have shown that the maximum horizontal displacement at Lingtai, Luoyang, should be between 6~8 mm, and the maximum acceleration should be less than 10~ -2 m/s~2. These results have played an important role in quantitative test of the scientific reconstruction model of Zhang Heng′s seismometer.
引文
[1]冯锐.2006.张衡地动仪:从古书记载到验震仪器.中国地震局,河北省地震局编.邢台地震40周年学术研讨会文集.277~281.
[1]这部分的史料取自《后汉书》、《后汉纪》、《全后汉文》、《张河间集》、《张衡年谱》(孙文青,1956),以及由(明)张溥(2002)、(清)严可均(1999,1985)、(清)王先谦(1984)、张震泽(1986)、周天游(1986)辑撰或校注的史料.除较重要者外,难以一一注明出处,以节省篇幅.事件的时间,已经由史料中的干支纪年转换成阳历(万年历编写组,1994).有兴趣的读者可参看参考文献部分所列的史料.
冯锐.2003.张衡地动仪的否定之否定[J].防灾博览,(1):5~9
冯锐,武玉霞.2003.张衡候风地动仪的原理复原研究[J].中国地震,19(4):358~376
冯锐,朱涛,武玉霞,等.2006a.张衡地动仪的科学性及其历史贡献[J].自然科学史研究,25(增刊):1~15
冯锐,武玉霞,朱涛,等.2006b.对地动仪传统模型的置疑[J].自然科学史研究,25(增刊):16~33
冯锐,武玉霞,朱涛.2006c.地动仪的史料和模型研究[J].自然科学史研究,25(增刊):34~51
冯锐,朱涛,武玉霞,等.2006d.张衡地动仪的科学复原[J].自然科学史研究,25(增刊):52~74
郭履灿,庞明虎.1981.面波震级和它的台基校正值[J].地震学报,3(3):313~319
国家地震局兰州地震研究所.1985.陕甘宁青四省(区)强地震目录[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,6~7
国家地震局兰州地震研究所.1989.甘肃省地震资料汇编[M].北京:地震出版社,12~15
惠栋(撰,清).1985.后汉书补注(四)[M].北京:中华书局出版,1104~1105
雷立柏(Leeb).2000.张衡,科学与宗教[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,249~254
李善邦.1981.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社,170~200
刘永平(主编).1996.科圣张衡[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,1~361
孙文青.1956.张衡年谱[M].上海:商务印书馆,1~179
王先谦(撰,清).1984.后汉书集解[M].北京:中华书局出版,114~675,727~735
万年历编写组.1994.中华两千年历书(1~2060)[M].北京:气象出版社,1~700
谢毓寿,蔡美彪(主编).1983.中国地震历史资料汇编(第一卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,14~32
许慎(撰,汉).1963.说文解字[M].北京:中华书局,306
严可均(辑,清),许振生审订.1999.全后汉文[M].北京:商务印书馆,57~63,519~571
严可均(辑,清).1985.全上古三代秦汉三国六朝文[M].北京:中华书局,52~55,521~777
袁宏(撰,晋)、周天游校注.1987.后汉记校注[M].天津:古籍出版社,437~564
袁道阳,雷中生,刘小凤,等.2004.138年金城—陇西643级地震的史料考证与构造背景探讨[J].地震地质,26(1):52~60
中央地震工作小组办公室主编.1971.中国地震目录[M].北京:科学出版社,1~3
中国社会科学院考古研究所洛阳工作队.1978.汉魏洛阳南郊的灵台遗址[J].考古,(1):54~57
中国地震烈度区划图编委会.1991.中国地震烈度区划图(说明书)[M].北京:地震出版社,1~15
臧励和.1982.中国古今地名大词典[M].香港:商务印书馆香港分馆,1358
张溥(辑,明).2002.汉魏六朝百三名家集(张衡河间集)[M].南京:江苏古籍出版社,396~413
张震泽(校注).1986.张衡诗文集校注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1~378
赵冠峰.2004.张衡地动仪文献蠡读对地动仪功能的重新认识[J].自然科学史研究,23(4):334~344
周天游(辑注).1986.八家后汉书辑注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1~443
關野雄.1972.衡の候風地動儀にぉけゐ都柱の原[A].见:財團法人東方學编.東方學創立二十五周年紀念東方學論集[C].東京:財團法人東方學,433~449
Hutchings L.1991.“Prediction”of strong ground motion for the1989Loma Prieta earthquake using empirical Green'sfunctions[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,81(5):1813~1837
Qian Wenyuan.1985.The Great Inertia,Scientific Stagnation in China[M].Sydney:Croom Hel m,20
Sleeswyk A W,Sivin V.1983.Dragons andtoads,the Chinese seismoscope of A D132[J].Chinese Science,(6):1~19
[1]这部分的史料取自《后汉书》、《后汉纪》、《全后汉文》、《张河间集》、《张衡年谱》(孙文青,1956),以及由(明)张溥(2002)、(清)严可均(1999,1985)、(清)王先谦(1984)、张震泽(1986)、周天游(1986)辑撰或校注的史料.除较重要者外,难以一一注明出处,以节省篇幅.事件的时间,已经由史料中的干支纪年转换成阳历(万年历编写组,1994).有兴趣的读者可参看参考文献部分所列的史料.
冯锐.2003.张衡地动仪的否定之否定[J].防灾博览,(1):5~9
冯锐,武玉霞.2003.张衡候风地动仪的原理复原研究[J].中国地震,19(4):358~376
冯锐,朱涛,武玉霞,等.2006a.张衡地动仪的科学性及其历史贡献[J].自然科学史研究,25(增刊):1~15
冯锐,武玉霞,朱涛,等.2006b.对地动仪传统模型的置疑[J].自然科学史研究,25(增刊):16~33
冯锐,武玉霞,朱涛.2006c.地动仪的史料和模型研究[J].自然科学史研究,25(增刊):34~51
冯锐,朱涛,武玉霞,等.2006d.张衡地动仪的科学复原[J].自然科学史研究,25(增刊):52~74
郭履灿,庞明虎.1981.面波震级和它的台基校正值[J].地震学报,3(3):313~319
国家地震局兰州地震研究所.1985.陕甘宁青四省(区)强地震目录[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,6~7
国家地震局兰州地震研究所.1989.甘肃省地震资料汇编[M].北京:地震出版社,12~15
惠栋(撰,清).1985.后汉书补注(四)[M].北京:中华书局出版,1104~1105
雷立柏(Leeb).2000.张衡,科学与宗教[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,249~254
李善邦.1981.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社,170~200
刘永平(主编).1996.科圣张衡[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,1~361
孙文青.1956.张衡年谱[M].上海:商务印书馆,1~179
王先谦(撰,清).1984.后汉书集解[M].北京:中华书局出版,114~675,727~735
万年历编写组.1994.中华两千年历书(1~2060)[M].北京:气象出版社,1~700
谢毓寿,蔡美彪(主编).1983.中国地震历史资料汇编(第一卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,14~32
许慎(撰,汉).1963.说文解字[M].北京:中华书局,306
严可均(辑,清),许振生审订.1999.全后汉文[M].北京:商务印书馆,57~63,519~571
严可均(辑,清).1985.全上古三代秦汉三国六朝文[M].北京:中华书局,52~55,521~777
袁宏(撰,晋)、周天游校注.1987.后汉记校注[M].天津:古籍出版社,437~564
袁道阳,雷中生,刘小凤,等.2004.138年金城—陇西643级地震的史料考证与构造背景探讨[J].地震地质,26(1):52~60
中央地震工作小组办公室主编.1971.中国地震目录[M].北京:科学出版社,1~3
中国社会科学院考古研究所洛阳工作队.1978.汉魏洛阳南郊的灵台遗址[J].考古,(1):54~57
中国地震烈度区划图编委会.1991.中国地震烈度区划图(说明书)[M].北京:地震出版社,1~15
臧励和.1982.中国古今地名大词典[M].香港:商务印书馆香港分馆,1358
张溥(辑,明).2002.汉魏六朝百三名家集(张衡河间集)[M].南京:江苏古籍出版社,396~413
张震泽(校注).1986.张衡诗文集校注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1~378
赵冠峰.2004.张衡地动仪文献蠡读对地动仪功能的重新认识[J].自然科学史研究,23(4):334~344
周天游(辑注).1986.八家后汉书辑注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1~443
關野雄.1972.衡の候風地動儀にぉけゐ都柱の原[A].见:財團法人東方學编.東方學創立二十五周年紀念東方學論集[C].東京:財團法人東方學,433~449
Hutchings L.1991.“Prediction”of strong ground motion for the1989Loma Prieta earthquake using empirical Green'sfunctions[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,81(5):1813~1837
Qian Wenyuan.1985.The Great Inertia,Scientific Stagnation in China[M].Sydney:Croom Hel m,20
Sleeswyk A W,Sivin V.1983.Dragons andtoads,the Chinese seismoscope of A D132[J].Chinese Science,(6):1~19
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