鸟类栖木在森林植被恢复中的生态意义
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摘要
鸟类传播种子对于植物种群自然更新及群落演替具有重要的生态意义,鸟类栖息的树木具有富集种子雨功能,在山体滑坡区及废弃矿区等干扰生境中人工设置鸟类栖木,可以增加鸟类传播的种子雨输入,丰富土壤种子库,尤其食果鸟类可以传播那些处于群落演替中期至后期的乔、灌木树种,能够促进受干扰地区森林植被的演替进程。5.12汶川大地震对地震灾区造成了大面积的山体滑坡和严重的植被破坏,在地震灾区森林植被的生态恢复工作中,一些地区可以采用人工设置鸟类栖木方法,充分利用山体滑坡区周围残余森林的丰富种子源及众多食果鸟类,促进灾区森林植被的自然恢复。
Avian seed dispersal is important for the natural regeneration of plant populations and the successional development of plant communities.Birds can enhance the seed rain beneath both natural and artificial perches.The addition of bird perches can therefore increase the input of bird-dispersed seeds and enrich the soil seed bank in mountain landslides,abandoned mines,and other disturbed areas.Frugivorous birds usually disperse seeds of mid-to late-successional trees and shrubs,so bird perches may accelerate the successional development of forest vegetation in disturbed areas.The earthquake centred on Wenchuan,Sichuan,on May 12,2008,caused extensive mountain hazards,such as landslides and debris flows,and has resulted in severe damage to forests.It is suggested that bird perches may be integrated into the ecological restoration projects in the disaster areas,so as to take advantage of abundant seed sources and a diversity of frugivorous birds from the remnant forests around the landslides and thus promote natural recovery of the forest vegetation that was damaged by the earthquake.
Avian seed dispersal is important for the natural regeneration of plant populations and the successional development of plant communities.Birds can enhance the seed rain beneath both natural and artificial perches.The addition of bird perches can therefore increase the input of bird-dispersed seeds and enrich the soil seed bank in mountain landslides,abandoned mines,and other disturbed areas.Frugivorous birds usually disperse seeds of mid-to late-successional trees and shrubs,so bird perches may accelerate the successional development of forest vegetation in disturbed areas.The earthquake centred on Wenchuan,Sichuan,on May 12,2008,caused extensive mountain hazards,such as landslides and debris flows,and has resulted in severe damage to forests.It is suggested that bird perches may be integrated into the ecological restoration projects in the disaster areas,so as to take advantage of abundant seed sources and a diversity of frugivorous birds from the remnant forests around the landslides and thus promote natural recovery of the forest vegetation that was damaged by the earthquake.
引文
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[6]Uhl C,Clark K,Clark H,et al.Early plant succession after cutting and burning in the upper Rio Negro region of the Amazon Basin.Journal ofEcology,1981,69:631-649.
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[8]DeBussche M,Escarre J,Lepart J.Ornithocory and plant succession in Mediterranean abandoned orchards.Vegetatio,1982,48:255-266
[9]McClanahan TR,Wolfe W.Accelerating forest succession in a fragmented landscape:the role of birds and perches.Conservation Biology,1993,7:279-288.
[10]Harper J H.Population biology of plants.London:Academic Press,1977.1-892.
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[13]Herrera C M.Long-term dynamics of Mediterranean frugivorous birds and fleshy-fruits:a 12-year study.Ecological Monographs,1998,68:511-538.
[14]Burns K C.Broad-scale reciprocity in an avian seed dispersal mutualism.Global Ecology&Biogeography,2003,12:421-426.
[15]Clark C J,Poulsen J R,Connor E F,et al.Fruiting trees as dispersal foci in a semi-deciduous tropical forest.Oecologia,2004,139:66-75.
[16]Barnea A,Yom-Tov Y,Friedman J.Differential germination of two closely related species ofSolanumin response to bird ingestion.Oikos,1990,57(2):222-228.
[17]Figueroa J A,Castro S A.Effects of bird ingestion on seed germination of four woody species of the temperate rainforest of Chiloéisland,Chile.Plant Ecology,2002,160:17-23.
[18]Ridley HN.The dispersal of plants throughout the world.Asford:L.Reeve&Company,1930.383-514.
[19]Van der Pijil.Principles of dispersal in higher plants(Third edition).Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1982.1-214.
[20]Murray K G.Avian seed dispersal of three neotropical gap-dependent plants.Ecological Monographs,1988,58(4):271-298.
[21]Powell J A,Zimmermann N E.Multiscale analysis of active seed dispersal contributes to resolving Reid’s paradox.Ecology,2004,85:490-506.
[22]Herrera C M.Seed dispersal by vertebrates.In:Herrera C M&Pellmyr O.eds.Plant-animal Interactions:an Evolutionary Approach.BlackwellPublishing,Oxford,UK,2003,185-208.
[23]Wenny D G,Levey D J.Directed seed dispersal by bellbirds in a tropical cloud forest.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of theUnited States of America,1998,95:6204-6207.
[24]Clark C J,Poulsen J R,Bolker B M,et al.Comparative seed shadows of bird-,monkey-,and wind-dispersed trees.Ecology,2005,86:2684-2694.
[25]Xu Z Q,Li W H,Bao W K,et al.A review on primary succession of vegetation.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(12):3383-3389.
[26]Song R S,Yu MJ,Li MH,et al.Soil seed bank and natural regeneration of fragmented evergreen broad-leaved forest.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(6):2554-2562.
[27]Li H J,Zhang Z B.Relationship between animals and plant regeneration by seedⅡ.Seed predation,dispersal and burial by animals andrelationship between animal and seedling establishment.Biodiversity Science,2001,9(1):25-37.
[28]Zhou J,Liu G H,Pan MQ,et al.Study on vegetation and its succession on Loujia hill,Wuchang,WuhanⅡ.secondary succession of vegetation.Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,1999,17(4):332-338.
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[30]Wang Z J,Li G F,Cao M,et al.Study on bird diversity and frugivorous birds in fallow succession forest regions of Mengsong,Xishuangbanna.Zoological Research,2001,22(3):205-210.
[31]Wang Z J,Cao M,Li G F,et al.Trema orientalisseeds dispersed by birds and its ecological role.Zoological Research,2002,23(3):214-219.
[32]Li X S,Peng MC,Dang C L.Research progress on natural regeneration of plants.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2007,26(12):2081-2088.
[33]Tang Y,Cao M,Zhang J H,et al.The impact of slash-and-burn agriculture on the soil seed bank of Trema orientalis forest.Acta BotanicaYunnanica,1997,19(4):423-428.
[34]Cao M,Tang Y,Sheng C Y,et al.Viable seeds buried in the tropical forest soils of Xishuangbanna,SW China.Seed Science Research,2000,10:255-264.
[35]Yarraton G.A,Morrison R G.Spatial dynamics of a primary succession:nucleation.Journal of Ecology,1974,62:417-428.
[36]Galindo-Gonzalez J,Guevara S,Sosa V J.Bat-and bird-generated seed rains at isolated trees in pastures in a tropical rainforest.ConservationBiology,2000,14(6):1693-1073.
[37]Ing T,Gillespie M,Lamb D.The role of isolated trees in facilitating tree seedling recruitment at a degraded sub-tropical rainforest site.RestorationEcology,1999,7(3):288-297.
[38]Debussche M,Isemann P.Bird-dispersed seed rain and seedling establishment in patchy Mediterranean vegetation.Oikos,1994,69:414-426.
[39]Tewksbury J J,Levey D J,Haddad N M,et al.Corridors affect plants,animals,and their interactions in fragmented landscapes.Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences(USA),2002,99:12923-12926.
[40]Corbit M,Marks P L,Gardescu S.Hedgerows as habitat corridors for forest herbs in central NewYork,USA.Journal of Ecology,1999,87:220-232.
[41]Li X H,Yin X M,Xia B,et al.Effects of bird seed dispersal on diversity of the invaded plants in several hedge types.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(6):1657-1666.
[42]Walker L R.Effects of fern thickets on woodland development on landslides in Puerto Rico.Journal of Vegetation Science,1994,5:525-532.
[43]Wunderle J M.The role of animal seed dispersal in accelerating native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands.Forest Ecology andManagement,1997,99:223-235.
[44]Robinson G R,Handel S N.Forest restoration on a closed landfill:rapid addition of newspecies by bird dispersal.Conservation Biology,1993,7(2):271-278.
[45]Aide TM,Cavelier J.Barriers to lowland tropical forest restoration in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,Colombia.Restoration Ecology,1994,2:219-229.
[46]Holl K D.Do perching structures elevate seed rain and seedling establishment in abandoned tropical pasture?Restoration Ecology,1998,6:253-261.
[47]Larsen M C,Torres Sanchez A J.The frequency and distribution of recent landslides in three montane tropical regions in Puerto Rico.Geomorphology,1998,24:309-331.
[48]Guariguata MR.Landslide disturbance and forest regeneration in the upper Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico.Journal of Ecology,1990,78:814-832.
[49]Walker L R.Effects of fern thickets on woodland development on landslides in Puerto Rico.Journal of Vegetation Science,1994,5:525-532.
[50]Walker L R,Zarin D J,Fetcher N,et al.Ecosystem development and plant succession on landslides in the Caribbean.Biotropica,1996,28:566-576.
[51]Restrepo C,Vitousek P.Landslides,alien species,and the diversity of a Hawaiian montane mesic ecosystem.Biotropica,2001,33:409-420.
[52]Shiels A B,Walker L R.Bird perches increase forest seeds on Puerto Rican landslides.Restoration Ecology,2003,11(4):457-465.
[53]McClanaban TR.The effect of a seed source on primary succession in a forest ecosystem.Vegetatio,1986,65:175-178.
[54]Méndez M,García D,Maestre F T,et al.More ecology is needed to restore Mediterranean ecosystems:a reply to Valladares and Gianoli.RestorationEcology,2008,16(2):210-216.
[55]Mckey D.The ecology of coevolved seed dispersal systems.In:Gilbert L E,Raven P H.eds.Coevolution of Animals and Plants.University ofTexas Press,Austin and London,1975,159-191.
[56]Howe HF,Estabrook F G.On intraspecific competition for avian dispersers in tropical trees.American Naturalist,1977,111:817-832.
[57]Zhuang P,Gao X M.The concept of the Rainy Zone of West China and its significance to the biodiversity conservation in China.BiodiversityScience,2002,10(3):339-344.
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