汶川地震灾区生物多样性热点地区分析
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摘要
汶川地震灾区位于长江上游,是我国大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的主要分布区,被保护国际认定的25个全球生物多样性热点地区之一。2008年5月12日发生的汶川大地震导致该区域生态环境遭受严重破坏,需要识别生物多样性热点地区,指导灾后生物多样性保护。选取物种生境质量、植被景观多样性指数和物种多样性指数作为评价指标,其中生境质量采用InVEST生物多样性模型计算,然后利用空间相关分析中G系数进行热点地区分析,探测出灾区生物多样性的热点区,并在此基础上与现有保护区分布、物种生境分布以及Marxan模型计算出的优先区进行对比验证。结果显示:热点区范围涉及到现有76%的保护区,且保护区内的热点区面积达到灾区所有保护区面积的55%;在选取的69个指示物种中有60个物种位于热点区的生境面积占这些物种在灾区的总生境面积的50%以上,有32个物种在80%左右,热点区内的所有指示物种生境总面积占整个灾区指示物种生境总面积的70%以上。基于空间相关分析方法得出的热点地区基本上与Marxan模型输出的优先保护区范围结果基本一致。但空间相关分析的热点区划分克服了Marxan模型优先保护区分布过于离散,孤岛效应明显的不足。
The Wenchuan earthquake-hit area is located in the Upper Yangtze River,which is the main distribution area of Giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China,and is one of the twenty-five hotspots for biodiversity conservation throughout the world defined by Conservation International,providing some important ecological service functions such as biological diversity conservation,water conservation,soil conservation and so on.Meanwhile,it plays an important role in ensuring regional ecological security.However,the eco-environment suffered from severe destruction in the Wenchuan 5.12 earthquake.In order to protect biological diversity in the Wenchuan earthquake-hit area,it is necessary for us to identify the hotspots for biodiversity conservation,which is of vital realistic significance for the government to devote efforts to reconstruction and is beneficial to optimum resource allocation.Firstly,we calculated the integrated biodiversity index and analyzed the spatial distribution of biodiversity,and then applied the index to determine the biodiversity hotspots by spatial analysis.The hotspots established by the spatial correlation method generally are consistent with the conservation priority area based on the Marxan model.The hotspots account for 76% of the existing nature reserve and the hotspots in Nature Reserve account for 55% of all existing Nature Reserves in the Wenchuan earthquake-hit area,and the total habitat area of all indicator species in the hotspots accounts for about 70% of the whole earthquake-hit area.The verification showed that the spatial correlation method is a reasonable method which can be applied to establishing hotspots.Furthermore,we also found that the spatial correlation analysis method of identifying hotspots is able to overcome the deficiency that the priority area based on the Marxan model is too discrete and islanding.Moreover,the results also showed that there are two biodiversity hotspots,i.e.,the Minshan region and southern Qionglai mountain region.Maoxian Country lies at the junction of the two hotspots in the Wenchuan earthquake-hit area,so it is recommended to set aside a certain natural area as an ecological corridor between these two biodiversity hotspots.The biodiversity hotspots identified by the spatial correlation method can provide the decision-making basis for biodiversity conservation and depressing the influence on biodiversity in the processes of restoration and reconstruction in the Wenchuan earthquake-hit area.
The Wenchuan earthquake-hit area is located in the Upper Yangtze River,which is the main distribution area of Giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China,and is one of the twenty-five hotspots for biodiversity conservation throughout the world defined by Conservation International,providing some important ecological service functions such as biological diversity conservation,water conservation,soil conservation and so on.Meanwhile,it plays an important role in ensuring regional ecological security.However,the eco-environment suffered from severe destruction in the Wenchuan 5.12 earthquake.In order to protect biological diversity in the Wenchuan earthquake-hit area,it is necessary for us to identify the hotspots for biodiversity conservation,which is of vital realistic significance for the government to devote efforts to reconstruction and is beneficial to optimum resource allocation.Firstly,we calculated the integrated biodiversity index and analyzed the spatial distribution of biodiversity,and then applied the index to determine the biodiversity hotspots by spatial analysis.The hotspots established by the spatial correlation method generally are consistent with the conservation priority area based on the Marxan model.The hotspots account for 76% of the existing nature reserve and the hotspots in Nature Reserve account for 55% of all existing Nature Reserves in the Wenchuan earthquake-hit area,and the total habitat area of all indicator species in the hotspots accounts for about 70% of the whole earthquake-hit area.The verification showed that the spatial correlation method is a reasonable method which can be applied to establishing hotspots.Furthermore,we also found that the spatial correlation analysis method of identifying hotspots is able to overcome the deficiency that the priority area based on the Marxan model is too discrete and islanding.Moreover,the results also showed that there are two biodiversity hotspots,i.e.,the Minshan region and southern Qionglai mountain region.Maoxian Country lies at the junction of the two hotspots in the Wenchuan earthquake-hit area,so it is recommended to set aside a certain natural area as an ecological corridor between these two biodiversity hotspots.The biodiversity hotspots identified by the spatial correlation method can provide the decision-making basis for biodiversity conservation and depressing the influence on biodiversity in the processes of restoration and reconstruction in the Wenchuan earthquake-hit area.
引文
[1]Ye Y Q,Ma K P.Hot Spots in biodiversity studies.Guihaia,1996,16(4):295-299.
[2]Wan B T,Xu H G,Ding H,Liu Z L,Wang J.Methodology of comprehensive biodiversity assessment.Biodiversity Science,2007,15(1):97-106.
[3]WRI.Ecosystems and Human Well-Being Biodiversity Synthesis.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2005.
[4]Shu J M,Wang J J,Gao J X,Liu R A,Ying X D,Zhang L D.Planning for biological diversity conservation in the middle part of YaluzangbuRiver basin.Rural Eco-Environment,1997,13(2):1-5.
[5]Wang Z,Jiang M K,Qin W H.Criteria for evaluation of priority biodiversity nature reserves of China.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2007,23(3):93-96.
[6]Xu W H,Ouyang Z Y,Zhang L,Li Z Q,Xiao Y,Zhu C Q.Spatial distribution and priority areas analysis for key protection species in Yangtzebasin.Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(3):312-319.
[7]Myers N.The biodiversity challenge:expanded hot-spots analysis.The Environmentalist,1990,10(4):243-256.
[8]Noss R F,Harris L D.Nodes,networks,and MUMs:preserving diversity at all scales.Environmental Management,1986,10(3):299-309.
[9]Bibby C J,Adam M P.Putting Biodiversity on the Map:Priority Areas for Global Conservation.Cambridge:International Council for BirdPreservation,1992.
[10]Myers N.Threatened biotas:“hot spots”in tropical forests.The Environmentalist,1988,8(3):187-208.
[11]Myers N,Mittermeier R A,Mittermeier C G,Fonseca G A B,Kent J.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature,2000,403(6772):853-858.
[12]Li D Q,Song Y L,Ouyang Z Y.Research on the National Forestry Nature Reserve System Plan.Beijing:China land Press,2003.
[13]Hu S Q,Ding B Y,Chen Z H.The critical regions for conservation of rare and endangered plant species diversity in Zhejiang Province.Biodiversity Science,2002,10(1):15-23.
[14]Zhao S Q,Fang J Y,Lei G C.Global 200:an approach to setting large-scale biodiversity conservation priorities.Chinese Biodiversity,2000,8(4):435-440.
[15]Wu B,Zhu C Q,Li D Q,Dong K,Wang X L,Shi P L.Setting biodiversity conservation priorities in the Forests of the Upper Yangtze Ecoregionbased on ecoregion conservation methodology.Biodiversity Science,2006,14(2):87-97.
[16]Liu M C,Li D Q.Study on biodiversity conservation priorities-taking Sanjiangyuan region.Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University,2007,30(3):110-115.
[17]Banks S A,Skilleter G A.The importance of incorporating fine-scale habitat data into the design of an intertidal marine reserve system.BiologicalConservation,2007,138(1/2):13-29.
[18]Chen B H.Status and outlook for protection of the world biological diversity.World Forestry Research,1993,3(5):8-13.
[19]Calonje M,Meerow A W,Knowles L,Knowles D,Grtiffith P,Francisco-Ortega J.Genetics-based conservation action plan for Zamia lucayana,the only cycad species endemic to the Bahamian archipelago(Caribbean Island Biodiversity Hotspot).Abstract book of the 9th InternationalConference on Cycad Biology,2011.
[20]Luan X F,Huang W N,Wang X L,Liu M C,Liu S R,Wu B,Li D Q.Identification of hotspots and gaps for biodiversity conservation inNortheast China based on a systematic conservation planning methodology.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(1):144-150.
[21]Costa G C,Nogueira C,Machado R B,Coil G R.Sampling bias and the use of ecological niche modeling in conservation planning:a fieldevaluation in a biodiversity hotspot.Biodiversity and Conservation,2010,19(3):883-899.
[22]Nelson E,Mendoza G,Regetz J,Polasky S,Tallis H,Cameron D R,Chan K M A,Daily G C,Goldstein J,Kareiva P M,Lonsdorf E,NaidooR,Ricketts T H,Shaw M R.Modeling multiple ecosystem services,biodiversity conservation,commodity production,and tradeoffs at landscapescales.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2009,7(1):4-11.
[23]Nelson E,Mendoza G,Regetz J,Polasky S,Tallis H,Cameron D R,Chan K M A,Daily G C,Goldstein J,Kareiva P M,Lonsdorf E,NaidooR,Ricketts T H,Shaw M R.Modeling multiple ecosystem services,biodiversity conservation,commodity production,and tradeoffs at landscape scales.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2009,7(1):4-11.
[24]Kareiva P M,Tallis H,Ricketts T H,Daily G C,Polasky S.Natural Capital:Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services.New York:Oxford University Press,2011.
[25]Zhang S L,Zhang K.Contrast study on the local indices of spatial autocorrelation.Statistical Research,2007,24(7):65-67.
[26]Zhang S L,Zhang K.Comparison between general Moran's index and Getis-ord general G of spatial autocorrelation.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2007,46(4):93-97.
[27]Zhang S L,Zhang K.Contrast study on Moran and Getis-ord indexes of local spatial autocorrelation indices.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2007,27(3):31-34.
[28]Peng B,Zhang Y,Hu D Y,Luo K,Wang R H.Using spatial analysis technique to explore spatial distribution of Tuberculosis.Chinese Journal of Health Statistics,2007,24(3):229-231.
[29]Fan X S,Ying L G.An exploratory spatial data analysis of sars epidemic in China.Advances in Earth Science,2005,20(3):282-291.
[30]LüA M,Li C M,Lin Z J,Shi W Z.Population growth rate and its spatial association by providence in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2002,57(2):143-150.
[31]Shen L Z.Spatial correlation analysis and its application.Statistics and Decision,2006,(8):28-30.
[32]Getis A,Ord J K.Local spatial statistics:an overview//Longley P A,Batty M,eds.Spatial Analysis:Modelling in a GIS Environment.Cambridge:Geo Information International,1996:261-177.
[1]钱迎倩,马克平.生物多样性研究的几个国际热点.广西植物,1996,16(4):295-299.
[2]万本太,徐海根,丁晖,刘志磊,王捷.生物多样性综合评价方法研究.生物多样性,2007,15(1):97-106.
[3]世界资源研究所.生态系统与人类福祉:生物多样性综合评估报告.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[4]舒俭民,王家骥,高吉喜,柳若安,营晓东,张林渡.雅鲁藏布江中部地区生物多样性保护规划.农村生态环境,1997,13(2):1-5.
[5]王智,蒋明康,秦卫华.中国生物多样性重点保护区评价标准探讨.生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(3):93-96.
[6]徐卫华,欧阳志云,张路,李智琦,肖燚,朱春全.长江流域重要保护物种分布格局与优先区评价.环境科学研究,2010,23(3):312-319.
[12]李迪强,宋延龄,欧阳志云.全国林业系统自然保护区体系规划研究.北京:中国大地出版社,2003.
[13]胡绍庆,丁炳扬,陈征海.浙江省珍稀濒危植物物种多样性保护的关键区域.生物多样性,2002,10(1):15-23.
[14]赵淑清,方精云,雷光春.全球200:确定大尺度生物多样性优先保护的一种方法.生物多样性,2000,8(4):435-440.
[15]吴波,朱春全,李迪强,董珂,王秀磊,石培礼.长江上游森林生态区生物多样性保护优先区确定:基于生态区保护方法.生物多样性,2006,14(2):87-97.
[16]刘敏超,李迪强.生物多样性优先性研究——以三江源地区为例.湖南师范大学:自然科学学报,2007,30(3):110-115.
[18]陈炳浩.国际生物多样性保护现状与对策.世界林业研究,1993,3(5):8-13.
[19]Calonje M,Meerow A W,Knowles L,Knowles D,Grtiffith P,Francisco-Ortega J.加勒比海岛生物多样性热点地区———巴哈马群岛唯一苏铁类植物特有泽米种Zamia lucayana的遗传学保护行动方案.第九届国际苏铁生物学大会论文摘要集,2011.
[20]栾晓峰,黄维妮,王秀磊,刘敏超,刘世荣,吴波,李迪强.基于系统保护规划方法东北生物多样性热点地区和保护空缺分析.生态学报.2009,29(1):144-150.
[22]Piller W E,Harxhauser M.生物多样性热点地区——地质学的新领域.海洋地质,2009,24(4):71-72.
[25]张松林,张昆.局部空间自相关指标对比研究.统计研究,2007,24(7):65-67.
[26]张松林,张昆.全局空间自相关Moran指数和G系数对比研究.中山大学学报:自然科学版,2007,46(4):93-97.
[27]张松林,张昆.空间自相关局部指标Moran指数和G系数研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2007,27(3):31-34.
[28]彭斌,张鹰,胡代玉,罗奎,王润华.利用空间分析技术探讨结核病发病的空间分布模式.中国卫生统计,2007,24(3):229-231.
[29]范新生,龙应根.中国SARS疫情的探索性空间数据分析.地球科学进展,2005,20(3):282-291.
[30]吕安民,李成名,林宗坚,史文中.中国省级人口增长率及其空间关联分析.地理学报,2002,57(2):143-150.
[31]沈绿珠.空间关联分析及其应用.统计与决策,2006,(8):28-30.
[2]Wan B T,Xu H G,Ding H,Liu Z L,Wang J.Methodology of comprehensive biodiversity assessment.Biodiversity Science,2007,15(1):97-106.
[3]WRI.Ecosystems and Human Well-Being Biodiversity Synthesis.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2005.
[4]Shu J M,Wang J J,Gao J X,Liu R A,Ying X D,Zhang L D.Planning for biological diversity conservation in the middle part of YaluzangbuRiver basin.Rural Eco-Environment,1997,13(2):1-5.
[5]Wang Z,Jiang M K,Qin W H.Criteria for evaluation of priority biodiversity nature reserves of China.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2007,23(3):93-96.
[6]Xu W H,Ouyang Z Y,Zhang L,Li Z Q,Xiao Y,Zhu C Q.Spatial distribution and priority areas analysis for key protection species in Yangtzebasin.Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(3):312-319.
[7]Myers N.The biodiversity challenge:expanded hot-spots analysis.The Environmentalist,1990,10(4):243-256.
[8]Noss R F,Harris L D.Nodes,networks,and MUMs:preserving diversity at all scales.Environmental Management,1986,10(3):299-309.
[9]Bibby C J,Adam M P.Putting Biodiversity on the Map:Priority Areas for Global Conservation.Cambridge:International Council for BirdPreservation,1992.
[10]Myers N.Threatened biotas:“hot spots”in tropical forests.The Environmentalist,1988,8(3):187-208.
[11]Myers N,Mittermeier R A,Mittermeier C G,Fonseca G A B,Kent J.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature,2000,403(6772):853-858.
[12]Li D Q,Song Y L,Ouyang Z Y.Research on the National Forestry Nature Reserve System Plan.Beijing:China land Press,2003.
[13]Hu S Q,Ding B Y,Chen Z H.The critical regions for conservation of rare and endangered plant species diversity in Zhejiang Province.Biodiversity Science,2002,10(1):15-23.
[14]Zhao S Q,Fang J Y,Lei G C.Global 200:an approach to setting large-scale biodiversity conservation priorities.Chinese Biodiversity,2000,8(4):435-440.
[15]Wu B,Zhu C Q,Li D Q,Dong K,Wang X L,Shi P L.Setting biodiversity conservation priorities in the Forests of the Upper Yangtze Ecoregionbased on ecoregion conservation methodology.Biodiversity Science,2006,14(2):87-97.
[16]Liu M C,Li D Q.Study on biodiversity conservation priorities-taking Sanjiangyuan region.Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University,2007,30(3):110-115.
[17]Banks S A,Skilleter G A.The importance of incorporating fine-scale habitat data into the design of an intertidal marine reserve system.BiologicalConservation,2007,138(1/2):13-29.
[18]Chen B H.Status and outlook for protection of the world biological diversity.World Forestry Research,1993,3(5):8-13.
[19]Calonje M,Meerow A W,Knowles L,Knowles D,Grtiffith P,Francisco-Ortega J.Genetics-based conservation action plan for Zamia lucayana,the only cycad species endemic to the Bahamian archipelago(Caribbean Island Biodiversity Hotspot).Abstract book of the 9th InternationalConference on Cycad Biology,2011.
[20]Luan X F,Huang W N,Wang X L,Liu M C,Liu S R,Wu B,Li D Q.Identification of hotspots and gaps for biodiversity conservation inNortheast China based on a systematic conservation planning methodology.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(1):144-150.
[21]Costa G C,Nogueira C,Machado R B,Coil G R.Sampling bias and the use of ecological niche modeling in conservation planning:a fieldevaluation in a biodiversity hotspot.Biodiversity and Conservation,2010,19(3):883-899.
[22]Nelson E,Mendoza G,Regetz J,Polasky S,Tallis H,Cameron D R,Chan K M A,Daily G C,Goldstein J,Kareiva P M,Lonsdorf E,NaidooR,Ricketts T H,Shaw M R.Modeling multiple ecosystem services,biodiversity conservation,commodity production,and tradeoffs at landscapescales.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2009,7(1):4-11.
[23]Nelson E,Mendoza G,Regetz J,Polasky S,Tallis H,Cameron D R,Chan K M A,Daily G C,Goldstein J,Kareiva P M,Lonsdorf E,NaidooR,Ricketts T H,Shaw M R.Modeling multiple ecosystem services,biodiversity conservation,commodity production,and tradeoffs at landscape scales.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2009,7(1):4-11.
[24]Kareiva P M,Tallis H,Ricketts T H,Daily G C,Polasky S.Natural Capital:Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services.New York:Oxford University Press,2011.
[25]Zhang S L,Zhang K.Contrast study on the local indices of spatial autocorrelation.Statistical Research,2007,24(7):65-67.
[26]Zhang S L,Zhang K.Comparison between general Moran's index and Getis-ord general G of spatial autocorrelation.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2007,46(4):93-97.
[27]Zhang S L,Zhang K.Contrast study on Moran and Getis-ord indexes of local spatial autocorrelation indices.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2007,27(3):31-34.
[28]Peng B,Zhang Y,Hu D Y,Luo K,Wang R H.Using spatial analysis technique to explore spatial distribution of Tuberculosis.Chinese Journal of Health Statistics,2007,24(3):229-231.
[29]Fan X S,Ying L G.An exploratory spatial data analysis of sars epidemic in China.Advances in Earth Science,2005,20(3):282-291.
[30]LüA M,Li C M,Lin Z J,Shi W Z.Population growth rate and its spatial association by providence in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2002,57(2):143-150.
[31]Shen L Z.Spatial correlation analysis and its application.Statistics and Decision,2006,(8):28-30.
[32]Getis A,Ord J K.Local spatial statistics:an overview//Longley P A,Batty M,eds.Spatial Analysis:Modelling in a GIS Environment.Cambridge:Geo Information International,1996:261-177.
[1]钱迎倩,马克平.生物多样性研究的几个国际热点.广西植物,1996,16(4):295-299.
[2]万本太,徐海根,丁晖,刘志磊,王捷.生物多样性综合评价方法研究.生物多样性,2007,15(1):97-106.
[3]世界资源研究所.生态系统与人类福祉:生物多样性综合评估报告.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[4]舒俭民,王家骥,高吉喜,柳若安,营晓东,张林渡.雅鲁藏布江中部地区生物多样性保护规划.农村生态环境,1997,13(2):1-5.
[5]王智,蒋明康,秦卫华.中国生物多样性重点保护区评价标准探讨.生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(3):93-96.
[6]徐卫华,欧阳志云,张路,李智琦,肖燚,朱春全.长江流域重要保护物种分布格局与优先区评价.环境科学研究,2010,23(3):312-319.
[12]李迪强,宋延龄,欧阳志云.全国林业系统自然保护区体系规划研究.北京:中国大地出版社,2003.
[13]胡绍庆,丁炳扬,陈征海.浙江省珍稀濒危植物物种多样性保护的关键区域.生物多样性,2002,10(1):15-23.
[14]赵淑清,方精云,雷光春.全球200:确定大尺度生物多样性优先保护的一种方法.生物多样性,2000,8(4):435-440.
[15]吴波,朱春全,李迪强,董珂,王秀磊,石培礼.长江上游森林生态区生物多样性保护优先区确定:基于生态区保护方法.生物多样性,2006,14(2):87-97.
[16]刘敏超,李迪强.生物多样性优先性研究——以三江源地区为例.湖南师范大学:自然科学学报,2007,30(3):110-115.
[18]陈炳浩.国际生物多样性保护现状与对策.世界林业研究,1993,3(5):8-13.
[19]Calonje M,Meerow A W,Knowles L,Knowles D,Grtiffith P,Francisco-Ortega J.加勒比海岛生物多样性热点地区———巴哈马群岛唯一苏铁类植物特有泽米种Zamia lucayana的遗传学保护行动方案.第九届国际苏铁生物学大会论文摘要集,2011.
[20]栾晓峰,黄维妮,王秀磊,刘敏超,刘世荣,吴波,李迪强.基于系统保护规划方法东北生物多样性热点地区和保护空缺分析.生态学报.2009,29(1):144-150.
[22]Piller W E,Harxhauser M.生物多样性热点地区——地质学的新领域.海洋地质,2009,24(4):71-72.
[25]张松林,张昆.局部空间自相关指标对比研究.统计研究,2007,24(7):65-67.
[26]张松林,张昆.全局空间自相关Moran指数和G系数对比研究.中山大学学报:自然科学版,2007,46(4):93-97.
[27]张松林,张昆.空间自相关局部指标Moran指数和G系数研究.大地测量与地球动力学,2007,27(3):31-34.
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