地震滑坡生境小型兽类群落多样性及影响因子
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摘要
2011年4-10月,采用夹日法对"5.12汶川大地震"重灾区之一的四川龙溪-虹口国家级自然保护区内3种不同滑坡程度(重度、中度、轻度)生境和未受滑坡影响生境中的小型兽类进行了调查,以期了解不同滑坡程度生境中小型兽类群落的多样性,以及影响小型兽类群落多样性的关键因子.在4种生境中共捕获小型兽类3目5科12种120只.分析结果表明:(1)中华姬鼠(Apodemus draco)、黑腹绒鼠(Eothenomys melanogaster)、短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)和北社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)为未受地震滑坡影响生境中的优势物种,也多是受滑坡体影响生境中的主要群落物种;(2)物种数量、捕获率和多样性指数均以无滑坡生境最高,重度滑坡生境最低,但重度生境均匀度指数最高;(3)群落相似性指数随着滑坡影响从无到重逐渐减小,重度与其他3类生境相似性最低;(4)受地震滑坡影响的生境中,小型兽类捕获率与残留乔木郁闭度、灌木和草本植物的覆盖度呈显著正相关(P<0.05);物种数与残留乔木郁闭度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).与无滑坡生境相比较,中度和轻度滑坡体生境的小型兽类群落多样性已得到了一定程度的恢复,但重度滑坡生境的多样性还较低;在滑坡生境中,残留乔木郁闭度越大,灌木和草本植物的盖度越高,小型兽类群落的种类和数量就越多.
In order to evaluate the small mammal community diversity and explore the key factors influencing the community diversity in landslide areas in Longxi-Hongkou National Nature Reserve after the Wenchuan earthquake,investigations were conducted from April to October in 2011 among landslides of 3 different disturbance intensities(Extreme,Moderate,Slight) and an unaffected habitat(Null) as control group.Totally 120 individuals of 12 species,3 orders and 5 families were captured in 6 375 snap-traps.The main results were as follows:(1) Apodemus draco,Eothenomys melanogaster,Anourosorex squamipes and Niviventer confucianus were the dominant species in Landslide habitats and Null Landslide habitats.(2) The species richness,capture success rate and species diversity were the highest in Null landslide habitat but the lowest in Extreme landslide habitat,and the highest evenness was found in Extreme landslide habitat.(3) The community similarity coefficient was lower with higher disturbance intensity levels,being the lowest between Intense and Moderate.(4) The capture success rate was positively correlated with the remaining tree canopy coverage(r=0.630,P=0.005),shrub coverage(r=0.566,P=0.014) and herb coverage(r=0.522,P=0.026);the number of species was significantly positively correlated with the remaining tree canopy coverage(r=0.612,P=0.007).Our results indicated that the community diversity in moderate and slight landslide habitats had recovered to some extent,but the community diversity in the extreme landslide habitat was still low.Moreover,our results also showed that with more remaining trees and higher coverage of shrubs and herbs in landslide habitats,there will be more species and quantities of small mammals.
In order to evaluate the small mammal community diversity and explore the key factors influencing the community diversity in landslide areas in Longxi-Hongkou National Nature Reserve after the Wenchuan earthquake,investigations were conducted from April to October in 2011 among landslides of 3 different disturbance intensities(Extreme,Moderate,Slight) and an unaffected habitat(Null) as control group.Totally 120 individuals of 12 species,3 orders and 5 families were captured in 6 375 snap-traps.The main results were as follows:(1) Apodemus draco,Eothenomys melanogaster,Anourosorex squamipes and Niviventer confucianus were the dominant species in Landslide habitats and Null Landslide habitats.(2) The species richness,capture success rate and species diversity were the highest in Null landslide habitat but the lowest in Extreme landslide habitat,and the highest evenness was found in Extreme landslide habitat.(3) The community similarity coefficient was lower with higher disturbance intensity levels,being the lowest between Intense and Moderate.(4) The capture success rate was positively correlated with the remaining tree canopy coverage(r=0.630,P=0.005),shrub coverage(r=0.566,P=0.014) and herb coverage(r=0.522,P=0.026);the number of species was significantly positively correlated with the remaining tree canopy coverage(r=0.612,P=0.007).Our results indicated that the community diversity in moderate and slight landslide habitats had recovered to some extent,but the community diversity in the extreme landslide habitat was still low.Moreover,our results also showed that with more remaining trees and higher coverage of shrubs and herbs in landslide habitats,there will be more species and quantities of small mammals.
引文
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2Michelle EM,Sarah JC.The effects of early season and late season prescribed fires on small mammals in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest[J].For Ecol Manage,2006,236:229-240
3Carey AB,Johnson ML.Small mammals in managed,naturally young,and old-growth forests[J].Ecol Appl,1995,5(2):336-352
4Dowing AL,Bryan LB,Elizabeth MP,Timothy HK,Mathew AL.Environmental fluctuations induce scale-dependent compensation and increase stability in plankton ecosystems[J].Ecology,2008,89(11):3204-3214
5Ernest SKM,James HB.Homeostasis and compensation the role of species and resources in ecosystem stability[J].Ecology,2010,82(8):2118-2132
6Chase MK,Kristan WB,Lynam AJ,Price MV,Retenberry JT.Single species as indicators of species richness and composition in California coast sage scrub birds and small mammals[J].Conserv Biol,2000,14(2):474-484
7Crisafulli CM,MacMahon JA,Parmonter RR.Small-mammal survival and colonization on the Mount St.Helens Volcano:1980-2002[J].Am Midland Naturalist,2005,3:199-218
8张淑花,张雪萍.大兴安岭火烧迹地土壤动物的群落多样性[J].应用与环境生物学报,2009,15(5):672-676[Zhang SH,Zhang XP.Soil animal community diversity in the burned areas of the Great Xing'an Mountains,China[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2009,15(5):672-676]
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10张美文,王克林,王勇,郭聪,李波.长江中游农区洪涝灾害后鼠类数量动态[J].应用与环境生物学报,2004,10(2):184-188[Zhang MW,Wang KL,Wang Y,Guo C,Li B.Population dynamics of rodents after?ood in middle reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2004,10(2):184-188]
11Dickman CR,Greenville AC,Tamayo B,Wardle GM.Spatial dynamics of small mammals in central Australian desert habitats:the role of drought refugia[J].J Mammal,2011,92:1193-1209
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13Meserve PL,Dickman CR,Kelt DA.Small mammal community structure and dynamics in arid lands:overall patterns and contrasts with Southern Hemispheric systems[J].J Mammal,2011,92(6):1155-1157
14Luteyn JL.The response of small mammal populations to?ooding[J].Mammalian Biol,2003,68(2):102-111
15James LL.Diversity,adaptation,and endemism in neotropical Ericaceae:biogeographical patterns in the Vaccinieae[J].Bot Rev,2002,68(1):55-87
16陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2000,20(4):581-586[Chen LD,Fu BJ.Ecological significance,characteristics and types of disturbance[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2000,20(4):581-586]
17Wang DJ,Li S,Sun S,Wang H,Chen A,Li SZ,Li J,Lu Z.Turning earthquake disaster into long term benefi ts for the panda[J].Conserv Biol,2008,22(5):1356-1360
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19包维楷,庞学勇.四川汶川大地震重灾区灾后生态退化及其基本特点[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(4):441-444[Bao WK,Pang XY.Ecological degradation in the Wenchuan Earthquake seriously affected region in Sichuan,China[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2008,14(4):441-444]
20王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云,张晋东.汶川地震对都江堰地区大熊猫生境的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(12):5856-5861[Wang XZ,Xu WH,Ouyang ZY,Zhang JD.Impacts of Wenchuan Earthquake on giant panda habitat in Dujiangyan region[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2008,28(12):5856-5861]
21陈昌笃.都江堰地区──横断山北段生物多样性交汇、分化和存留的枢纽地段[J].生态学报,2000,20(1):28-34[Chen DC.The Dujiangyan Region Pivot sector of assemblage,differentiation and maintenance of biodiversity in northern part of Hengduan Mountain[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2000,20(1):28-34]
22Andrew TS,解炎,Federico G,汪松.中国兽类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2009[Andrew TS,Xie Y,Federico G,Wang S.A Guide to the Mammals of China[M].Changsha:Hunan Education Press,2009]
23施大钊,王登,高灵旺.啮齿动物生物学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2008.125-133[Shi DZ,Wang D,Gao LW.Rodent Biology[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2008.125-133]
24Jason TF,Lisa W.The response of mammals to forest fi re and timber harvest in the North American boreal forest[J].Mammal Rev,2005,35(1):51-81
25Flower JR,Ellwood SA.Impact of woodland deer on small mammal ecology[J].Forestry,2003,74(3):277-287
26Robitaille JF,Linley RD.Structure of forests used by small mammals in the industrially damaged landscape of Sudbury,Ontario,Canada[J].For Ecol Manage,2006,225:160-167
27Grant WE,Birney EC.Small mammal community structure in the North American Grasslands[J].J Mammal,1979,60(1):23-36
28徐兴军,吕建伟,谢振丽,周双涛,计沈斌,张东月,王昌河,邵淑丽.寒温带牧林交错区生境复杂度对啮齿类物种多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(6):2945-2952[Xu XJ,LüJW,Xie ZL,Zhou ST,Ji SB,Zhang DY,Wang CH,Shao SL.Effects of habitat complexity on species diversity of small mammals in pastures and forest interlaced regions[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2009,29(6):2945-2952]
29Jacob J.Response of small rodents to manipulations of vegetation height in agro ecosystems[J].Integr Zool,2008,3:3-10
2Michelle EM,Sarah JC.The effects of early season and late season prescribed fires on small mammals in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest[J].For Ecol Manage,2006,236:229-240
3Carey AB,Johnson ML.Small mammals in managed,naturally young,and old-growth forests[J].Ecol Appl,1995,5(2):336-352
4Dowing AL,Bryan LB,Elizabeth MP,Timothy HK,Mathew AL.Environmental fluctuations induce scale-dependent compensation and increase stability in plankton ecosystems[J].Ecology,2008,89(11):3204-3214
5Ernest SKM,James HB.Homeostasis and compensation the role of species and resources in ecosystem stability[J].Ecology,2010,82(8):2118-2132
6Chase MK,Kristan WB,Lynam AJ,Price MV,Retenberry JT.Single species as indicators of species richness and composition in California coast sage scrub birds and small mammals[J].Conserv Biol,2000,14(2):474-484
7Crisafulli CM,MacMahon JA,Parmonter RR.Small-mammal survival and colonization on the Mount St.Helens Volcano:1980-2002[J].Am Midland Naturalist,2005,3:199-218
8张淑花,张雪萍.大兴安岭火烧迹地土壤动物的群落多样性[J].应用与环境生物学报,2009,15(5):672-676[Zhang SH,Zhang XP.Soil animal community diversity in the burned areas of the Great Xing'an Mountains,China[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2009,15(5):672-676]
9李俊生,宋延龄,徐存宝,曾治高,宋影.小兴安岭林区不同生境梯度中小型哺乳动物生物多样性[J].生态学报,2003,23(6):1037-1047[Li JS,Song YL,Xu CB,Zeng ZG,Song Y.Studies on biodiversity of small mammals along different habitat gradients in the Xiao Xing'an Ling Forest Region,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2003,23(6):1037-1047]
10张美文,王克林,王勇,郭聪,李波.长江中游农区洪涝灾害后鼠类数量动态[J].应用与环境生物学报,2004,10(2):184-188[Zhang MW,Wang KL,Wang Y,Guo C,Li B.Population dynamics of rodents after?ood in middle reaches of the Yangtze River[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2004,10(2):184-188]
11Dickman CR,Greenville AC,Tamayo B,Wardle GM.Spatial dynamics of small mammals in central Australian desert habitats:the role of drought refugia[J].J Mammal,2011,92:1193-1209
12Lunney D,Cullis B,Eby P.Effects of logging and fire on small mammals in Mumbulla State Forest,near Bega,New South Wales[J].Austr Wildlife Res,1987,14(2):163-181
13Meserve PL,Dickman CR,Kelt DA.Small mammal community structure and dynamics in arid lands:overall patterns and contrasts with Southern Hemispheric systems[J].J Mammal,2011,92(6):1155-1157
14Luteyn JL.The response of small mammal populations to?ooding[J].Mammalian Biol,2003,68(2):102-111
15James LL.Diversity,adaptation,and endemism in neotropical Ericaceae:biogeographical patterns in the Vaccinieae[J].Bot Rev,2002,68(1):55-87
16陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2000,20(4):581-586[Chen LD,Fu BJ.Ecological significance,characteristics and types of disturbance[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2000,20(4):581-586]
17Wang DJ,Li S,Sun S,Wang H,Chen A,Li SZ,Li J,Lu Z.Turning earthquake disaster into long term benefi ts for the panda[J].Conserv Biol,2008,22(5):1356-1360
18卢涛,石福孙,孙庚,罗艳,王乾,吴彦,吴宁."5.12"汶川地震灾区生态恢复重建中仍需回答的关键科学问题[J].应用与环境生物学报,2010,16(3):301-304[Lu T,Shi F,Sun G,Luo Y,Wang Q,Wu Y,Wu N.Reconstruction of the Wenchuan Earthquake-damaged ecosystems:four important questions[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2010,16(3):301-304]
19包维楷,庞学勇.四川汶川大地震重灾区灾后生态退化及其基本特点[J].应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(4):441-444[Bao WK,Pang XY.Ecological degradation in the Wenchuan Earthquake seriously affected region in Sichuan,China[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2008,14(4):441-444]
20王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云,张晋东.汶川地震对都江堰地区大熊猫生境的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(12):5856-5861[Wang XZ,Xu WH,Ouyang ZY,Zhang JD.Impacts of Wenchuan Earthquake on giant panda habitat in Dujiangyan region[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2008,28(12):5856-5861]
21陈昌笃.都江堰地区──横断山北段生物多样性交汇、分化和存留的枢纽地段[J].生态学报,2000,20(1):28-34[Chen DC.The Dujiangyan Region Pivot sector of assemblage,differentiation and maintenance of biodiversity in northern part of Hengduan Mountain[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2000,20(1):28-34]
22Andrew TS,解炎,Federico G,汪松.中国兽类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2009[Andrew TS,Xie Y,Federico G,Wang S.A Guide to the Mammals of China[M].Changsha:Hunan Education Press,2009]
23施大钊,王登,高灵旺.啮齿动物生物学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2008.125-133[Shi DZ,Wang D,Gao LW.Rodent Biology[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2008.125-133]
24Jason TF,Lisa W.The response of mammals to forest fi re and timber harvest in the North American boreal forest[J].Mammal Rev,2005,35(1):51-81
25Flower JR,Ellwood SA.Impact of woodland deer on small mammal ecology[J].Forestry,2003,74(3):277-287
26Robitaille JF,Linley RD.Structure of forests used by small mammals in the industrially damaged landscape of Sudbury,Ontario,Canada[J].For Ecol Manage,2006,225:160-167
27Grant WE,Birney EC.Small mammal community structure in the North American Grasslands[J].J Mammal,1979,60(1):23-36
28徐兴军,吕建伟,谢振丽,周双涛,计沈斌,张东月,王昌河,邵淑丽.寒温带牧林交错区生境复杂度对啮齿类物种多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(6):2945-2952[Xu XJ,LüJW,Xie ZL,Zhou ST,Ji SB,Zhang DY,Wang CH,Shao SL.Effects of habitat complexity on species diversity of small mammals in pastures and forest interlaced regions[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2009,29(6):2945-2952]
29Jacob J.Response of small rodents to manipulations of vegetation height in agro ecosystems[J].Integr Zool,2008,3:3-10
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