古岩溶塌陷的成因特点与研究手段
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摘要
古岩溶发育过程中的塌陷是一种普遍现象,其形成的古岩溶塌陷体是重要的油气储集体。借鉴现代岩溶塌陷的成因机理,归纳了古岩溶塌陷与现代岩溶塌陷的相似之处,并从形成机理、联合塌陷体的成因及其储集意义等方面梳理了古岩溶塌陷的成因特点。对于古岩溶塌陷体,可通过钻井、岩心、探地雷达、地震、常规测井和FMI成像测井等技术手段来识别、研究。由于不同地质背景下古岩溶塌陷体发育模式不尽相同,使得研究过程中存在诸多问题。针对这些问题,提出了下一步亟待开展的3点工作建议。
In the development and evolution of the paleokarst,the collapse of paleocave is a common phenomenon,and the collapsed-paleocave systems are good oil / gas reservoirs. Based on the formation mechanism of karst collapse,this paper illustrates the similarity of paleokarst collapse and karst collapse,then combs the genesis characteristics combined with the formation mechanism and the cause of coalesced collapsed-paleocave systems as high quality reservoirs. The collapsed-paleocave systems can be studied on the basis of characteristics of well drilling,cores,ground penetrating radar,seismic interpretation,conventional logging and FMI imaging logging.As the patterns of collapsed-paleocave systems vary in different geological settings,many problems remain to be resolved. To solve these problems,this paper put forward three proposals that are to be carried out urgently.
In the development and evolution of the paleokarst,the collapse of paleocave is a common phenomenon,and the collapsed-paleocave systems are good oil / gas reservoirs. Based on the formation mechanism of karst collapse,this paper illustrates the similarity of paleokarst collapse and karst collapse,then combs the genesis characteristics combined with the formation mechanism and the cause of coalesced collapsed-paleocave systems as high quality reservoirs. The collapsed-paleocave systems can be studied on the basis of characteristics of well drilling,cores,ground penetrating radar,seismic interpretation,conventional logging and FMI imaging logging.As the patterns of collapsed-paleocave systems vary in different geological settings,many problems remain to be resolved. To solve these problems,this paper put forward three proposals that are to be carried out urgently.
引文
[1]江怀友,宋新民,王元基,等.世界海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探开发现状与展望[J].海洋石油,2008,28(4):6-13.
[2]Tvinker S W,Mruk D H.Reservoir characterization of a Permian giant:Yates field,West Texas[M]//Stoudt E L,Harris P M.Hydrocarbon Reservoir Characterization:Geologic Frame-work and Flow Unit Modeling.Tulsa:SEPM,1995:51-128.
[3]Jordan C F,Connally T C,Vest H A.Middle Cretaceous carbonates of the Mishrif Formation,Fateh Field,offshore Dubai,UAE[M]//Roehl P O,Choqutte P W.Carbonate Petroleum Reservoirs.New York:Springer-Verlag,1983:425-442.
[4]陈学时,易万霞,卢文忠.中国油气田古岩溶与油气储层[J].沉积学报,2004,22(2):244-253.
[5]康玉柱.中国古生代碳酸盐岩古岩溶储集特征与油气分布[J].天然气工业,2008,28(6):1-12.
[6]康志宏,戎意民,魏历灵,等.塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储集体类型及划分方法研究[J].现代地质,2014,28(5):986-994.
[7]王拥军,张宝民,董月霞,等.南堡凹陷奥陶系潜山岩溶塌陷体识别、储层特征及油气勘探背景[J].石油学报,2012,33(4):570-580.
[8]Lucia F J.Lower Paleozoic cavern development,collapse,and dolomitization,Franklin Mountains,El Paso,Texas[M]//Budd D A,Saller A H,Harris P M.AAPG Memoir 63:Unconformities and Porosity in Carbonate Strata.Tulsa:AAPG,1995:279-300.
[9]Loucks R G.Paleocave carbonate reservoirs:Origins,burial depth modifications,spatial complexity,and reservoir implications[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83(11):1795-1834.
[10]Loucks R G,Mescher P,Mc Mechan G A.Three-dimensional architecture of acoalesced,collapsed-paleocave system in the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group,Central Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(5):545-564.
[11]Jhosnella S,Lucia D M,Mutti M,et al.Characterization of a deeply buried paleokarst terrain in the Loppa High using core data and multiattribute seismic facies classification[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(10):1843-1866.
[12]Andrade R J,David L C,Thales E S,et al.Characterization of collapsed paleocave systems using GPR attributes[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2014,103:43-56.
[13]钱一雄,Conxita Taberner,邹森林,等.碳酸盐岩表生岩溶与埋藏溶蚀比较——以塔北和塔中地区为例[J].海相油气地质,2007,12(2):1-7.
[14]张宝民,刘静江.中国岩溶储集层分类与特征及相关的理论问题[J].石油勘探与开发,2009,36(1):12-29.
[15]郑兴平,沈安江,寿建峰,等.埋藏岩溶洞穴垮塌深度定量图版及其在碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层地质评价预测中的意义[J].海相油气地质,2009,14(4):55-59.
[16]李文科,张研,张宝民,等.川中震旦系—二叠系古岩溶塌陷体成因、特征及意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(5):1-10.
[17]蔡忠贤,刘永立,段金宝.岩溶流域的水系变迁——以塔河油田6区西北部奥陶系古岩溶为例[J].中国岩溶,2009,28(1):30-34.
[18]Feazel C.Using modern cave systems as analogs for paleokarst reservoirs:AAPG search and discovery article[EB/OL].[2014-10-25]http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2010/50252feazel/ndx_feazel.pdf.
[19]杨立中,王建秀.国外岩溶塌陷研究的发展及我国的研究现状[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1997,8(增刊):6-10.
[20]刘广润,程伯禹.岩溶塌陷的类型、成因机制及防治途径——兼论武汉市岩溶塌陷勘察工作要点[J].工程地质学报,2001,9(4):414-417.
[21]王滨,贺可强,高宗军.岩溶塌陷发育的时空阶段性分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2001(5):24-27.
[22]张丽芬,曾夏生,姚运生,等.我国岩溶塌陷研究综述[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2007,18(3):126-130.
[23]史俊德,连冬香,杨士臣.论岩溶塌陷问题[J].华北地质矿产杂志,1998,13(3):264-267.
[24]James N P,Choquette P W.Paleokarst[M].Berlin:SpringerVerlag,1988:1-20.
[25]夏日元,唐健生,罗伟权,等.油气田古岩溶与深岩溶研究新进展[J].中国岩溶,2001,20(1):76-82.
[26]宋来明,彭仕宓,穆立华,等.油气勘探中的碳酸盐岩古岩溶研究方法综述[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(3):15-18.
[27]夏日元,唐建生,邹胜章,等.碳酸盐岩油气田古岩溶研究及其在油气勘探开发中的应用[J].地球学报,2006,27(5):503-509.
[28]贺可强,王滨,杜汝霖.中国北方岩溶塌陷[M].北京:地质出版社,2005:152-179.
[29]Loucks R G.Review of the lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group of the Permian Basin,West Texas[EB/OL].[2014-10-25]http://www.beg.utexas.edu/resprog/permianbasin/PBGSP_members/writ_synth/Ellenburger Draft_022206.pdf.
[30]肖玉茹,何峰煜,孙义梅.古洞穴型碳酸盐岩储层特征研究——以塔河油田奥陶系古洞穴为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2003,24(1):75-80.
[31]Kerans C.Karst-controlled reservoir heterogeneity in Ellenburger Group carbonates of west Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,1988,72(10):1160-1183.
[32]徐微,蔡忠贤,贾振远,等.塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏溶洞充填物特征[J].现代地质,2010,24(2):287-293.
[33]李大心.探地雷达方法与应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1994:5-26.
[34]Mc Mechan G A,Loucks R G,Zeng Xiaoxian,et al.Ground penetrating radar imaging of a collapsed paleocave system in the Ellenburger dolomite,central Texas[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,1998,39:1-10.
[35]Mc Mechan G A,Loucks R G,Mescher P A,et al.Characterization of a coalesced,collapsed paleocave reservoir analog using GPR and well-core data[J].Geophysics,2002,67(4):1148-1158.
[36]Mc Mechan G A,Harbin H.Conductivity and scattering Q in GPR data:Example from the Ellenburger dolomite,central Texas[J].Geophysics,2012,77(4):63-78.
[37]Mc Mechan G A,Harbin H.Modeling 3D porosity and permeability from GPR data in the Ellenburger Dolomite,central Texas[J].Geophysics,2011,76(6):35-46.
[38]张兴阳,罗平,顾家裕,等.探地雷达在露头地质研究中的应用——以塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩露头为例[J].石油实验地质,2004,26(2):212-216.
[39]戎意民.塔河油田中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩古岩溶洞穴塌陷结构特征研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2013.
[40]牛玉静.缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏溶洞储集体岩溶塌陷结构特征硏究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2012.
[41]Zeng Hongliu,Loucks R G,Janson X,et al.Three-dimensional seismic geomorphology and analysis of the Ordovician paleokarst drainage system in the central Tabei uplift,norther Tarim Basin,western China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2011,95:2061-2083.
[42]Zeng Hongliu,Wang Guizhong,Janson X,et al.Characterizing seismic bright spots in deeply buried,Ordovician Paleokarst strata,central Tabei uplift,Tarim Basin,western China[J].Geophysics,2011,76(4):B127-B137.
[43]杨孛.溶洞型储层测井评价方法研究:塔中地区[D].成都:成都理工大学,2013.
[44]张庆玉,梁彬,曹建文,等.测井技术在奥陶系洞穴型岩溶储层识别中的应用[J].海洋地质前沿,2011,27(5):67-70.
[45]陈钢花,吴文圣,王中文,等.利用地层微电阻率成像测井识别裂缝[J].测井技术,1999,23(4):279-281.
[2]Tvinker S W,Mruk D H.Reservoir characterization of a Permian giant:Yates field,West Texas[M]//Stoudt E L,Harris P M.Hydrocarbon Reservoir Characterization:Geologic Frame-work and Flow Unit Modeling.Tulsa:SEPM,1995:51-128.
[3]Jordan C F,Connally T C,Vest H A.Middle Cretaceous carbonates of the Mishrif Formation,Fateh Field,offshore Dubai,UAE[M]//Roehl P O,Choqutte P W.Carbonate Petroleum Reservoirs.New York:Springer-Verlag,1983:425-442.
[4]陈学时,易万霞,卢文忠.中国油气田古岩溶与油气储层[J].沉积学报,2004,22(2):244-253.
[5]康玉柱.中国古生代碳酸盐岩古岩溶储集特征与油气分布[J].天然气工业,2008,28(6):1-12.
[6]康志宏,戎意民,魏历灵,等.塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储集体类型及划分方法研究[J].现代地质,2014,28(5):986-994.
[7]王拥军,张宝民,董月霞,等.南堡凹陷奥陶系潜山岩溶塌陷体识别、储层特征及油气勘探背景[J].石油学报,2012,33(4):570-580.
[8]Lucia F J.Lower Paleozoic cavern development,collapse,and dolomitization,Franklin Mountains,El Paso,Texas[M]//Budd D A,Saller A H,Harris P M.AAPG Memoir 63:Unconformities and Porosity in Carbonate Strata.Tulsa:AAPG,1995:279-300.
[9]Loucks R G.Paleocave carbonate reservoirs:Origins,burial depth modifications,spatial complexity,and reservoir implications[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83(11):1795-1834.
[10]Loucks R G,Mescher P,Mc Mechan G A.Three-dimensional architecture of acoalesced,collapsed-paleocave system in the Lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group,Central Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(5):545-564.
[11]Jhosnella S,Lucia D M,Mutti M,et al.Characterization of a deeply buried paleokarst terrain in the Loppa High using core data and multiattribute seismic facies classification[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(10):1843-1866.
[12]Andrade R J,David L C,Thales E S,et al.Characterization of collapsed paleocave systems using GPR attributes[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2014,103:43-56.
[13]钱一雄,Conxita Taberner,邹森林,等.碳酸盐岩表生岩溶与埋藏溶蚀比较——以塔北和塔中地区为例[J].海相油气地质,2007,12(2):1-7.
[14]张宝民,刘静江.中国岩溶储集层分类与特征及相关的理论问题[J].石油勘探与开发,2009,36(1):12-29.
[15]郑兴平,沈安江,寿建峰,等.埋藏岩溶洞穴垮塌深度定量图版及其在碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层地质评价预测中的意义[J].海相油气地质,2009,14(4):55-59.
[16]李文科,张研,张宝民,等.川中震旦系—二叠系古岩溶塌陷体成因、特征及意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(5):1-10.
[17]蔡忠贤,刘永立,段金宝.岩溶流域的水系变迁——以塔河油田6区西北部奥陶系古岩溶为例[J].中国岩溶,2009,28(1):30-34.
[18]Feazel C.Using modern cave systems as analogs for paleokarst reservoirs:AAPG search and discovery article[EB/OL].[2014-10-25]http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2010/50252feazel/ndx_feazel.pdf.
[19]杨立中,王建秀.国外岩溶塌陷研究的发展及我国的研究现状[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1997,8(增刊):6-10.
[20]刘广润,程伯禹.岩溶塌陷的类型、成因机制及防治途径——兼论武汉市岩溶塌陷勘察工作要点[J].工程地质学报,2001,9(4):414-417.
[21]王滨,贺可强,高宗军.岩溶塌陷发育的时空阶段性分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2001(5):24-27.
[22]张丽芬,曾夏生,姚运生,等.我国岩溶塌陷研究综述[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2007,18(3):126-130.
[23]史俊德,连冬香,杨士臣.论岩溶塌陷问题[J].华北地质矿产杂志,1998,13(3):264-267.
[24]James N P,Choquette P W.Paleokarst[M].Berlin:SpringerVerlag,1988:1-20.
[25]夏日元,唐健生,罗伟权,等.油气田古岩溶与深岩溶研究新进展[J].中国岩溶,2001,20(1):76-82.
[26]宋来明,彭仕宓,穆立华,等.油气勘探中的碳酸盐岩古岩溶研究方法综述[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(3):15-18.
[27]夏日元,唐建生,邹胜章,等.碳酸盐岩油气田古岩溶研究及其在油气勘探开发中的应用[J].地球学报,2006,27(5):503-509.
[28]贺可强,王滨,杜汝霖.中国北方岩溶塌陷[M].北京:地质出版社,2005:152-179.
[29]Loucks R G.Review of the lower Ordovician Ellenburger Group of the Permian Basin,West Texas[EB/OL].[2014-10-25]http://www.beg.utexas.edu/resprog/permianbasin/PBGSP_members/writ_synth/Ellenburger Draft_022206.pdf.
[30]肖玉茹,何峰煜,孙义梅.古洞穴型碳酸盐岩储层特征研究——以塔河油田奥陶系古洞穴为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2003,24(1):75-80.
[31]Kerans C.Karst-controlled reservoir heterogeneity in Ellenburger Group carbonates of west Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,1988,72(10):1160-1183.
[32]徐微,蔡忠贤,贾振远,等.塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏溶洞充填物特征[J].现代地质,2010,24(2):287-293.
[33]李大心.探地雷达方法与应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1994:5-26.
[34]Mc Mechan G A,Loucks R G,Zeng Xiaoxian,et al.Ground penetrating radar imaging of a collapsed paleocave system in the Ellenburger dolomite,central Texas[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,1998,39:1-10.
[35]Mc Mechan G A,Loucks R G,Mescher P A,et al.Characterization of a coalesced,collapsed paleocave reservoir analog using GPR and well-core data[J].Geophysics,2002,67(4):1148-1158.
[36]Mc Mechan G A,Harbin H.Conductivity and scattering Q in GPR data:Example from the Ellenburger dolomite,central Texas[J].Geophysics,2012,77(4):63-78.
[37]Mc Mechan G A,Harbin H.Modeling 3D porosity and permeability from GPR data in the Ellenburger Dolomite,central Texas[J].Geophysics,2011,76(6):35-46.
[38]张兴阳,罗平,顾家裕,等.探地雷达在露头地质研究中的应用——以塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩露头为例[J].石油实验地质,2004,26(2):212-216.
[39]戎意民.塔河油田中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩古岩溶洞穴塌陷结构特征研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2013.
[40]牛玉静.缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏溶洞储集体岩溶塌陷结构特征硏究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2012.
[41]Zeng Hongliu,Loucks R G,Janson X,et al.Three-dimensional seismic geomorphology and analysis of the Ordovician paleokarst drainage system in the central Tabei uplift,norther Tarim Basin,western China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2011,95:2061-2083.
[42]Zeng Hongliu,Wang Guizhong,Janson X,et al.Characterizing seismic bright spots in deeply buried,Ordovician Paleokarst strata,central Tabei uplift,Tarim Basin,western China[J].Geophysics,2011,76(4):B127-B137.
[43]杨孛.溶洞型储层测井评价方法研究:塔中地区[D].成都:成都理工大学,2013.
[44]张庆玉,梁彬,曹建文,等.测井技术在奥陶系洞穴型岩溶储层识别中的应用[J].海洋地质前沿,2011,27(5):67-70.
[45]陈钢花,吴文圣,王中文,等.利用地层微电阻率成像测井识别裂缝[J].测井技术,1999,23(4):279-281.
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