西藏尖姆普曲泥石流
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摘要
尖姆普曲为雅鲁藏布江支流帕隆藏布江左岸的一级支沟,是一条大型冰川泥石流沟,2007年曾暴发特大规模的泥石流,堵断帕隆藏布江,导致对岸的川藏公路断道,并造成人员伤亡。目前几乎每年都会暴发中小规模的泥石流。尖姆普曲高差巨大、岸坡陡峻,给泥石流暴发提供了优越的能量条件,流域所在区域隆升强烈,地质构造复杂,岩石破碎,加上地震频发,风化强烈,给泥石流发育提供了大量的固体物质条件;流域所在区位于西南季风影响区,又为水汽通道,降水丰富且多暴雨,冰川活动也十分强烈,为泥石流暴发提供了大量的水源条件。根据调查访问,尖姆普曲内泥石流的主要激发水源为暴雨,若叠加增温和雨水潜热导致冰雪融水,则可产生大规模泥石流。根据实测资料进行了泥石流流速、流量等参数的计算,结果表明暴雨和冰雪融水组合条件较好时,激发的大规模泥石流可再次堵断帕隆藏布江。
Jianmupuqu Ravine,a branch ravine of Parlung Zangbo River,is a large glacier debris-flow ravine. Super debris-flows have broken out in 2007,and have blocked Parlung Zangbo River and blocked off Sichuan Tibet highway which locate at the other side of the Parlung Zangbo River,the more serious is have taken casualties.Now,debris-flows with medium and / or small scales occur almost every year. The steep slope and the huge altitude difference of the Jianmupuqu Ravine provide predominant energy conditions for the debris-flow. The drainage basin is located in the fast uplifted area,where the complicated geologic structure,the cracked rock,and the frequent earthquake make the rocks experience strong weathering,thus plenty of granular materials are available for the formation of debris-flows. The region is located in the southwest monsoon influence area,and water vapor channel,abundant and concentrated rainfall,as well as the strong glacier activity provides water source for debris-flow. According to investigation and analysis,most debris-flows in the ravine are induced by the rainstorm,when the melted water is overlaid,the large scale debris-flows may occur. Parametric calculation such as the flow velocity and the runoff is conducted according to the monitoring data. The result shows that large debris-flows can be aroused when the rainstorm and the melted water are combined well,may be blocking off Parlung Zangbo River again.
Jianmupuqu Ravine,a branch ravine of Parlung Zangbo River,is a large glacier debris-flow ravine. Super debris-flows have broken out in 2007,and have blocked Parlung Zangbo River and blocked off Sichuan Tibet highway which locate at the other side of the Parlung Zangbo River,the more serious is have taken casualties.Now,debris-flows with medium and / or small scales occur almost every year. The steep slope and the huge altitude difference of the Jianmupuqu Ravine provide predominant energy conditions for the debris-flow. The drainage basin is located in the fast uplifted area,where the complicated geologic structure,the cracked rock,and the frequent earthquake make the rocks experience strong weathering,thus plenty of granular materials are available for the formation of debris-flows. The region is located in the southwest monsoon influence area,and water vapor channel,abundant and concentrated rainfall,as well as the strong glacier activity provides water source for debris-flow. According to investigation and analysis,most debris-flows in the ravine are induced by the rainstorm,when the melted water is overlaid,the large scale debris-flows may occur. Parametric calculation such as the flow velocity and the runoff is conducted according to the monitoring data. The result shows that large debris-flows can be aroused when the rainstorm and the melted water are combined well,may be blocking off Parlung Zangbo River again.
引文
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[9]张金山,谢洪.岷江上游泥石流堵河可能性的经验公式判别[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(4):651-655.
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